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Facilitation and alleviation are among the greatest characteristics of Islamic Sharia, which distinguish it from the laws of other religions. There is no chapter of this religion, whether related to worship or transactions, except that it took its share of alleviation and facilitation. Since the obligation of Hajj, one of the pillars of Islam and its great foundations, has gathered in it types of giving and drawing closer to Allah that have not gathered in other religions, it was among the greatest acts of worship in which the characteristic of facilitation and removal of hardship appeared. In this humble research, which bears the title “Facilitation in Hajj: models and Rulings”. I used an inductive and deductive approach. I have tried to highlight the apparent issues in which the mitigation of Hajj issues has been mentioned, from the viewpoint of the texts at the Book and the Sunnah, explicitly or by inference, and I have divided it in a way that shows the occurrence of this characteristic in all its issues, whether related to spatial or temporal matters, or what is from the fundamentals of Hajj issues that do not have a direct connection to place or time, or what is not from them, but it has taken its share of alleviation and facilitation, and from the aspect of its comprehensiveness of all its aspects, from the physical, financial and spiritual aspect, with the diversity of these aspects, in addition to the harmony and consistency, as facilitation did not eliminate the duties and obligations, and the latter, despite their abundance in Hajj, were not devoid of facilitation and alleviation. Rather, it became clear through the current research that whenever the religious duties increase in worship, they are necessarily accompanied by manifestations of facilitation and removal of hardship, which makes this consistency and direct proportionality from the evidence of the divine nature of the Sharia, and with it, we reach a definitive conclusion, that a religion that takes into account all these aspects and conditions, with this comprehensiveness and precision, cannot be except the Creator - Glory be to Him - Who says in His decisive Book: {Does He who created not know, while He is the Subtle, the Acquainted?}, and which will be - Allah Almighty willing - a source of inspiration, For other research that highlights aspects of facilitation and removing embarrassment in matters of worship and transactions other than this obligation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research seeks to derive the system of Islamic legislation concerning children of unknown parentage, which is part of the Islamic sharia's respect for and observance of human rights and honour for other creatures. The research problem focuses on the extent to which Islamic law takes care of the framing of legal provisions relating to children of unknown parentage. Questions classified in three axes are devoted to this problem. First, what is the concept of a child of unknown parentage? What are its legitimate determinants? Second: What are the causes of parents' ignorance? What is the provision for causing it? What are the mandatory provisions for the care of children of unknown parentage? Third: What are the legal provisions relating to children of unknown parentage in terms of descent, inheritance, and civil transactions? The researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in tracking, describing, and analysing research topics and describing the frameworks of the relevant provisions. The research concluded that the Islamic sharia had established a system of legislation to protect children of unknown parentage; From the criminalization of the reasons for this act, and secondly by imposing his care, benevolence, and criminalization of disavowing this responsibility, and thirdly as other qualified parents in his inheritance, guardianship, and civil transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbitration is one of the important laws prevalent in ancient and modern times because of its effective role in resolving disputes at the local and international levels. Official documentation is considered a legal process, the document can be authenticated by a legal authority or a recognized legal certification. This work aims to study and understand the concept of arbitration, how it is organized, and the considerations of its decisions as official documents. The researchers used the descriptive and analytical approach to the provisions and laws of Jordanian evidence. Researchers have concluded that arbitration decisions are considered official documents if they follow the necessary legal and administrative rules and procedures for documenting them. Accordingly, arbitration decisions are considered official documents and their rulings are implemented as stated in the Jordanian Arbitration Law. Researchers recommend enhancing legal awareness of the importance of arbitration as an effective means of resolving local and international disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive transformations in the administrative environment in the South Siberian outskirts during the second third of the 18th century led to the emergence of a special kind of communication, namely, intersectoral. The problem of provisions supply delivery for the regular forces in the south of Western Siberia in the regional and local administrative discourse of military-departmental, mining, and civil authorities in the middle of the 18th century is considered in the paper. The author analyzes the office documentation which was one of the key channels for the implementation and reflection of administrative interactions between various verticals of power in the early Imperial period. Intersectoral communication at the regional level was largely open while at the local level there had been attempts to limit it deliberately. It is shown that the development of a renovated model, algorithms for the procurement and food supply for military teams took place during the official correspondence of 1747–1749, when the structures of the three branches of government had significantly different positions. The circumstances of discussing the food supply issue in the power discourse revealed in the article indicate that there were tangible manifestations of competition between civil and departmental authorities in the regional and local administrative system of the middle of the 18th century.

