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The rabbit farming industry is growing due to the rising demand for healthy, sustainable meat. Rabbit meat's nutritional benefits and low environmental impact appeal to health-conscious consumers. To enhance economic sustainability, efforts focus on reducing disease susceptibility and antibiotic use through improved biosecurity and natural additives, such as organosulphur compounds from Allium plants, which have shown promise in studies for boosting productivity and health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PTSO supplementation on farm rabbits. Over and after a 76-day period, various parameters were assessed to measure the impacts on rabbit growth, health, biochemical parameters, muscle metabolism, and intestinal microbiota. The rabbit groups received either a control diet or a diet supplemented with Allium extract. The results showed significant improvements in growth performance for rabbits fed with Allium extract, including higher final weights, increased average daily gain (ADG), and lower mortality rates. A biochemical analysis revealed normal values for the parameters measured in the treated group. A muscle analysis evidenced the presence of a few metabolites of PTSO. A gut microbiota analysis indicated distinct differences between the control and treated groups, increasing the presence of some strains that can influence positively the growth of rabbits. This study highlights the potential benefits of PTSO supplementation for improving growth performance, health parameters, and gut microbiota composition in farm rabbits, suggesting its efficacy as a dietary additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is an active ingredient extracted from cinnamon and is widely used in the food industry as a natural additive. CA has a variety of biological functions, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer, as well as its role in regulating gut microbiota, have been well-established. Additionally, CA has shown positive effects on degenerative central nervous system diseases, cognitive impairment, arthritis, and ischemic reperfusion injury, and is widely used in the food industry and clinical medicine. However, its poor water solubility and easy oxidation have largely limited its broad application. To enhance the efficacy of CA delivery, innovative delivery systems have been developed. This review aims to compile the most recent literature on CA extraction methods, biological functions, delivery systems, and toxicology, highlighting the compound’s significance. By providing a comprehensive overview of CA, this review intends to serve as a valuable resource for the development and application of CA in both food and medical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral slurry preparation and pipeline transport require careful particle size distribution and additive selection to ensure cost-effective and reliable transportation. The research described here was aimed to better understand the flow behavior of a limestone sample by combining coarse and fine particles and a low-cost natural additive, Saponin, derived from Sapindus laurifolia. Four distinct bi-modal suspension samples were formed using various mixtures of limestone samples with sizes varying from 0–53 and 75–106 µm. The rheological characteristics of the suspension were investigated at shear rates of 50 to 500 s−1 for solid concentrations 40–70% by weight. The additive's critical micelle concentration was found to be 1.8 weight percent. The Hershel-Bulkley model fits the experimental data the best. The appropriate proportion of coarse particles was discovered to be 30% based on critical factors such as apparent viscosity and pressure drop. The addition of the surfactant reduced the surface tension, increased the wettability, and decreased the particle-particle interaction to stabilize the limestone-water suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous emulsification method was used to produce nanoemulsions loaded with grumixama leaves extracts (GLE) to protect and improve its functionality as a natural additive in food. Nanoemulsions were characterized for physicochemical stability, morphology, thermal analyses, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. The formulations showed encapsulation efficiency (EE%) >89%, sizes between 182 and 290 nm, low polydispersity, and zeta potential near -30 mV. The formulations were kinetically stable since these parameters remained constant for up to 180 days at 4°C. The nanoemulsion with 125 mg GLE exhibited better droplet structure, which favored greater phenolic compounds protection and thermal resistance. The antioxidant capacity of all formulations remained stable over 30 days. The nanoemulsions acted as a bactericidal agent (MBC/MIC ratio ≤ 4) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes strains. However, GLE-loaded nanoemulsions offer a sustainable and functional alternative for use as a natural additive to meet trends such as a clean label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three different groups of sausages were produced from thornback ray (Raja clavata) without additives (control group), waste pomegranate peel extract (natural group), and ascorbic acid (synthetic group). Biochemical, physicochemical, and microbiological changes of sausages were examined under refrigerator conditions (+4°C), and the shelf life was determined. The best results in terms of nutritional and physicochemical values were obtained in sausages treated with pomegranate peel extract. All sausage groups were spoiled on the 15th day in terms of the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N); however, the pomegranate peel extract group showed a more positive effect compared to the other sausage groups. However, this value was not considered because cartilaginous fish such as stingrays contain higher levels of nonprotein nitrogenous compounds. It was observed that microbial growth was less in the natural group and the antimicrobial effect of pomegranate peel extract was higher than that of ascorbic acid. In addition, it was determined that the pomegranate peel extract group extended the shelf life up to 6 days in terms of total viable count (TVC) and yeast/mold compared to the control and synthetic groups, respectively. This study showed that pomegranate peel extract has a better protective effect than ascorbic acid and it can be used as a natural additive in preserving the quality of seafood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different Malaysian stingless bee propolis samples were examined using the ethanolic extraction method for total flavonoid (TFC) and phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Additionally, the biodegradable films were developed and characterized, this study also aims to enhance the functional qualities for possible use in active food packaging by combining corn starch (CS) with propolis extract (PE). The propolis samples were extracted with 70 % ethanol and analysed through a UV–VIS spectrophotometer for determination of antioxidant, TPC, and TFC. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as scavenging test for free radicals, while Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride (AlCl3) were used to measure total flavonoid and phenolic contents. The data presented in this study showed significant differences in TPC and TFC identified in each sample ranged from 31.95 to 59.48 mg/mL GAE and 53.88 to 59.49 mg/mL RE, respectively. The findings also showed significant differences in the antibacterial activities of Malaysian stingless bee propolis, especially against Gram-positive bacterial strains. In comparison to the control treatments, the ethanolic propolis extract treatments also improved the film's physiochemical and antibacterial qualities. The incorporation of PE into CS resulted in decreased moisture content of the films from 17.20 % to 14.39 %, whereas the solubility significantly decreased from 17.44 % to 12.14 %. The weight of CS and PE film lowered significantly after 14 days and the weight loss percentage also demonstrated that bioplastic degradation occurred. The propolis extract was able to prevent the growth of foodborne bacteria since the present data revealed that the microbial count was significantly lower than control groups by displaying an acceptable limit of aerobic plate count for red meat products, which is lower than 6 log CFU/g. Propolis from Malaysian stingless bees may offer a viable substitute for synthetic additives in biodegradable food packaging films. Its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties support its application for sustainable food preservation.

