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Ostracism and school engagement have important implications for adolescents' academic perseverance and success. However, limited previous studies have investigated the mediating effects of school engagement on the association between ostracism and academic achievement in the Chinese cultural context. The present study fills in this research gap by examining the mediating effects of emotional engagement, cognitive engagement, and behavioral engagement on the association between ostracism and adolescents' academic achievement. Clustered random sampling was employed, and a total of 728 adolescents (52.6% female) were recruited as participants. The results showed that ostracism was negatively associated with academic achievement. Ostracism was negatively associated with emotional engagement and cognitive engagement, which in turn were related to worse academic achievement. Notably, within the Chinese cultural context, behavioral engagement did not exhibit a mediating effect between ostracism and academic achievement. The findings of the present research have theoretical and practical implications for curtailing ostracism and improving adolescents' academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swipe-based dating apps characteristically provide quantitative social feedback in the form of matches. Surveys suggest a link between dating app success and well-being, but the nature of this correlation has yet to be examined. In an experiment with 125 undergraduate women, we manipulated dating app feedback: When accepting a profile, participants had either a high (27/31) or a low chance (3/31) of receiving matches. We found no effect of chance of matches on women's loneliness or fear of being single. However, a higher chance of matches led to higher partner choice overload. Furthermore, in those who accepted seven or more profiles, women in the low chance of matches condition reported higher loneliness than women in the high chance of matches condition. This could mean that matches are rewarding for women with a high approach orientation. Manipulating social feedback in a dating app paradigm seems suitable to study the effects of social acceptance and ostracism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two lab-based experiments (N = 81 and N = 74) examined effects of co-present mobile phone use (frequently conceptualized as 'phubbing') on how individuals experience social interactions. The first experiment was modeled after the original Expectancy Violation Theory experiment by Burgoon and Le Poire (1993). Results showed that phubbing predicted perceptions of expectancy violation. These perceptions mediated the association between phubbing and several indicators of both impression formation as well as interpersonal attraction. The second experiment showed that more intensive phubbing led to poorer ratings of the confederate's attentiveness, conversation quality, and perceived relationship quality than less intensive phubbing. Together, the two experiments support that phubbing, especially when it is more intensive, can harm relational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People tend to feel negatively when they are ignored by a conversation partner attending to their phone (i.e. 'phubbing'). We investigated how quickly people recover in an experiment where participants provided intensive real-time ratings of their mood during a simulated conversation with a partner who engaged in either no phubbing, a single phub, or repeated phubbing. Drawing on ostracism theories, we hypothesized and found that a single phub induces negative affect, d ≈ 0.40, and people begin recovering immediately. However, repeated phubbing causes increasingly negative affect, d ≈ 1.20, with a pattern of partial recovery between phubs. People quickly feel bad, but recover within seconds, unless repeated phubbing interrupts the recovery, and produces increasingly negative affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has underscored the detrimental effects of phubbing. Nevertheless, attempts at identifying alternative actions are lacking. The present research introduced 'resisting phubbing', actively avoiding phubbing to continue the in-person interaction with the individuals involved. Study 1 (N = 246) employed short videos to assess the effect of inclusion, phubbing, and resisting phubbing on interpersonal connection, social exclusion, and social perception. Phubbing yielded the most adverse outcomes, followed by inclusion and resisting phubbing, which showed the most favorable. Study 2 (N = 291) additionally examined the influence of social status on these behaviors. While Study 1 results were replicated, the effect of social status remained inconclusive. Our studies emphasize the relevance of resisting phubbing as a beneficial strategy to overcome smartphone interference during in-person interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'social death' metaphor is used to reflect ostracism's severity and death-related themes often influence ostracism research. To determine its accuracy, we examined the similarity of ostracism and mortality salience (MS) outcomes. To manipulate these constructs, we used writing prompts in Study 1, and Cyberball and a novel MS manipulation, 'Cybergrave,' in studies 2, 3a, and 3b. In Study 4, we correlated chronic ostracism and death-thought accessibility. Ostracism uniquely threatened psychological needs, whereas MS uniquely activated death thoughts. Moreover, the correlation between chronic ostracism and death-thought accessibility was small and non-significant when controlling for related variables. Results suggest the death metaphor may not always be accurate. Death-related language may bias how ostracism is conceptualized and studied, emphasizing pain over recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper examines inequality among children, demonstrating its gradual emergence within the folds of daily routines in early childhood education (ECE). Employing Rob Nixon’s (2011) concept of slow violence, our focus is on the cumulative impact of practices involving exclusion. Synthesizing Nixon’s framework with Deleuze (1994) and Guattari’s (2000) work, we introduce the concept of micro-regimes in ECE. This approach allows us to comprehend how the intricate interplay of human and non-human elements, spanning various scales, contributes to exclusion and the unfolding of slow violence. We present an ethnographic case study detailing the unintended excluding practices that Azeeb, aged two, faces within a nursery room at a long day care centre in Australia. The results unveil a series of systematic exclusionary acts and illuminate the disjunction between normative pedagogical practices and the material realities of the nursery room, leading to an asynchronous rhythm between the paces of the toddler room and Azeeb. This misalignment gives rise to a series of cumulative exclusionary acts, epitomizing the concept of slow violence as it works at the site of a child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interrogative suggestibility has been suggested to grow in situations of isolation. The current study aimed to test this assumption for the first time in an experimental approach. We hypothesized that ostracism increases suggestibility, and assumed this relationship to be mediated by cognitive impairments or social uncertainty. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two studies. We manipulated the state of ostracism (vs. inclusion) using the O-Cam (Study 1) and Cyberball paradigm (Study 2), and measured suggestibility using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Results revealed an indirect link between inclusionary status and suggestibility. More precisely, there was no direct relationship between ostracism and suggestibility. However, ostracism induced weaker cognitive performances and this translated to increased suggestibility. Social uncertainty, on the other hand, did not serve as effective mediator. These findings indicate that each situation that is accompanied by (temporary) cognitive impairments, as is ostracism, might have the power to raise interrogative suggestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research community is expressing an increasing concern about the negative outcomes of ostracism. However, how and when ostracism is associated with adolescents' depression remains to be identified. Guided by the Temporal Need-threat Model, this study aimed to investigate the link between ostracism and depression, and to explore this influencing mechanism further with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (maladaptive CERSs) and self-compassion tested as a mediator and a moderator respectively. In a cross-sectional survey, a total of 2,057 Chinese adolescents (1,185 females, Mage = 13.88, SDage = 1.28) completed questionnaires regarding ostracism, maladaptive CERSs, self-compassion, and depression. Our hypotheses were tested by model 4 and model 59 of the PROCESS macro. The present study found that ostracism is positively linked to depression, and maladaptive CERSs played a mediating role in this relationship. Furthermore, self-compassion weakened the strength between ostracism and both depression and maladaptive CERSs, as well as between maladaptive CERSs and depression. These findings provide a theoretical and empirical basis for developing intervention strategies to reduce the negative effects of ostracism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracism—being ignored and excluded—has been shown to fuel threats to democracies, including increased willingness to engage in violent actions, endorsement of partisan falsehoods, and belief in political conspiracy theories. Recently, low social belonging has been linked with lower voter turnout and increased populist party support, thus illustrating how an individual's social experiences may prove consequential for political processes. Importantly, low levels of belonging may originate from social ostracism, as ostracized individuals are denied social partaking by others. In a registered report, we analyzed large survey data including reported voting behavior in the past national election from 11 European countries, and we found that ostracism is associated with lower voter turnout. Ostracism was not connected to populist party vote, irrespective of their ideological orientation (far‐left vs. far‐right). The findings highlight the need to better understand and consider how individuals' social experiences are relevant in safeguarding modern democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace ostracism is a prevalent and painful experience. The majority of studies focus on negative outcomes of ostracism, with less work examining employees' potential adaptive responses to it. Further, scholars have suggested that such responses depend on employee attributions, yet little research has taken an attributional perspective on workplace ostracism. Drawing on sociometer theory and attribution theory we develop and test a model that investigates why and under what circumstances ostracized employees engage in adaptive responses to ostracism. Specifically, we argue that ostracized employees feel greater levels of shame and, in turn, are motivated to engage in greater ingratiation behavior toward their ostracizers. However, we predict that perceptions of ostracizers' competence and warmth shape different attributional processes, which influence the degree to which the ostracized employee experience shame and, in turn, is motivated to engage in ingratiation behavior. Results of a three-wave, time-lagged survey support our prediction that shame mediates the relationship between coworker ostracism and ingratiation behavior. Moreover, results support our three-way interaction, such that coworkers who report higher levels of ostracism and who perceive their coworkers as more (vs. less) competent and more (vs. less) warm report higher shame, and, in turn, ingratiation behavior. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as avenues for future research, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSocial belonging is of vital importance for adolescents. However, ostracism in the digital age may negatively affect adolescents’ sense of coherence through social media addiction. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the associations between ostracism and sense of coherence and to conduct mediation analysis including social media addiction. The sample consisted of 425 Turkish adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years (Mage= 15.53, SD = 1.26). Data were collected through the Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and the Sense of Coherence Scale-Revised. The results showed that ostracism increased social media addiction, which in turn negatively affected adolescent’s sense of coherence. Besides, an indirect role of social media addiction was found between ostracism and sense of coherence. Overall, these results suggest that ostracism is a risk factor for sense of coherence and that social media addiction increases this risk. Elucidating the indirect role of social media addiction between ostracism and sense of coherence is believed to shed light on the requirement for policies and intervention programmes to address ostracism and social media addiction to maintain adolescents’mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Method Results Conclusion Implications for nursing and health policy This study aims to assess the relationship between workplace ostracism and the procrastination behavior of nurses, as well as examine the effect of organizational silence on this relationship.Controlling workplace ostracism and eradicating time wasters, especially procrastination behavior among nurses, are key strategies that add value to organizational effectiveness. In addition, remaining silent about significant issues facing nurses is a devastating approach to the success of both healthcare organizations and the nursing profession.A cross‐sectional descriptive correlational exploratory research design was used to conduct the study. Data were collected from 352 nurses recruited from three large university hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. Four instruments, namely, the Workplace Ostracism Questionnaire, the Organizational Silence Scale, the Active Procrastination Scale, and the Unintentional Procrastination Scale, were used. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships among the variables.The findings demonstrated a significant positive and moderate association between workplace ostracism and both active and passive procrastination behaviors among nurses. Moreover, there was a strong positive and significant correlation between organizational silence and workplace ostracism. The results of mediation revealed that the indirect effect of workplace ostracism on both active and passive procrastination behavior through organizational silence was statistically significant, suggesting that organizational silence partially mediated this relationship.The study highlighted the ongoing challenges posed by toxic workplace issues, such as organizational ostracism and silence, as significant factors contributing to nurses' procrastination behaviors. Not only do these factors directly impact nurses' productivity, but they also interact to exacerbate negative outcomes in nursing care. Addressing these toxic dynamics is critical to improving nurse performance and ensuring quality care in healthcare settings.This study offers new insights for navigating toxicity and upgrading nursing productivity in healthcare organizations through fostering a more inclusive and communicative work environment. Promoting team cohesion and ensuring that all staff members feel valued and included can reduce feelings of isolation that may lead to procrastination. Also, creating safe spaces for nurses to voice concerns without fear of reprisal could significantly diminish passive procrastination, which ultimately enhances overall patient care quality and organizational efficiency.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically founded on animal experimentation, behaviorism made withdrawal of parental attention--or 'time-out'--one of the instruments of its Parent Management Training programs. However, the question of the effectiveness, or even harmfulness of this measure is still being debated. The aim of this second article is to examine the possible side-effects of 'time-out' for children's psycho-affective balance, and the evolution of its social acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being ostracised (i.e. ignored and excluded) by others can be painful and distressing. Certain individual differences (e.g. social anxiety) are known to exacerbate the negative psychological consequences of ostracism. However, little empirical research has investigated who (e.g. those with social anxiety) is most likely to feel ostracised by their peers in higher education. The present study recruited 84 undergraduate students who completed an online survey measuring social anxiety (predictor variable) and perceived student ostracism (outcome variable). The results showed that after controlling for age, there was a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and perceived student ostracism. Implications for the way that educators promote social inclusion, particularly for those with social anxiety, within higher education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals who are ostracized (i.e., ignored or excluded by others) experience a range of negative emotions and show various coping behaviors. We investigated whether target attributions of warmth and competence as perceived reasons for ostracism were differently related to emotions and behavioral intentions. In Study 1, participants (N = 321) recalled a nonspecific ostracism experience. We found no evidence that warmth and competence attributions were distinctly related to emotions or behavioral intentions. In Study 2, participants (N = 294) were instructed to recall being ostracized for specific reasons (warmth vs. competence). Ostracism attributed to incompetence evoked stronger feelings of anger and less prosocial intentions. Moreover, across both studies, targets primarily felt sad and wanted to withdraw regardless of the perceived reasons for ostracism. In contrast to more explicit forms of exclusion such as rejection, responses to warmth and competence attributions of ostracism may only become more distinguishable depending on context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research from the United States suggests that having voted for a losing-side candidate in presidential elections is associated with individual feelings of exclusion and social pain, reactions usually observed in interpersonal or small-group instances of exclusion. The current research replicates these findings for voters of losing-side parties in a field study on a real election in a European country (Austria; Study 1), demonstrating that findings hold within a different political system. Moreover, we add experimental support for the causal effect of electoral loss on feelings of exclusion and social pain reactions in a two-party (Study 2) and a multiparty context (Study 3). We further extend previous research by demonstrating that postelectoral need-threat likely translates into behavioral intentions on a societal level (Studies 1–3). The current findings add to an emerging line of research on the importance of individual feelings of exclusion in politics by integrating small-group research with macropolitical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although existing studies suggest the relationship between ostracism and ingratiation, the knowledge about why and when ostracism promotes ingratiatory behaviors remains limited. Drawing from identity process theory, the current study examines the influence of ostracism on ingratiatory behaviors through the mediating role of self-identity threat on a daily timescale and the cross-level moderation of core self-evaluation. Through a diary study of 117 Chinese college students across 14 consecutive days, we found that daily ostracism had a positive indirect effect on daily ingratiatory behaviors through daily self-identity threat. Core self-evaluation of students weakened the indirect effect, such that only students with low core self-evaluation engaged in daily ingratiatory behaviors to cope with self-identity threat from ostracism. More importantly, supplemental analyses suggested that averaged daily ingratiatory behaviors were negatively related to perceived ostracism one week later. We discussed several theoretical and practical implications of these findings and proposed future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in society and how others view us often have an impact on our own identity. For some people, societal changes may prompt reflection and sense-making. With the global health pandemic COVID-19, many changes evolved in mandates and restrictions to mitigate the pandemic. One of these mitigation efforts involved the use of face masks. For some