The supply of food to the army and the civilian population during the First World War was a major problem for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Food shortages plagued the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout the war, and the worst famine was in 1917. The pronounced problem with nutrition was a consequence of underdeveloped agriculture, which could not produce sufficient quantities of food even in peaceful times, so the deficit had to be imported. Although the authorities immediately after the outbreak of war took into their own hands the management of the most important articles of food, it quickly became clear that the supply and nutrition of the population would become one of the most important and difficult issues of the state. In the procurement of food and its distribution in the country through provisioning, the authorities faced numerous problems, such as insufficient and irregular transport, abuses, etc. However, its immediate consumers had the most trouble with provisioning. Due to the shortage of the most necessary foodstuffs, the population was forced to manage as best they knew how to survive. The most difficult situation, however, was in the passive parts of the country, where the people were dying of hunger.

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of the defeats of Muslims against the West, different approaches to religion have emerged in the Islamic world. In this context, some people saw religion as the main reason for the defeat of the Islamic world. Some people said that the reason for this was to turn away from religion. Some people explained the reason for this as the intertwining of religion and tradition. Some of those who saw the reason for the defeat as the intertwining of religion and tradition argued that religion should be completely refined from tradition, while others thought that some opportunities in tradition should be utilized. It is seen that the idea that stands out among the opportunities that should be utilized in the tradition is maqasid-maslahat. Those who think that the idea of maqasid-maslahat, which is an important subject of the tradition, should be utilized, have interpreted that some of the provisions about which there are verses may change in line with the needs of modern period. In this study, ın the context of this thought of Muhammed Tahir b. Ashur, it is aimed to reveal his approach on whether the provisions of the Qur’an can be changed or not. In the study, first of all, Ibn Ashur’s idea of maqasid-maslahat was discussed. Then, some Qur’anic provisions that are thought to be changed in the contemporary period were touched upon and Ibn Ashur’s approach to these provisions was tried to be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preventing terrorism and bioterrorism is a top priority nowadays, both globally and locally. This article examines the phenomenon of terrorism and bioterrorism within a legal and ethical reflection within the framework of law and national security. This work aims to highlight this problem by discussing its factors, dynamics, and prospects in Albania compared to international law. These adjustments are surely well worth analyzing and bringing to the eye of prosecutors and lawmakers today. The study examines terrorism and bioterrorism, including their prosecution, legal measures, and major issues on a global, regional, and national level. By studying the phenomenon, behaviors, worldwide regulation, practices, and judicial predictions, we have come to a few conclusions concerning the suitability of our regulation with the supranational one, specifically with that of the European Union to enhance country-wide protection and improvements in the Rule of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature, opportunity and value of provisions should be disclosed in the explanatory notes to provide full information to interested parties. This work focused in particular on the analysis of provisions, because over time, provisions have been difficult to interpret due to their subjective and cashless nature, and these features describe their vulnerability to manipulation. The research objectives of the authors are aligned along the following lines: on the one hand, to present the aspects concerning the recognition and valuation of provisions, i.e., to detail the main peculiarities of provisions, according to IAS 37, and, on the other hand, to analyse the implementation of the international standard IAS 37 ,,Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets" in entities listed on the BSE. Another objective is to detail the specifics of provisions, i.e. the recognition and measurement of environmental provisions under IAS 37. Thus, the authors aim to analyse the presence of provisions reported by entities listed on the BSE, as well as the areas in which these items are of significant importance. The part allocated to the research methodology aims at a three-year analysis, from 2019 to 2021, of BSE-listed entities on the implementation of IAS 37 "Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" by these entities, by presenting the values and reported elements of provisions.The subject under review is a topical one, of interest to all stakeholders, and has been extensively analysed, with different views expressed on the importance of provisions within a company, both nationally and internationally.