Due to the growing global population and consequent increased demand for food, the global production of cereal crops has increased. Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world, as its products, e.g., bread and crackers, have served as important sources of nutrition for many years. However, the environmental impacts of wheat-derived food products are not frequently explored. This study presents an environmental impact assessment of organic wheat crackers within the context of Swedish winter wheat production using both primary and literature-based data. A cradle-to-consumer gate life cycle analysis (LCA) approach using the functional unit (FU) of 1 kg of crackers was applied while considering two cracker value chains: (i) without additives and (ii) using nettle powder as a natural additive. Four environmental impact categories—cumulative energy demand (CED), climate change impact (GWP), acidification, and eutrophication—were explored, with a particular focus on CED and GWP. The analysis results indicated that the total CED values were about 13 MJ/FU and 14 MJ/FU for crackers without and with the additive, respectively. Similarly, the total GWP values were 379 g CO2 eq/FU and 464 g CO2 eq/FU, respectively. The post-harvest processing and handling stage was an environmental hot spot in both cases. The introduction of the nettle additive has increased the quantified values of all four of the investigated impact categories. These insights will enable food processors and policy makers to communicate the environmental impacts and make informed decisions to improve the sustainability of wheat crackers. This paper contributes to a database of the environmental impacts of wheat products, specifically LCA data of organic wheat crackers and the LCA method for further LCA studies of snacks and other wheat products with plant-based functional additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rabbit farming industry is growing due to the rising demand for healthy, sustainable meat. Rabbit meat’s nutritional benefits and low environmental impact appeal to health-conscious consumers. To enhance economic sustainability, efforts focus on reducing disease susceptibility and antibiotic use through improved biosecurity and natural additives, such as organosulphur compounds from Allium plants, which have shown promise in studies for boosting productivity and health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PTSO supplementation on farm rabbits. Over and after a 76-day period, various parameters were assessed to measure the impacts on rabbit growth, health, biochemical parameters, muscle metabolism, and intestinal microbiota. The rabbit groups received either a control diet or a diet supplemented with Allium extract. The results showed significant improvements in growth performance for rabbits fed with Allium extract, including higher final weights, increased average daily gain (ADG), and lower mortality rates. A biochemical analysis revealed normal values for the parameters measured in the treated group. A muscle analysis evidenced the presence of a few metabolites of PTSO. A gut microbiota analysis indicated distinct differences between the control and treated groups, increasing the presence of some strains that can influence positively the growth of rabbits. This study highlights the potential benefits of PTSO supplementation for improving growth performance, health parameters, and gut microbiota composition in farm rabbits, suggesting its efficacy as a dietary additive.

Propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), an antioxidant organosulfur compound present in the genus Allium, has become a potential natural additive for food and feed, as well as a possible biopesticide for pest control in plants. A toxicological assessment is necessary to verify its safety for livestock, consumers, and the environment. As part of the risk assessment of PTSO, this study was designed to explore its potential reproductive toxicity in mice following the OECD 416 guideline. The investigation spans two generations to comprehensively evaluate potential reproductive, teratogenic, and hereditary effects. A total of 80 CD1 mice per sex and generation were subjected to PTSO exposure during three phases (premating, gestation, and lactation). This evaluation encompassed three dose levels: 14, 28, and 55 mg PTSO/kg b.w./day, administered through the feed. No clinical changes or mortality attributed to the administration of PTSO were observed in the study. Some changes in the body weight and food consumption were observed, but not related to sex or in a dose-dependent manner. The two parental generations (F0, F1) exhibited normal reproductive performance, and the offspring (F1 and F2) were born without any abnormalities. The serum sexual hormone levels (progesterone -P-, testosterone -T-, estradiol -E2-, follicular stimulating hormone -FSH-, and luteinizing hormone -LH-) were in a normal range. Although significant changes were observed in the sperm analysis in the case of F0 group, no variation was found for F1 group, and no alterations in fertility were recorded either. The absolute organ weights and relative organ weight/body weight and organ weight/brain weight ratios, and the complete histopathological study, showed no significant alterations in males and females for all the generations considered. Considering all the results obtained, PTSO is not considered a reproductive or developmental toxicant in mice under the assayed conditions. These results support the good safety profile of PTSO for its potential application in the agrifood sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation is the principal process of edible oil degradation. Therefore, the objective was to determine the antioxidant effect of hop and oregano essential oils in sunflower oil under high temperatures, in order to replace the synthetic antioxidants. The sunflower oil was enriched with oregano and hop essential oils (0.02% w/w). These treatments were compared with sunflower oil with the addition of BHT (0.02% w/w) and another sample of sunflower oil (without additives). All treatments were exposed to 150 °C for 8 h. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes, oxidation, and essential oils volatile compounds were measured. Oregano and hop essential oil increased the oxidative stability of the sunflower oil under 150 °C. The PV of the control was 44.1 meq O2/kg at 8 h, while sunflower oil with the addition of hop and oregano essential oils were 14.4 meq O2/kg and 8.5 meq O2/kg at 8 h, respectively. Origanum vulgare essential oil had the best antioxidant effect, obtaining 80.7% less PV than the control, while Humulus lupulus showed 67.4% less PV than the control. In general, in comparison to the sunflower oil without additives, lower values of hexanal and 2-heptenal were observed in the samples enriched with essential oils. The principal components of these essential oils were found in the heated samples. Terpinen-4-ol (oregano) and β-myrcene (hop) were present at 4 h of the heat treatment. Thus, these terpenes appeared to be responsible for maintaining the antioxidant protection of sunflower oil throughout the heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants are considered functional additives against oxidative stress since they avoid nutritional decline in the meat. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of sweet potato flour (SPF) as a natural antioxidant on carcass yield and physicochemical characteristics of Creole chickens of Mexico (CChM) and Cobb 500 broilers. In total, 210 chickens (105 CChM and 105 Cobb 500 chickens) were randomly assigned to three treatments: 0, 500, and 1000 mg of SPF kg−1 of feed. The Cobb 500 chickens showed higher carcass yield (hot and cold), breast, and breast fillet, whereas the CChM had higher thigh yield (P ≤ 0.05). The yield on the previously mentioned variables was not affected by the inclusion levels of SPF. The initial pH differed because of the effect of the chicken’s genotype and the addition of SPF, which was higher on Cobb 500 chicken and on those that were not supplemented with SPF. The birds’ skin that consumed SPF presented higher yellowness after 24 h (P ≤ 0.05). CChM manifested a higher dry matter and protein content and a lower content of ash and fat (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, Cobb 500 chickens present a higher carcass yield and its components, in addition to a less acid pH; however, CChM offer a higher nutritional contribution, whereas the 500 and 1000 mg addition of SPF increases the skin yellowness, which makes it an alterorganic as a pigment on broiler chicken production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of red propolis extract (RPE) in the diet of confined sheep on performance and histomorphometric parameters of rumen and intestine and histopathological parameters of liver and kidney. Thirty-five male sheep (17.08 ± 2.36 kg) were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 mL day-1 RPE) and seven replications, submitted to 68 days of experiment. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were euthanized, and samples of rumen, intestine, liver, and kidney were collected to histomorphometry and histopathology analyzes. Higher RPE inclusions (21 and 28 mL day-1) maintained dry matter intake and increased total weight (5.78 x 6.14 and 6.95 kg, respectively) gain up to 20.24%. In the rumen, the inclusion of RPE led to an increase in the thickness of the epithelium and the highest level also increased the thickness of the keratinized portion of this epithelium (21.71 x 32.15 μm). The level of 21 mL day-1 provided larger ruminal papillae (1620.68 x 1641.70 μm) and greater ruminal absorption area (561791.43 x 698288.50 μm2). In intestine 21 and 28 mL-1 of RPE provided greater mucosal thickness (468.54 x 556.20 and 534.64 μm), higher goblet cell index (23.32 x 25.82 and 25.64) and higher hepatic glycogen index (1.47 x 1.64 and 1.62), supporting higher nutrients absortion and glicogenolise and intestinal health, corroborating the weight gain indices. The inclusion of RPE did not cause renal histopathological lesions. Therefore, levels of 21 and 28 mL day-1 of RPE can be used in sheep diets, promoting greater final weight gain, causing positive histomorphological changes in the rumen, intestine and liver, without causing kidney or liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are an indispensable source of new and effective pharmaceutical products. In the study, the biological activities of water extract obtained from the H. rosa-sinensis leaf was determined and its potential for use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries was investigated. Disc diffusion assay and micro-dilution method against clinical origin test microorganisms were used to assess biological activity. The Extract showed a zone of inhibition on the tested bacteria and yeasts in the 6.85 mm to 10.74 mm range. MIC and MBC or MFC values of the Extract was determined as 6.25- 12.50 µg/µL and 12.50-50 µg/µL. Then, the cream formulation containing H. rosa-sinensis leaf water extract and/or human milk originated probiotic candidate Limosilactobacillus fermentum MA-7 strain have been developed. The Extract and probiotic containing cream formulations showed variable antibacterial and antifungal effects on the tested clinical originated microorganisms. The highest inhibition zone diameters of Cream + Extract + Probiotic formulation group was obtained against Candida glabrata RSKK 04019 (9.09 mm) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (9.04 mm). The results indicate that L. fermentum MA-7 and H. rosa-sinensis water extract, alternative to synthetic antimicrobials, may be used as a natural bioactive ingredient in daily personal care and clinical applications in the near future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement population of the world every day brings with it the demand for protein needs. In our study, it was aimed to identify the utilization potential of red pitahaya fruit obtained from Turkey as a natural feed additive. The disc diffusion assay, micro-dilution method for determination of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentration values of the extracts were used to identify the biological activity of the extracts from red pitahaya. The red pitahaya pulp methanol extract against L. garvieae and V. alginolyticus showed 10.61 mm and 7.65 mm of inhibition zone diameters. The methanol extract of red pitahaya peel has 10.18 mm and 11.25 mm inhibition zone diameters on L. garvieae and V. alginolyticus. MIC values were determined as 20 µg/µl and 40 µg/µl for pulp methanol extract and as 80 µg/µl and 40 µg/µl for peel methanol extract against L. garvieae and V. alginolyticus. MBC values of pulp and peel methanol extracts against fish pathogens were determined as 80 µg/µl. As a result, the red pitahaya extracts may have usage potential as natural antimicrobial agents or feed additive in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in consumer lifestyles have raised awareness of a variety of food options and packaging technologies. Active and smart packaging is an innovative technology that serves to enhance the safety and quality of food products like fruit, vegetables, fish, and meat. Smart packaging, as a subset of this technology, entails the integration of additives into packaging materials, thereby facilitating the preservation or extension of product quality and shelf life. This technological approach stimulates a heightened demand for safer food products with a prolonged shelf life. Active packaging predominantly relies on the utilization of natural active substances. Therefore, the combination of active substances has a significant impact on the characteristics of active packaging, particularly on polymeric blends like polylactic acid (PLA) as a matrix. Therefore, this review will summarize how the addition of natural active agents influences the performance of smart packaging through systematic analysis, providing new insights into the types of active agents on physical–mechanical properties, colony reduction, and its application in foods. Through their integration, the market for active and smart packaging systems is expected to have a bright future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural additives are a core topic of food science due to their food safety aspects, and among the natural additives, colorants and antioxidants stand out. The aim of this study was to verify the potential effect of naturally colored antioxidants extracted from Moringa oleifera leaves, propolis and grape pomace on the shelf life of chicken paté. The parameters of TBARS, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH and color were monitored in the paté during 35 days of cold storage at a temperature of 4 ± 1 °C. Moringa extracts, which produced the highest yields, provided a more colorful food product. Grape pomace showed the greatest antioxidant potential and was more efficient in inhibiting lipid oxidation. TVB-N levels remained within the limit considered safe for food in all applications. The total color difference was greater in the first weeks in all treatments, emphasizing that the red grape pomace showed greater color stability.

Propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), an antioxidant organosulfur compound present in the genus Allium, has become a potential natural additive for food and feed, as well as a possible biopesticide for pest control in plants. A toxicological assessment is necessary to verify its safety for livestock, consumers, and the environment. As part of the risk assessment of PTSO, this study was designed to explore its potential reproductive toxicity in mice following the OECD 416 guideline. The investigation spans two generations to comprehensively evaluate potential reproductive, teratogenic, and hereditary effects. A total of 80 CD1 mice per sex and generation were subjected to PTSO exposure during three phases (premating, gestation, and lactation). This evaluation encompassed three dose levels: 14, 28, and 55 mg PTSO/kg b.w./day, administered through the feed. No clinical changes or mortality attributed to the administration of PTSO were observed in the study. Some changes in the body weight and food consumption were observed, but not related to sex or in a dose-dependent manner. The two parental generations (F0, F1) exhibited normal reproductive performance, and the offspring (F1 and F2) were born without any abnormalities. The serum sexual hormone levels (progesterone -P-, testosterone -T-, estradiol -E2-, follicular stimulating hormone -FSH-, and luteinizing hormone -LH-) were in a normal range. Although significant changes were observed in the sperm analysis in the case of F0 group, no variation was found for F1 group, and no alterations in fertility were recorded either. The absolute organ weights and relative organ weight/body weight and organ weight/brain weight ratios, and the complete histopathological study, showed no significant alterations in males and females for all the generations considered. Considering all the results obtained, PTSO is not considered a reproductive or developmental toxicant in mice under the assayed conditions. These results support the good safety profile of PTSO for its potential application in the agrifood sector.

This study focuses on the fabrication of low-fouling polyethersulfone ultrafiltration (PES UF) membranes using collagen (COL) and polyphenon 60 from green tea (PGT) as additives. The casting solution was prepared by dissolving COL and PGT in PES solution with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as solvent. A series of characterizations and performance examinations, including scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) mapping, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle (CA) measurement, pure water flux (PWF), porosity, antifouling test using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA) solution, antibacterial test using E. coli and S. mutans, were conducted. The addition of COL and PGT not only significantly increased PWF, water uptake, porosity, and hydrophilicity but also increased solute rejection and flux recovery. The membrane prepared with the addition of COL (1 wt%) and PGT (3 wt%) demonstrated PWF of 353.9 L/m2. h, water uptake of 238.8%, porosity of 75.1%, CA of 36.9°, and solute rejection of 98.5%. Further, the flux recovery reached 85.08% and 78.78% after anti fouling examination using BSA and HA solutions, respectively. The COL/PGT/PES membrane also demonstrated superior dynamic antibacterial filtration with 93.5% bacteria removal of E. coli and highly efficient antibacterial activity above ∼98% against both E. coli and S. mutans. Thus, the COL/PGT/PES membrane exhibited significant antifouling and antibacterial properties and better performance than the nascent PES UF membrane.

The hypothesis tested is that the association of soybean grain and yerba mate as an antioxidant source can increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with lower oxidation of milk from lactating ewes reared in tropical pastures. Sixteen ewes were randomly distributed in a 2x2 factorial scheme (with or without yerba mate at 110 g / kg of dry matter (DM); with or without soybean grain at 210 g/kg of DM). Yerba mate intake reduced DM intake, and concentrations of ether extract (EE), protein, lactose, defatted dry extract, density, omega-3 concentrations, and the ratio between saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids (FA), but increased the concentration of monounsaturated FA and the sequestering power of free radicals by DPPH without altering the concentrations of conjugated dienes and the concentrations of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid in milk. Supplementation with soybean grain decreased the birth weight of the lambs and increased the concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), PUFA, omega - 6, omega ratio - 6/omega – 3, and total blood cholesterol. The addition of yerba mate did not influence the oxidative profile of milk. Supplementation with soybean grain improved the FA profile of milk, increasing the concentrations of CLA and PUFA. The results suggest that the association of yerba mate and soybean grain helps to improve the fat quality of milk from ewes raised in tropical pastures, as shown by the enhanced antioxidant activity, although it does not help prevent oxidation of milk rich in PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) is an organosulfur compound found in Allium spp., commonly used in animal nutrition and various agri-food applications. Extensive studies have demonstrated the safety of PTSO for feed use, including investigations into genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and subchronic toxicity in rats. However no kinetic or metabolic study has been previously performed. This study aimed to conduct an in vivo toxicokinetic assessment of PTSO in rats. For this purpose, eighteen Sprague Dawley rats received an oral dose of 175 