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The article marks 140 years since the birth of the outstanding health organizer Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, who made a huge contribution to the development of preventive health care system in Russia.

The paper gives historical information on the foundation and establishment of the Russian X-Radiology Research Center, as well as the advances that have been fundamental in the further clinical, scientific, and educational activities of the center.It details information of the recent advances of the center in diagnosis, including radiation, clinical and molecular gene, and combined treatments for cancer patients, including surgery, polychemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The achievements of each subdivisions of the Center are given.The paper shows the latest advances of the Center and its workers in researches, which have been embodied in their dissertations, monographs, and guides.Of great importance is the educational process the Center’s workers are successfully doing in, by training specialists of different profile.

The paper describes the history of the Russian Research Center of Roentgenology and Radiology set up 90 years ago, the main advances of the researchers of the Institute in roentgenology and radiodiagnosis in historical perspective – from the last century up to the present day. It gives a brief list of the most important procedures and publications on radiodiagnosis, which have been developed and published by the Institute’s researchers.