The article presents a retrospective analysis of the processes for formulation and solving problems of complex development: theory and practice of management based on traditional and innovative approaches of the Russian scientific school. The evolution of the main trends is analyzed in the formation and development of key concepts in the field of construction and application by infrastructures of socioeconomic organizations. The following basic laws, fundamental principles, effective mechanisms and promising models of the organization of coordinated interaction of subjects (in the sphere of economic activity and within the framework of regionally and technologically determined production and commercial formations) are distinguished and compared. The prospects of improving the work of territorial and sectoral management mechanisms are considered from the standpoint of ensuring harmonious interaction, constructive innovations and sustainable development. The priorities of the formation and mobilization of the potential of ecosystems are determined as the most promising constructions of modern sectoral and regional complexes ensuring the harmonious use of socio-economic resources of modern society. The content of the perspective modernization is presented of the most significant provisions in the theory and practice of purposeful influence, revealing the priorities and trends of improving the formulation, as well as the application of the fundamental concepts of the national scientific school of management.

Rework in construction contracts is an interesting topic as it influences contractual claims and disputes. Changes in design, scope, and construction turn into rework and then affect project completion time, performance, and contract sum. Addressing the rework provision in a well-defined contract before the work commences will safeguard the project against unforeseen circumstances Contractual rework provisions are difficult to trace as they are often written indirectly or in a complex context. Therefore, a list of rework causes from the literature is used in this study to investigate rework clauses and identify the relevant provisions in the general contract conditions. Rework provisions in the New Zealand standard contract are reviewed first and the identified contract clauses are then evaluated based on the result of the questionnaire survey and professional interviews. The mixed method, both quantitative and qualitative approach, is utilized for data collection and analysis. This research revealed that only five significant causes of rework, involved in the categories of process, materials and equipment, are adequately addressed in the contract conditions, so the remaining causes of rework require further investigation. The result also identified five contract clauses related to rework provisions. The study suggests the contract parties review the rework provisions ahead of time during the negotiation of the contract. This approach enables the parties to manage their obligations under rework events by addressing other causes of rework. Properly addressing the causes of rework in the contract provisions reduces contractual claims, disputes, and improves the overall project performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to compare the cyclical behavior of credit impairments in the P&L account under three accounting regimes: IAS 39, IFRS 9, and US GAAP with the CECL update. Our results show that although IFRS 9 is less procyclical than IAS 39, it remains more procyclical than CECL. The difference comes from accounting for the expected loss in one year in the case of IFRS 9, while CECL accounts for expected losses over their lifetime. This accounting comes at the cost of a large increase in provisions that occur primarily during longer contractionary phases. However, the length and shape of the cycle matter more under IFRS 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) is the property of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nature, opportunity and value of provisions should be disclosed in the explanatory notes to provide full information to interested parties. This work focused in particular on the analysis of provisions, because over time, provisions have been difficult to interpret due to their subjective and cashless nature, and these features describe their vulnerability to manipulation. The research objectives of the authors are aligned along the following lines: on the one hand, to present the aspects concerning the recognition and valuation of provisions, i.e., to detail the main peculiarities of provisions, according to IAS 37, and, on the other hand, to analyse the implementation of the international standard IAS 37 "Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets" in entities listed on the BSE. Another objective is to detail the specifics of provisions, i.e. the recognition and measurement of environmental provisions under IAS 37. Thus, the authors aim to analyse the presence of provisions reported by entities listed on the BSE, as well as the areas in which these items are of significant importance. The part allocated to the research methodology aims at a three-year analysis, from 2019 to 2021, of BSE-listed entities on the implementation of IAS 37 "Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" by these entities, by presenting the values and reported elements of provisions. The subject under review is a topical one, of interest to all stakeholders, and has been extensively analysed, with different views expressed on the importance of provisions within a company, both nationally and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has not been said to the Messengers before you that your Lord is a wielder of forgiveness and painful punishment .