mg/kg via gastric gavage. Plasma and tissue samples (brain, stomach, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and testicle) were collected at specific intervals (10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, and 24h) and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography -High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to detect PTSO and its metabolites. PTSO was not detected in plasma or solid tissues throughout the sampling period; however, phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in both matrices. The toxicokinetic profile of s-propyl mercaptocysteine (CSSP), a significant metabolite, exhibited a well-correlated model. In the stomach, CSSP reached peak concentrations of 495.63 ± 6.53 ng/mL, while lower concentrations of 123.59 ± 8.35 ng/mL were observed in plasma. Furthermore, CSSP demonstrated high water solubility and rapid excretion, with a plasma half-life of 0.66 ± 0.05 h. Overall, these findings substantiate the safety profile of PTSO for specific agri-food applications under the conditions investigated. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative to replace conventional plastic food packaging has led to the development of edible and biodegradable alternatives. This study has formulated an effective packaging solution for the preservation of frozen salmon. Alginate films were prepared by integrating ethanolic extracts from two edible seaweeds, Sargassum muticum and Grateloupia turuturu. The optical and mechanical properties of the films, as well as their effectiveness in preserving frozen salmon over a 6-month period at −18 °C, were assessed and compared to other alginate and synthetic plastic films. The quality parameters of the final product were also assessed. Films incorporating Grateloupia extract exhibited a 34% reduction in thickness and 51% lower moisture content when compared to alginate. Meanwhile, those containing Sargassum extract demonstrated improved water resistance, with a 11% decrease in solubility. The seaweed-incorporated films demonstrated gradual biodegradation over time. Samples packaged with these films displayed a substantial decrease in colour changes, ranging from 58% to 64%, compared to commercial plastic film packaging. This enhanced protection against freezer burn is likely due to the presence of lipid-derivate compounds in the Grateloupia extract. The findings of this study suggest the potential use of alginate-based films incorporated with Grateloupia and Sargassum extracts as edible and biodegradable packaging for frozen fish, offering a sustainable and improved alternative to synthetic plastic films. [Display omitted] • New seaweed-based films enhance seafood preservation. • Innovative packaging reduces environmental impact. • Seaweed extracts meet FAO guidelines for sustainability. • Improved film properties prolong frozen seafood shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper treats the effect of addition of unconventional materials as eggshell (ES) derived products for improving the quality of bread and bakery products. The main goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of eggshells macerated (ESM) that contains a high assimilable calcium source (i.e. calcium citrate) as a supplement in white bread formulation. The influence of different percentage of ESM (i.e. 2.5 %, 5.0 %, 7.5 %, 10.0 %, wt/wt) into a classical white bread recipe to some physico-chemical, textural, nutritional, microbiological properties and also to sensory quality of fresh bread is compared. The results show that the addition of ESM, promoted as a natural additive for calcium fortified breads, generates a product with potential high acceptability degree for the consumers that need to improve the calcium daily intake.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight Nordic Red dairy cows averaging (mean ± SD) 81 ± 21 d in milk and 41.0 ± 1.9 kg of milk yield at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised grass silage-based diets (45:55 forage to concentrate ratio on dry matter basis) including (1) control containing 19.3% rapeseed meal (CON), (2) CON with full replacement of rapeseed meal with rapeseed cake (RSC), (3) supplementation of CON with 50 g/d of yeast hydrolysate product plus coniferous resin acid-based compound (YHR), and (4) supplementation of CON with 20 g/d of combination of garlic-citrus extract and essential oils in a pellet (GCE). Apparent total-tract digestibility was measured using total collection of feces, and CH4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers on 4 consecutive days. Data collected during d 17 and 21 in each period were used for ANOVA analysis using a mixed model. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), whereas feeding RSC increased crude protein and ether extract digestibility compared with the other diets. Emissions of CH4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and gross energy intake were lower for RSC compared with other diets. We found no effect of YHR on daily CH4 emissions, whereas CH4 yield (g of CH4/kg of DMI or as percentage of gross energy intake) decreased with GCE compared with CON. Treatments did not influence energy balance. Further, RSC reduced the proportion of N intake excreted in feces, and YHR improved N balance compared with CON diet. Feeding RSC resulted in greatest yields of milk and energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Relative to the CON diet, RSC decreased saturated FA by 10% in milk fat by increasing cis-monounsaturated FA but also increased the proportion of trans FA. Proportion of odd- and branched-chain FA increased with GCE and YHR compared with CON. We conclude that replacing rapeseed meal by rapeseed cake decreased CH4 emissions, whereas YHR or GCE had no effect on CH4 emissions in this study.