people, wearing masks is medically challenging. This study seeks to understand the lived experiences of those who cannot wear masks and find out how they coped with the situations in which they found themselves during the COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions. The experiences of people with medical difficulty wearing face masks led to strained relationships with family and society, impacting their identity. Using the photo-elicitation interview method, a qualitative study obtained ten interviews that showed experiences connected to current literature on ostracism, invisible disability, and the communication theory of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women in Pakistan's higher education face barriers that silence their voices from reporting experiences of being bullied by colleagues and superiors. This situation contradicts universities' role as houses of learning and agents of progressively improving culture and society. This group autoethnography presents three accounts by women academics challenging this taboo against speaking out. Without the silence being repeatedly broken, this toxic social phenomenon continues. Studies of women's personal stories of being ostracised and bullied complement the emerging quantitative literature about bullying against women academics in higher education institutions. The present narratives about being the targets of bullying individuals are framed within national and international literature. Chronicling such bullying episodes increases recognition of personal, family, and career trauma for women academics. More qualitative accounts will further document the conduct by which women are ostracised, disrespected, and burdened with unfair extra work. Naming such behaviors overcomes the current silence, which leaves this conduct unacknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that social exclusion can have negative effects on the well‐being of children and adolescents. However, there is inconsistent evidence regarding how the impact of social exclusion changes with age. This study used the Cyberball paradigm to investigate the effects of exclusion and subsequent inclusion on primary needs (such as belonging, self‐esteem, control and meaningful existence) and emotions (including happiness, sadness and anger) in a sample of Chinese school‐aged children (163 children aged 6–8, 8–10 and 10–11). The results revealed that children aged 6–8 showed lower susceptibility to ostracism, while threats to primary needs emerged around the ages of 8–10 and persisted until 10–12. Negative effects on moods were evident from the age of 6–8 and intensified with age. Brief inclusion following exclusion was found to effectively restore the primary needs and moods of ostracized children, serving as a reliable intervention for promoting rapid recovery. However, age‐related differences were observed in the restorative effects of re‐inclusion, with 8‐ to 10‐year‐olds benefiting more compared to 10‐ to 12‐year‐olds. These findings provide valuable insights for educational institutions seeking to create supportive environments that help children recover from the detrimental effects of ostracism. Highlights: Ostracism can be detrimental to the primary needs and moods of school‐aged children.There are developmental changes in the effects of ostracism on children's primary needs and moods, and 8–10 years old may be a critical period.Re‐inclusion can effectively restore the damaged primary needs and moods of excluded children, but its effect is also age‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies examine how experiencing a social need threat (ostracism and rejection) impacts subsequent preferences for self-disclosure to various digital audiences. Findings consider how contextual/situational factors like need threats may impact the appeal of two established perceived social affordances of media: personalization and privacy/visibility. Participants took part in a (bogus) social media activity to elicit feelings of inclusion/ostracization/rejection and then were asked about sharing their media preferences with various potential audiences. Results show that social need threats have no significant impact on privacy preferences but do affect preferences for sharing with some audiences and not others. Notably, ostracized and rejected participants show different patterns of preferences, suggesting these forms of social need threat may have distinct impacts on future self-disclosures. Implications for online relationship development and community building are considered in the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant studies have empirically tested the main two behavior responses following ostracism: prosocial or antisocial. Few studies have investigated the relationship between ostracism and social withdrawal. According to the temporal needthreat model and the self-verification theory, the present study aimed to examine the influence mechanism of ostracism on social withdrawal, especially the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity. A total of 1,315 Chinese high school students (52.6% female) completed a written questionnaire. Results showed that ostracism was positively correlated with social withdrawal. Ostracism not only directly predicted social withdrawal, but also indirectly affected social withdrawal by threatening adolescents' selfesteem. High rejection sensitivity may help aggravate adolescents' self-esteem threaten perceive from ostracism. Adolescents with high rejection sensitivity felt a greater threat to self-esteem when ostracized. Findings suggest a new direction for understanding individuals' responses to ostracism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracism is a risk factor for cyber aggression, but the potential mechanism of the relationship between ostracism and cyber aggression remains unclear. On the basis of the general aggression model, we proposed that ostracism may predict cyber aggression through both cognitive routes (e.g., hostile automatic thoughts) and emotional routes (e.g., personal relative deprivation). In order to explore the issue, 809 college students from three universities in China were surveyed three times. The relationship between the variables was tested by constructing full auto-regressive cross-lagged models, and the mediation effects were tested by multiple mediation models. Personal relative deprivation and hostile automatic thoughts can predict each other at three time points. Moreover, personal relative deprivation at time 2 and hostile automatic thoughts at time 2 mediated the longitudinal association between ostracism at time 1 and cyber aggression at time 3, respectively. Furthermore, we found ostracism (T1) predicted cyber aggression (T3) not only through the path from personal relative deprivation (T2) to hostile automatic thoughts (T2) but also through the path from hostile automatic thoughts (T2) to personal relative deprivation (T2). The findings supported the general aggression model and provided a valuable reference for targeted interventions to reduce cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, ostracism and depression among young adults in Shah Alam, Malaysia. This research was made to contribute a clearer understanding of the prevalence of depression amongst young adults. The study used a quantitative, cross-sectional research design with non-probability sampling and the data was analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM). Two hundred fifty respondents aged 18-29 from Shah Alam, Malaysia, participated. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21), Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and Ostracism Experiences Scale (OES) were used in this study. Results have shown that there is a significant relationship between adverse childhood experiences, ostracism, and depression among young adults. Direct effects were assessed in a structural model. Adverse childhood experiences and ostracism both have significant effects on depression. Adverse childhood experiences positively affect depression (β = 0.423, p < 0.001), while ostracism also has an adverse effect on depression (β = 0.534, p < 0.001). In conclusion, these findings contribute to the knowledge that early life traumatic events and ignorance can influence a young adult psychologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ingratiation is an impression management tactic used by those who seek to obtain the favor of others. Previous studies mainly examine the role of ingratiation from the initiator's perspective, ignoring observers' reactions when they are confronted with their peers' ingratiating behaviors. Drawing on social comparison theory, this study employs a third-party framework to explain the pathways between observed ingratiation and ostracism and analyzes data from a time-lagged survey and two scenario-based experiments in the Chinese context. Observed ingratiation triggers third-party employees' ostracism of flatterers by arousing a sense of future status threats. Moreover, when observers' goals are competitive with those of ingratiators, the adverse effects of observed ingratiation are exacerbated, whereas their leader–member exchange social comparison (LMXSC) buffers its unfavorable effects. These findings advance ingratiation studies by extending the research perspective from that of initiator–target dyads to third-party employees and unveiling a vital mediator (future status threats) and two essential opposite moderators (competitive goals and LMXSC) in the internal mechanism underlying the observed ingratiation–ostracism link. Further, although ingratiation may induce benefits for ingratiators, managers must recognize that it can be destructive for third-party employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The s ense of belonging is a fundamental human need and is important for establishing social relationships (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). In certain social situations, the need to belong can be threatened by others, a phenomenon known as ostracism. Individuals react differently to these threatening situations. However, not much is known about the differences between youth with and without personality pathology in emotional reactions to ostracism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in emotional reaction between these two groups. Method: Negative emotional reactions of youth (16–23 years old) diagnosed with personality pathology (n = 34) were compared with youth from a community sample (n = 44). The online game Cyberball was used as a measure for ostracism. A Repeated Measures Mixed-model ANOVA was performed to determine differences in negative affect (NA) between the groups at three measurement points. Results: Youth with personality pathology showed higher levels of NA at baseline than youth from the community sample. Although ostracism was conducted successfully, NA scores did not increase directly after playing Cyberball in both groups. Conclusions: Youth with personality pathology experience significantly more NA already at baseline, whereas they did not demonstrate stronger negative emotional reactions when confronted with ostracism than youth from a community sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being socially excluded seriously threatens individuals' need to belong and emotional well-being. This article investigates to what extent different coping strategies help overcome these detrimental effects: thinking about real-life friends/enemies (i.e. orthosocial relationships, OSRs) and thinking about (dis)liked media characters (i.e. parasocial relationships, PSRs). Across three experiments (N Pilot = 129, N Study1 = 132, N Study2 = 855), we first induced social exclusion using a virtual ball-tossing game. Afterward, we manipulated different relationship types and valences and compared them to non- or less-relational control conditions. As hypothesized, belongingness and emotional well-being increased from pre- to post-coping. This effect was fully mediated by perceived relationship closeness to the respective person(a). Highlighting that PSRs represent more than surrogates (i.e. secondary replacements of OSR), both relationship types did not differ in coping effectiveness. Moreover, positive relationships were more effective in fulfilling both coping goals than negative ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist self-disclosure on social media enhances tourist experiences and serves as important user-generated content and word-of-mouth. Based on communication privacy management theory and Goffman's dramaturgy, a structural equation model was used to explore the influence of social media trust and ostracism on tourist self-disclosure on social network sites, as well as the psychological mechanisms. The results indicated that social media trust positively affects tourist self-disclosure directly and decreases privacy concern. Ostracism negatively affects tourist self-disclosure directly and indirectly through the chain-mediation role of self-presentation and privacy concern. The findings are of great value to predicting and guiding tourist self-disclosure on social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has underscored the detrimental effects of phubbing. Nevertheless, attempts at identifying alternative actions are lacking. The present research introduced 'resisting phubbing', actively avoiding phubbing to continue the in-person interaction with the individuals involved. Study 1 (N = 246) employed short videos to assess the effect of inclusion, phubbing, and resisting phubbing on interpersonal connection, social exclusion, and social perception. Phubbing yielded the most adverse outcomes, followed by inclusion and resisting phubbing, which showed the most favorable. Study 2 (N = 291) additionally examined the influence of social status on these behaviors. While Study 1 results were replicated, the effect of social status remained inconclusive. Our studies emphasize the relevance of resisting phubbing as a beneficial strategy to overcome smartphone interference during in-person interactions.