(43) It has been detailed that in order for such a law to have the characteristics of its sources, it must be characterized by the attributes of perfection and precision in its provisions, so that it is based on achieving and complementing the interests of the people, as well as warding off and minimizing evil for them. Al-Baqarah:,185 and one of the manifestations of His mercy, Glory be to Him, is that He made the goal of justice among the purposes that are realized by the provisions that characterize this noble Sharia. "Indeed, God commands justice and kindness and giving to kin and forbids immorality, evil, and transgression against you''. An-Nahl:,90 until life is straight and sweet, and this justice is sought by the reader and researcher in the details of the Sharia provisions, whether in worship or in contracts and transactions, and as a succession of divine proofs that this Sharia is valid for all times and places, and capable of refuting fabrications of falsehoods and spoiler suspicions. To give solutions to the biggest dilemmas and challenges facing humanity in its journey on this earth, so we can find this justice clearly in the provisions related to marriage, whose legitimacy is intended, as it makes the obligated person in a state of tranquility while he responds to the call of instinct, and satisfies his instinct with an outlet that God and his law made for them, which is marriage. And He forbade them fornication and incest, "And those who are to guard their private parts" .(29) Except against their spouses or what any of their oaths contain, they cannot be blamed .(30) So, whoever seeks after that, then those are the transgressors .(31) Al-Maarij: and through the provisions of marriage, we can establish a family of peace, affection, and mercy, and all of this comes through activating the purpose of justice, whose provisions emphasize the need for the family entity to be established on it. Between the spouses, the provisions of legal guardianship and discipline and polygamy for wives through a jurisprudential study based on the sources and references of the four schools of jurisprudence and intentional books, emphasizing their role in achieving and nurturing the goal of justice in a manner distinguished by refuting the suspicions of those who follow their desires and want to destroy this divine structure, which is one of the great signs in which He was grateful to his creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ottoman Empire, all kinds of lawsuits of the people were handled by the qadi courts called the "sharia courts". However, those who were not satisfied with the decisions of these local courts had the right to apply to the Divanıhümayun, which was the highest administrative and judicial organ. Besides, it was possible to go directly to the Divanıhümayun without applying to any local court. While the cases that are reflected the Divanıhümayun were initially included in the "mühimme books", then later they were recorded in the ledgers called the "şikâyet books" and since 1742 in a separate ledgers series called the "ahkâm books". The ahkâm books are important in terms of the studies of city history, especially in regions where there are noregisters of the qadi courts, called the "sharia registers". In regions where registers of the sharia courts, these are important because they reflect the point of view of the state head office. In this study, Kuruçay District which was affiliated with the Erzurum Province in the relevant period public security issues occurred in the mid-18th century by examing according to the Erzurum Ahkâm Books numbered 1 and 3, the approach of the state head office to the complaints reflected from region and solution proposals presented in the provisions written from the Divanıhümayun was tried to be put forward. In addition, the causes of the problems were also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the procyclicality of banks’ credit losses and provisions in the Czech Republic using pre-2018 data and then discusses the implications of the findings for provisioning in stage 3 under IFRS 9. This analysis is possible because the majority of banks seem to have aligned their accounting definitions of default with the regulatory definition before the implementation of IFRS 9. Based on our results, we find significant asymmetries in the Czech banks’ behaviour over the cycle. Firstly, provisioning procyclicality is the strongest in the later contractionary phase and the early recovery phase, while it is non-existent in the early contractionary phase. Secondly, banks with higher credit risk behave more procyclically than their peers with lower credit risk. If this behaviour persists under IFRS 9 and banks do not change their provisioning behaviour from backward to forward-looking, it may lead to a delayed transfer of exposures between stages and aggravate cyclical fluctuations.