Simple Summary: The livestock sector contributes a considerable proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. Mechanisms must be developed in this sector to reduce these gases' emissions. This generates a demand for studies that evaluate plant species or their extracts to define their potential in modulating ruminal fermentation with the objective of reducing enteric methane emissions. The yerba mate extract (YME) is obtained from a plant widely consumed in the southern region of Brazil for its biological properties, with few studies on rumen fermentation, meat quality, and production parameters. For this reason, this study sought to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of YME and analyze its effects on ruminal fermentability, methane emissions, and animal performance. Our results show that the inclusion of YME does not affect ruminal fermentation parameters or apparent digestibility. The inclusion of plant extracts that contain secondary compounds with the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and improve animal performance has gained attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis ST. Hilaire) (YME) on the ruminal parameters. Eight castrated cattle were divided into four groups, a control without YME (0%) and three treatment groups with 0.5, 1 and 2% inclusion of YME in the dry matter. The inclusion of YME did not show differences in ruminal methane emissions (CH4), and total apparent digestibility (p = 0.54). Likewise, YME did not modify ruminal pH, but positively affected NH3-N, which decreased linearly as the extract level in the diet increased (p = 0.01). No short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were influenced by YME, except isovaleric acid (p = 0.01), which showed a lower concentration in the inclusion of 2% YME. Our results show that up to 2% YME does not affect digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus thuringiensis is known as a bioinsecticide for controlling taro caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab. in cabbage plants. However, Bt. is easily degraded by ultraviolet (UV), so it needs UV protectant. This research aimed to study the synergism of extract of turmeric, moringa, cloves, and red betel as UV protectants for Bt. and to measure the Bt. half lifes. As much as 25 (w/v) of turmeric, moringa, cloves, and red betel extracts was used to make Bt. suspension. The Bt. suspension then was exposed to sunlight for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days then it was tested againts 25 individuals of 1st larval instar of taro caterpillar and each treatment was using three replicates. Pathogenicity of each formulation was observed by calculating larval mortality up to the 7th day after treatment. The results showed that the highest larval mortality was found in the Bt. formulation added extracts at 0-day exposure. Mortality data for each Bt. treatment. showed a decrease from the treatment of 0 to 28-day exposures. After 28 days of exposure, Bt. without extract addition had a pathogenicity of 15.2%, whereas Bt. with clove extract had pathogenicity about 56.4%, which is higher than those on turmeric, moringa, and red betel. The first half life of Bt. added with clove was 32.3 days, while the second half life was 50.7 days. Based on this research, it can be concluded that clove has synergism affect when applied with Bt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide variety of additives are used to improve specific characteristics of the final polymeric product. Antioxidant additives (AAs) can prevent oxidative stress and thus the damage of polymeric materials. In this work, the antioxidant potential and thus the applicability of Santowhite (SW) as synthetic and ascorbic acid (Asc) as natural AAs were explored by using computational tools. Two density functional theory (DFT) methods, M05-2X and M06-2X, have been applied in combination with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set in gas phase. Three antioxidant mechanisms have been considered: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer-proton transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), proton affinity (PA), and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE) have been computed for each potential hydrogen donor site. The results indicate that the antioxidant potential of Asc is higher than SW. Furthermore, some of the C-H bonds, depending on their position in the structures, are potent radical scavengers, but O-H groups are more prone to donate H-atoms to free radicals. Nonetheless, both additives can be potentially applied to safeguard common polymers and prohibit oxidative stress-induced material deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary inclusion of hydroethanolic extract of guavira seed or peel was evaluated on broiler performance, intestinal morphometry, carcass yield, and meat quality. A total of 1,680 male chicks, one day old, were distributed in a 2×5+2 factorial design (hydroethanolic extract of guavira seed (HEGS) or hydroethanolic extract of guavira peel (HEGP); 100; 200; 300; 400 and 500 mg/kg of inclusion and a positive control (PC) with antibiotics and negative control (NC) without growth promoter), with seven replicates and 20 birds each. A better feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed from days 1-7 and days 1-21 on the PC diet than on the NC diet. FCR from 1-7d of broilers on PC was better than those on HEGS or HEGP, and this better FCR was maintained until 21 d for the HEGS treatment. The HEGP diet showed lower average feed intake and better FCR for the total period compared to NC diets. Higher carcass yield and a higher L15 value for breast meat was observed in the HEGP group compared to HEGS. Broilers fed the PC diet showed a higher a* value 15 min and 24 h postmortem, higher water retention capacity in breast meat compared to birds fed HEGS, and a higher value of a* 24 h postmortem than those receiving NC. The inclusion of 100 to 500 mg/kg of HEGP or HEGS did not improve performance, intestinal morphometry, and carcass characteristics when compared to the performance-enhancing antibiotic. However, the HEGP diet provided better performance of broilers than the non-use of growth promoter additives in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organosulfur compounds (OSCs) are secondary metabolites produced by different Allium species which present important biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, antispasmodic, etc. In recent years, their use has been promoted in the agri-food industry as a substitute for synthetic preservatives, increasing potential accumulative exposure to consumers. Before their application in the food industry, it is necessary to pass a safety assessment as specified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This work reviews the scientific literature on OSCs regarding their in vitro toxicity evaluation following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Four electronic research databases were searched (Web of Science, Scopus, Science Database and PubMed) and a total of 43 works were selected according to predeterminate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Different data items and the risk of bias for each study were included. Currently, there are very few in vitro studies focused on investigating the potential toxicity of OSCs. Most research studies aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of OSCs to elucidate their antiproliferative effects focusing on their therapeutic aspects using cancer cell lines as the main experimental model. The results showed that diallyl disulfide (DADS) is the compound most studied, followed by diallyl trisulfide (DATS), diallyl sulfide (DAS), Allicin and Ajoene. Only 4 studies have been performed specifically to explore the safety of OSCs for agri-food applications, and genotoxicity studies are limited. More toxicity studies of OSCs are necessary to ensure consumers safety and should mainly be focused on the evaluation of genotoxicity and long-term toxicity effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Lippia palmeri S. Watson and the nutrient synchronization of four goat diets by using a model of repeated measures experimental design, evaluating the variables of milk production, feed