Two lab-based experiments (N = 81 and N = 74) examined effects of co-present mobile phone use (frequently conceptualized as ‘phubbing’) on how individuals experience social interactions. The first experiment was modeled after the original Expectancy Violation Theory experiment by Burgoon and Le Poire (1993). Results showed that phubbing predicted perceptions of expectancy violation. These perceptions mediated the association between phubbing and several indicators of both impression formation as well as interpersonal attraction. The second experiment showed that more intensive phubbing led to poorer ratings of the confederate’s attentiveness, conversation quality, and perceived relationship quality than less intensive phubbing. Together, the two experiments support that phubbing, especially when it is more intensive, can harm relational outcomes.

People tend to feel negatively when they are ignored by a conversation partner attending to their phone (i.e. ‘phubbing’). We investigated how quickly people recover in an experiment where participants provided intensive real-time ratings of their mood during a simulated conversation with a partner who engaged in either no phubbing, a single phub, or repeated phubbing. Drawing on ostracism theories, we hypothesized and found that a single phub induces negative affect, d ≈ 0.40, and people begin recovering immediately. However, repeated phubbing causes increasingly negative affect, d ≈ 1.20, with a pattern of partial recovery between phubs. People quickly feel bad, but recover within seconds, unless repeated phubbing interrupts the recovery, and produces increasingly negative affect.

As future members of the academic community, the superiority that undergraduate students demonstrate by producing knowledge is often inconsistent with the prestige they obtained. The current study explored the extent to which undergraduates who experience different types of envy chose to ostracize their peers for their failings in competing, and whether this choice could be moderated by their levels of trait mindfulness. We conducted a randomized experimental design using a large number of undergraduates in Australia and Indonesia (Nfinal = 361, Mage= 21.360, SD = 1.970). Participants filled in the online scale for trait mindfulness, randomly received academic envy scenarios varied by appraisal dimensions of deservingness and control potential, then filled in manipulation check measures, a state envy scale, and an ostracism scale. As expected, we found that higher ostracism was predicted by higher malicious envy and lower benign envy (albeit less consistently). Trait mindfulness weakened the link between malicious envy and ostracism when malicious envy was high; however, the reverse effect occurred when malicious envy was low. The findings of this study underline the importance of deservingness as a key consideration for awarding academic prestige and the relevance of practicing mindfulness in higher education.

The ‘social death’ metaphor is used to reflect ostracism’s severity and death-related themes often influence ostracism research. To determine its accuracy, we examined the similarity of ostracism and mortality salience (MS) outcomes. To manipulate these constructs, we used writing prompts in Study 1, and Cyberball and a novel MS manipulation, ‘Cybergrave,’ in studies 2, 3a, and 3b. In Study 4, we correlated chronic ostracism and death-thought accessibility. Ostracism uniquely threatened psychological needs, whereas MS uniquely activated death thoughts. Moreover, the correlation between chronic ostracism and death-thought accessibility was small and non-significant when controlling for related variables. Results suggest the death metaphor may not always be accurate. Death-related language may bias how ostracism is conceptualized and studied, emphasizing pain over recovery.