The issue of provisions is a controversial one because, on the one hand, applying the prudence principle imposes in many cases the use of these accounting structures, and on the other hand, limiting the deductibility of the expenses arising from their setting-up renders many business entities to avoid their acknowledgement. Another controversy generated by provisions is the one related to the value estimations occasioned by them, as well as to other subjective matters raised by their assessment and accounting. The article hereby tries to identify these issues and to provide solutions for their settlement in accordance with the accounting and tax regulations provided by the Order of the Minister of Public Finance No. 1802/2014 for the approval of the Accounting regulations regarding the individual annual financial statements and consolidated annual financial statements, as subsequently amended and supplemented, and by the Fiscal Code.

Al-azimat and rukhsat is one of the most important topics nowadays and should be Written on a scientific level, because in recent time objections to the religion of Islam have become commonplace. Moreover, there numerous non-Muslims have been converted to Islam in non-Muslim countries. The purpose of this research paper is to compassion and facilitation under Islamic law, and to describe the rules and regulations dealing with Azam and rukhsat. This research paper is based on librarian methodology, and for collecting the data we have used Various books and libraries. At the end as result we can say that Islam allowed Muslims to use Azam and Rukhsat when they face hardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the determinants of refugee students' social integration in Lebanon, Turkey, and Australia. This paper seeks to understand how legal status and the corresponding length of refugee asylum shape refugee children's social integration. The three host countries offer refugees different legal statuses ranging from short-term in Lebanon, medium-term in Turkey, and long-term in Australia. Therefore, our data collection covers a sample of 1298 middle school refugee students from all three countries. Our probit regression analysis sheds light on the importance of micro-level factors related to individual and household characteristics and meso-level factors related to school factors shaping refugee students' social integration. The statistical dominance of meso-level factors indicates that the within-country differences are stronger than the between-country differences, yet it does not rule out the importance of macro policies that indirectly influence refugee students' social integration by shaping provisions at the micro and meso levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the characteristics of liabilities and contingencies of 20 clubs participating in the First and Second Division of the Brazilian Championship of 2017 that presented all financial statements from 2010 to 2018. It was found that 79 of 160 balance sheets analyzed presented uncovered liabilities and denoting effective problems of economic and financial unviability akthough no clubs broke effectively. The findings demonstrate that clubs cannot support themselves and eventually need to raise third-party resources. The study differs from previous research because it identifies the characteristics of liabilities, and provisions as present and future obligations for Brazilian football clubs. Thus, this research contributes by providing an overview of the indebtedness of Brazilian football clubs.

The marriage contract is one of the contracts that Islam meant about, sanctifying and preserving it for its privacy and importance, it is about symptoms, genealogies, and the survival of the human species. Whereas the effects of the marriage are not limited to the woman alone, but to her family and society, As a brother-in-law arises and has many rulings, Therefore, the majority of scholars stipulated the guardian to conclude the contract due to the multiple interests involved, However, he must ask her permission and consult her, He has no right to prevent her from marrying and harming her. There are conditions in the guardian and provisions relating to the arrangement of those who have the right to guardianship in the event of their presence and absence.