consumption and food conversion. Three landrace goats were used per treatment to assess the differences between diets. Goats were fed over a period of 3 months with diets consisting of a controlled consumption of the same feed. According to the results, the treatments showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the three variables studied. Goats fed with ASYNC with ORE (T1) tended to achieve higher feed consumption compared to other treatments. Regarding milk production, it was observed that there was a variation between treatments, where ASYNC without ORE (T2) showed a higher production in month 1, ASYNC with ORE (T1) in month 2 and SYNC with ORE (T4) in the last month tested. Milk production ranged from 0.543 kg/day to 1.027 kg/day, food consumption varied from 0.821 kg/day to 1.588 kg/day and food rejection from 0.036 kg/day to 0.259 kg/day. The results suggest that the inclusion of Lippia palmeri S. Watson in the diet of early lactating dairy goats can be used as a natural additive, to support the production in seasons of feed shortage in rangelands of arid and semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical (pH, Thiobarbutiric acid number (TBARS), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, L*, a*, b*) and microbiological (total psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria (TPAB), total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas counts) and sensory properties in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets containing laurel, oregano, and thyme essential oil (EO) over 6 days. Treatment with laurel, oregano, and thyme EO had significantly (P < 0.05) higher DPPH levels and lightness values, but lower (P < 0.05) TBARS value. The laurel EO treatment generally did not affect the microorganisms counts of the samples on the 6th day (P > 0.05), while the highest odor score was determined in the groups of laurel EO. The lowest Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. counts were obtained from thyme EO added samples with a 4.59±0.07 log CFU/g and 5.19±0.07 log CFU/g, followed by samples treated with oregano EO with 4.82±0.02 log CFU/g and 5.21±0.05 log CFU/g respectively, at the end of the 6 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil of peperina has antioxidant properties for industrial use, but the choice of cultivars with the highest antioxidant efficacy remains undetermined. The aim of the present study was to determine the direct and indirect antioxidant activity of three peperina cultivars (Calamintha nepeta , Hedeoma multiflorum and Minthostachys verticillata) and to analyse the response of a potential antioxidant activity indicator based on the Pulegone/Menthone and Isomenthone (PUL/MENT) ratio, obtained from chemical composition analysis. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity, total phenol content, chemical (peroxide, anisidine and conjugated dienes values) and volatiles oxidation indicators in an accelerated oxidation test at 60 °C for 28 days. The C. nepeta variety showed the highest antioxidant activity and the highest PUL/MENT ratio value (5.1) with respect to H. multiflorum (1.3) and M. verticillata (2.0). The indicator of the PUL/MENT ratio can be used as a reference indicator of antioxidant activity for the selection of industrial cultivars with high antioxidant activity when they have a ratio with a value higher than 2.0 as a reference point in their chemical composition. [Display omitted] • "Peperinas" has antioxidant activity through direct and indirect indicators. • The Pulegone/Menthone ratio serves as an indicator of antioxidant potential. • PUL/MENT ratio higher than 2 indicates a cultivar with high antioxidant activity. • C. nepeta the highest antioxidant activity is observed with a PUL/MENT value of 5.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental degradation and depletion of fossil fuel, urges the need of renewable fuel for IC engines. Among the renewable fuel, biodiesel are widely used as alternative fuel but for recent years hydrogen is also considered as alternative fuel because of zero emission but it possess higher auto ignition temperature. In order to reduce the self-ignition temperature of hydrogen and another liquid fuel is mixed and operated as a dual fuel mode condition in CI engine. The current investigation aims to analyse the impact of natural antioxidant additive on hydrogen-enriched biodiesel operation in a diesel engine. During the experimentation process hydrogen is admitted at the intake manifold and B20 blend of juliflora biodiesel is injected in combustion cylinder. The three test fuel samples are used for the experimentation process such as diesel, B20 and B20 with hydrogen in different flow rates such as 8, 10, 12, 16,20lpm. B20 with hydrogen shows an increment of brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Among the test fuels B20 + 16lpm and B20 + 20lpm blends have better improvement of BTE of 28.815% and 28.32%, which is higher than the conventional engine at maximum load CO, HC emission is also lower for B20 + 16lpm and B20 + 20lpm than other blends but the NO x emission increases of 26 and 28% than diesel respectively. In order to minimize the NO x emission, natural antioxidant additive Melia Azedarach (MA) of 1000 ppm is added to B20 + 16lpm and found that B20 + 16lpm with MA shows an improvement of BTE 2.17% higher than B20 + 16lpm without additive and the NO x emission for B20 + 16lpm with additive is 1079 ppm, which is 21.9% lower than B20 + 16lpm without additives. Therefore B20 + 16lpm with additive is superior than other test blends. [Display omitted] • B20 with different hydrogen flow rates of 8, 10,12 and 20lpm as dual mode in CI engine. • B20 + 16lpm showed improvement of BTE of 28.815%, with increase of NO x emission of 1382 ppm. • 1000 ppm natural additive with B20 + 16lpm shows BTE of 2.17% higher than B20 + 16lpm without additive. • Significant reduction of NO x of 21.6%, takes place by the addition of natural antioxidant additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful drilling operation depends upon the achievement of target drilling attributes within the environmental and economic constraints but this is not possible only on the basis of laboratory testing due to the limitation of time and resources. The chemistry of the mud decides its rheological potential and selection of the techniques required for recycling operations. Conductivity, pH, and photometer testing were performed for the physio-chemical characterization of the grass to be used as an environmental friendly drilling mud additive. In this study, different particle sizes (75, 150, and 300 µm) of grass powder were mixed in mud density of 8.5, 8.6, and 8.7 ppg in the measurement of gel strength and viscosity of drilling mud. The grass additive was added in different weight conditions considering no additive, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g to assess the contribution of grass on the gel strength and viscosity of the drilling mud. The machine learning techniques (Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine Regression, k-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Stump, Random Forest, and Random Tree approaches) were applied to the generated rheological data. The results of the study show that grass can be used for the improvement of the gel strength and viscosity of the drilling mud. The highest improvement of the viscosity was seen when grass powder of 150 µm was added in the 8.7 ppg drilling mud in 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g weights. The gel strength of the drilling mud was improved when the grass additive was added to the drilling mud 8.7 ppg. Random forest and Artificial Neural Network had the same results of 0.72 regression coefficient (R2) for the estimation of viscosity of the drilling mud. The random tree was found as the most effective technique for the modeling of gel strength at 10 min (GS_10min) of the drilling mud. The predictions of Artificial Neural Network had 0.92 R2 against the measured gel strength at 10 s (GS_10sec) of the drilling mud. On average, Artificial Neural Network predicted the rheological properties of the mud with the highest accuracy as compared to other machine learning approaches. The work may serve as a key source to