AbstractCyberball, the paradigm developed by Kipling D. Williams and colleagues (2000) to study ostracism, initially counted three experimental conditions: inclusion, exclusion, and overinclusion. The least known of these conditions is overinclusion, a social interaction characterized by excessive social attention (rather than fairness or no attention). This review provides an overview of original empirical studies implementing the overinclusion condition since its development. Following the PRISMA 2020 criteria, studies were drawn from four electronic databases (PubMed, Springer, PsycINFO, Web of Science), and Google Scholar was screened as a web-based academic search engine. In all, 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Included studies described overinclusion specificities compared with exclusion and inclusion conditions, its effects in paradigms other than Cyberball, brain correlates associated with overinclusion, and its impact on clinical populations. 26 studies compared the inclusion and overinclusion conditions. 20 revealed significant differences between the two conditions, and 13 observed better mood and higher psychological needs satisfaction associated with the overinclusion condition. Studies investigating neural correlates revealed dACC involvement, P3 reduction, and P2 increase during overinclusion, supporting the idea of an ameliorative effect induced by the over-exposition to social stimulation. Findings on clinical populations suggest that overinclusion may help detect the social functioning of patients with psychological impairment. Despite the heterogeneity of the studies, our results showed that overinclusion can be associated with ameliorative psychological functioning. However, implementing standard guidelines for overinclusion will help provide a more thorough investigation of the psychological consequences of receiving excess social attention.

Ghosting, or ignoring someone to end a relationship, is often considered a harmful aspect of growing digital connectivity. However, research on ghosting has focused on the experiences of European/European Americans in romantic contexts. Thus, we broadly explored experiences of being ghosted among 29 undergraduates primarily from underrepresented populations (75.9% Latinx, 6.9% Asian, 6.9% Black) in the United States. We conducted face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews regarding general experiences with being ghosted, a memorable experience of being ghosted, and attitudes toward ghosting. Inductive thematic analysis yielded eight themes surrounding the process of being ghosted (Sensing Shifts in Communication Patterns), ghosting attributions (Unreciprocated Feelings, Incompatibility), responses to ghosting (Stages of Grief, Various Coping Methods, Lost Respect for Ghoster, Insight from Experiencing Both Sides), and ghosting attitudes (Good Reasons). Future research might examine the role of both individual (e.g., cultural values) and situational (e.g., ghosting circumstance) factors in various trajectories of ghosting responses, as well as the psychological consequences of these trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined if being ostracized (excluded and ignored) changes working self‐perception of personality ─ a core aspect of the self ─ which may contribute to understanding post‐ostracism behaviour. Across three studies (N = 943), using a virtual ball‐toss game (i.e., Cyberball), participants were either ostracized, included or mentally visualized playing the game. Subsequently, participants reported working self‐perceptions of their personality (using two measures of Big Five personality), ostracism's immediate effects (e.g., basic needs) and post‐ostracism behavioural intentions: aggressive temptations and solitude seeking. Across the studies, ostracism in Cyberball negatively impacted working self‐perception of personality: ostracized participants were less conscientious, agreeable, open and extraverted, and more neurotic (negative emotionality), compared to controls. Illustrating that altered working self‐perceptions are important to consider, ostracism's increase of aggressive temptations was mediated by agreeableness, even when accounting for ostracism's immediate (reflexive) effects. Additionally, ostracism's increase in solitude seeking was mediated by extraversion. Ultimately, these aversive self‐perceptions may create difficulties in socially connecting with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ghosting (i.e., unilaterally ending a relationship by ceasing communication) has only recently entered the lexicon, it is a regularly used form of relationship dissolution. However, little research has examined the emotional experiences of ghosting, particularly the experiences of those on both sides of the ghosting process. In a multi-method study, participants who had both ghosted and been ghosted in previous romantic relationships (N = 80) provided narratives of their experiences and completed questionnaires. The narrative responses were analyzed by coders and by using LIWC. Ghosters and ghostees used similar overall levels of positively and negatively valenced words to describe their experiences, but ghosters were more likely to express guilt and relief, whereas ghostees were more likely to express sadness and hurt feelings. Ghostees also experienced more of a threat to their fundamental needs – control, self-esteem, belongingness, meaningful existence – than ghosters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to describe the impact of supervisor's and co-worker's ostracism on the employee's responses (emotional, psychological and behavioral) through the mediation of employees' efficacy needs and relational needs. Moreover, psychological capital is treated as a moderator to handle the adverse responses of ostracized employees. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed a three-wave quantitative research design to gather data from employees and their respective supervisors who belonged to various healthcare units (N = 510) using self-administered close-ended questionnaires. After that, SmartPLS software was used to analyze the data through a structured equation modeling (SEM) technique. Findings: The empirical results of the study endorsed that ostracism adversely (negatively) affects employees' responses (comprised of emotional, behavioral and psychological). Moreover, the results revealed that employees' needs (efficacy and relational) mediate the relationship between ostracism experienced by employees (supervisor' and co-workers' ostracism) and their emotional, behavioral and psychological responses. In addition, it is also evidenced that employees' psychological capital improves the negative association between employees' needs and responses. Originality/value: The literature in this domain is scarce, and the theoretical stance is weak due to the traditional approaches that are more concerned with the outcomes rather than analyzing the employee's conditional what they are going through. The present study enhances the knowledge of the transactional mode of coping and its application to ostracism in the workplace. The results of the current study may also support the practitioners in formulating interventions to foster a favorable workplace environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social pain is an emotional reaction which is triggered by social exclusion and has been extensively investigated in the literature. The Social Pain Questionnaire (SPQ) is a self-report instrument which is the only scale for measuring social pain as a dispositional factor. The current study aimed at examining the psychometric properties of the SPQ in an Iranian sample. Materials and methods: A sample of participants (N = 400) was recruited in a cross-sectional validation study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) as well as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted. The Item Response Theory (IRT) model parameters were evaluated and item response category curves were presented. Convergent and divergent validities as well as the reliability (by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient) were also assessed. Results: The SPQ's unidimensionality was affirmed (RMSEA = 0.078; CFI = 0.915; TLI = 0.99) and its internal consistency was robust (Cronbach's a = 0.94). The correlation between the SPQ and the following measures endorsed its divergent and convergent validity: Self-esteem (r = -0.424), Perceived Social Support (r = -0.161), and Interpersonal Sensitivity (r = 0.636). Finally, Item Response Theory Analysis emphasized the effectiveness of the SPQ items in discerning various levels of social pain. The theta level ranged between -1 and + 1.2 and the IRT-based marginal reliability was 0.92 for the total score. Discussion: The Persian SPQ stands as a reliable and valid measure for evaluating social pain. This scale has the potential to stimulate further research in the field for both clinical and non-clinical settings. Conclusion: By employing Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis, we have transcended the theoretical psychometric evaluation of the SPQ scale and demonstrated that SPQ is a unidimensional, valid and reliable measurement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many workplaces, managers provide some employees with unique privileges that support their professional development and stimulate productivity and creativity. Yet with some employees more deserving of a privileged status than others, co-workers feeling left out of the inner circle may begin to exhibit feelings of envy. With workplace envy and intergroup conflicts going hand in hand, the question arises whether co-worker acceptance of employee privileges--where conflict can be constrained through an affirmative reevaluation of co-workers' privileged status--may lower the envy experienced by employees. Using virtual reality technology, 112 employees participated in a virtual employee meeting at a virtual organization where they were exposed to a new workforce differentiation practice. We show through our experiment that co-worker acceptance of employee privileges negatively influences workplace envy, which was partially mediated by the anticipated ostracism of employees. Moreover, we show that this effect is only found for employees with privileges, who worry more about being ostracized than their non-privileged co-workers. We anticipate that our findings will enable managers to conscientiously differentiate between their employees, using virtual reality simulations to steer employees' thoughts and feelings in a direction that benefits both employees and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, the improper use of smartphones has become a growing problem. Such usage might be problematic as people see it as an escape from threats to their basic psychological needs caused by ostracism. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ostracism and the risk of smartphone addiction. In addition, a moderated mediation model was explored to see whether nomophobia moderated the mediating role of resilience in the association between ostracism and the risk of smartphone addiction. The sample consisted of 320 young adults, ranging from 18 to 31 years. Data was gathered by using the Ostracism Experience Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, Nomophobia Scale and Smartphone Addiction Scale. Results indicated a positive association between ostracism and the risk of smartphone addiction, and this association was mediated by resilience. While ostracism increases the risk of smartphone addiction, resilience emerges as a key ability in mitigating this undesired association. Furthermore, nomophobia moderated the mediating impact of resilience in the relationship between ostracism and the risk of smartphone addiction. Increased nomophobia put this mitigating influence of resilience in the shade. Resilience buffers the undesired relationship between social kiss of death (ostracism) and the risk of smartphone addiction in young individuals, but nomophobia frustrates this functional role of resilience. These findings were discussed in light of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nomophobia has been reported as a prevalence among especially emerging adults by a wide variety of studies. The current study aims to investigate the personality and psychosocial antecedents of nomophobia. Specifically, the mediating roles of perceived stress and ostracism in the association of loneliness and nomophobia were investigated with the inclusion of narcissism through structural equation modeling. The study was conducted with the participation of 602 university students. The findings first indicated that loneliness is an indirect predictor of nomophobia with the mediation of perceived stress. It was also revealed that narcissism is a significant predictor of nomophobia; but not of its psychosocial antecedents. It was concluded that as university students experience more feelings of loneliness, they perceive more stress and demonstrate more nomophobic behaviors. Considering the influence of narcissism on nomophobia among university students, further research is suggested on the possible mediators and moderators in this relationship.