With their wide breadth of expertise and the ability to leverage the therapeutic relationship, community nurses are ideally placed to provide treatment and support to an extensive variety of patients with a diverse range of conditions. However, to date, oral health has remained a neglected domain in the community, especially in older demographics. Francesca Ramadan explores the barriers to community nurse provision of oral healthcare and the solutions proposed to overcome these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal for Quality Assurance is the property of International Journal for Quality Assurance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, fuel efficiency regulations for automobile manufacturers (hereinafter “companies”) have been introduced in many countries around the world. For example, companies subject to such regulations receive positive or negative credits based on a comparison of the actual average fuel consumption of their passenger cars (ICE-equipped vehicles) manufactured and/or imported during the year with a target set by the government. Companies which receive negative credits because their actual average fuel consumption falls be- low the set target are then required to take action to eliminate them. In this regard, the IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRS-IC), in response to a “sub- mission,” has recently examined whether, for accounting purposes, companies which receive negative credits have an obligation to eliminate them. This is a typical issue applying IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent Assets to determine the existence of an obligation at the end of the reporting period when the transfer of economic resources is conditional on the future actions of the entity. This issue also provides new material which contributes to predicting the impact of appling the definition of a liability, as proposed by the new conceptual framework issued by the IASB in 2018. This paper first summarizes the basic idea regarding the existence of a present obligation as a result of past events in line with the current IAS 37 (Section II). In order to ease the discussion, the paper simplifies the hypothetical regulations used by the IFRS-IC in its discussion in the form of a single fuel efficiency regulation by referring to the Chinese “CAFC” regulation. Then, based on the simplified regulations, the paper identifies two views on the existence of obligations for companies receiving negative credits based on the basic idea above (Sections III through V). The paper also discusses the necessity and pattern of recognition of Provisions in cases where a legal obligation to eliminate negative credits is considered to exist (Section VI). Furthermore, it attempts to apply the definition of a liability proposed in the new conceptual framework to companies that receive negative credits, assuming the simplified regulations (Section VII). Finally, the paper ascertains the implications and the issues unresolved (Section VIII). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we estimate the sustainable level of lifetime expected credit losses and provisions and assess the procyclicality of banks’ credit losses and provisions in the Czech Republic. Further, we discuss the implications of the results for provisioning in stage 3 under the IFRS 9. Based on the estimation results, we can identify periods of insufficient provisioning when the actual values were below the sustainable levels. Additionally, we show that credit losses and provisions behave procyclically (i.e., decrease with a rising output gap and increase with a falling output gap) while banks recognize impaired credit losses and create provisions with a delay of three to four quarters after the output gap starts shrinking. Such a delay may result in a sharp increase in lifetime expected credit losses and provisioning in response to a deterioration in economic conditions under the IFRS 9 regime.

Research question: This paper investigates the impact that specific audit quality dimensions have upon European Union Banks’ income smoothing behavior. Motivation: Although previous studies have investigated the characteristics of audit quality, little is known about the audit quality in the banking sector. Excessive risk taking and business complexity may further impair auditors’ work and an audit’s outcome may be conditioned upon banks’ risk. Idea: We examine whether auditors’ independence influences bank managers’ decision to smooth income and whether this attribute depends on bank risk and systemic importance. We investigate the association between auditors’ industry specialization and auditors’ tenure with the level of Loan Loss Provisions Data: We use a sample of 133 banks from 26 European Union countries for the period 2006-2013. Tools: Similar to previous research, we use ordinary least squares analysis to test the results. Findings: Empirical findings provide evidence that the auditors’ industry expertise limits management’s discretion of high-risk banks to a greater extent relative to low risk banks. In contrast, our results imply that banks that retain the same auditor for a consecutive fiscal year are more likely to engage in income smoothing through LLPs. Furthermore, our study examines whether audit quality dimensions have different outcomes on income smoothing decisions between globally systemically important banks (GSIBs) and the rest of banks. Our results provide evidence that the impact of industry specialization and auditor tenure on EU banks accounting policy decisions differs between GSIBs and non-GSIBs. Contribution: Our analysis contributes in the existing body of research by focusing on the impact of audit quality on managements’ accounting discretion and the influence of banks’ special attributes on the audit process.

Lending risk in the Romanian financial-banking system expresses the probability of destabilization that may affect how the credit is used. The banking institution also plays a special role, which mentions the possibilities of repaying the loan at the due date with the related costs. In this sense, we performed the financial-banking analysis of the solvency indicators, of the risk generating causes, of the risk coverage capacity, and the administration methods at the local and national level regarding the lending risk.