estimate the net effect of grass additives for the improvement of the gel strength and viscosity of the drilling mud without the performance of any large number of laboratory tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to prepare an active film based on polyethylene containing thymol and linalool (%0, 1, 1.5, 2) and use it as packaging in mozzarella cheese. For this purpose, the mechanical and barrier properties of the polyethylene films containing thymol and linalool were analyzed. The results showed that the use of thymol and linalool did not significantly reduce the oxygen permeability of the polyethylene film (p<0.05). Water vapour permeability was significantly decreased by incorporating linalool and thymol (1.5, 2%). Tensile strength and elongation at break were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in polyethylene films containing thymol and linalool than in the control sample. Results show that mozzarella packed with polyethylene films containing thymol and linalool had higher pH and lower acidity than the control sample. The sensory analysis results revealed that coated cheese with polyethylene composed of linalool (1.5%) and thymol 2% was the most attention by panelists compared with others. Based on the results, films containing thymol and linalool improved the chemical and sensory properties of mozzarella cheese. Therefore, films treated with thymol and linalool can act as active packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH 4) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight Nordic Red dairy cows averaging (mean ± SD) 81 ± 21 d in milk and 41.0 ± 1.9 kg of milk yield at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised grass silage-based diets (45:55 forage to concentrate ratio on dry matter basis) including (1) control containing 19.3% rapeseed meal (CON), (2) CON with full replacement of rapeseed meal with rapeseed cake (RSC), (3) supplementation of CON with 50 g/d of yeast hydrolysate product plus coniferous resin acid-based compound (YHR), and (4) supplementation of CON with 20 g/d of combination of garlic-citrus extract and essential oils in a pellet (GCE). Apparent total-tract digestibility was measured using total collection of feces, and CH 4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers on 4 consecutive days. Data collected during d 17 and 21 in each period were used for ANOVA analysis using a mixed model. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), whereas feeding RSC increased crude protein and ether extract digestibility compared with the other diets. Emissions of CH 4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and gross energy intake were lower for RSC compared with other diets. We found no effect of YHR on daily CH 4 emissions, whereas CH 4 yield (g of CH 4 /kg of DMI or as percentage of gross energy intake) decreased with GCE compared with CON. Treatments did not influence energy balance. Further, RSC reduced the proportion of N intake excreted in feces, and YHR improved N balance compared with CON diet. Feeding RSC resulted in greatest yields of milk and energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Relative to the CON diet, RSC decreased saturated FA by 10% in milk fat by increasing cis -monounsaturated FA but also increased the proportion of trans FA. Proportion of odd- and branched-chain FA increased with GCE and YHR compared with CON. We conclude that replacing rapeseed meal by rapeseed cake decreased CH 4 emissions, whereas YHR or GCE had no effect on CH 4 emissions in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review was elaborated to know the effect of fiber used as a prebiotic in broilers and laying hens. A review was made on the generalities of fiber and its benefits on immunity, digestive development, nutrient digestibility and productive performance. It was found that fiber as an additive can be included at levels lower than 3% to improve the immune response of the birds, increase the development of intestinal villi and the amount of cytokines that regulate chemotaxis, limiting the permeability of toxic substances to the bloodstream, and regulate the inflammatory response of the intestine. Fiber stimulates the intestinal microbiota by preventing the adherence and development of pathogenic bacteria, as well as the production of antimicrobial peptides. In addition, fiber can regulate intestinal motility, general microbiota, lipid accumulation in the liver, lower cholesterol, contribute to liver function, reduce pollutant emissions to the environment and improve nutrient absorption. Therefore, fiber can improve weight gain, feed conversion and gizzard muscle development. It is concluded that fiber as a prebiotic can be included in the poultry diet to replace synthetic additives to increase the productive performance of poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly depleting fossil fuel resources and stringent emission norms have given importance to research of alternative fuels, especially in relation to reduction of greenhouse gases and global warming. In the work presented, biodiesel was derived from honge oil, which is non-edible. The oxidation stability of honge oil biodiesel is low due to the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, basil oil was used as a natural antioxidant to this biodiesel and the effect of this additive on the engine performance was studied. The addition of basil oil to the honge oil biodiesel increases its oxidation stability thanks to free radical scavenging activities of the basil oil. A set of engine tests was carried out on the agricultural diesel engine with honge oil biodiesel with different concentrations of basil oil. The engine tests showed that the addition of basil oil with the concentration of 1,000 ppm reduces the engine exhaust emissions in contrast to diesel. Basil oil does not have any significant impact on the engine brake thermal efficiency. Based on this work, it is possible to conclude that basil oil can be used as a natural additive to honge oil biodiesel for the purposes of oxidation stability improvement and significant reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission.

In this work, different bioactive compounds were obtained from Calendula officinalis by using conventional soxhlet extraction, shaker-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The effect of different extraction time and temperature on the quantity of bioactive compounds obtained was investigated. The extracts obtained were further analyzed by UV–visible spectrometric analysis. The effect of extraction technique on both the colorant power of carotenoids and antibacterial capacity of the flavonoids was evaluate. Colorant power was evaluated by UV–visible spectrometric and dyeing ability in dairy product. Antibacterial activity of extracts was developed against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by diffusion technique in well. Outstanding extraction results were obtained by ultrasound extraction technique performed during 2 hours, at 30°C and with 96% ethanol, for bioactive compounds evaluated. The same treatment showed the best result in colorant power and dyeing ability. The extracts obtained by ultrasound had a slightly inhibitory effect of growth on E. coli in comparison with the other techniques, while none of the extracts obtained from the different techniques reported a significant inhibition on the growth of S. Typhi. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction is considered as an alternative process for obtaining the bioactive compounds from C. officinalis with high concentration, colorant power and antibacterial activity.

The inclusion of plant extracts that contain secondary compounds with the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and improve animal performance has gained attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis ST. Hilaire) (YME) on the ruminal parameters. Eight castrated cattle were divided into four groups, a control without YME (0%) and three treatment groups with 0.5, 1 and 2% inclusion of YME in the dry matter. The inclusion of YME did not show differences in ruminal methane emissions (CH4), and total apparent digestibility (p = 0.54). Likewise, YME did not modify ruminal pH, but positively affected NH3-N, which decreased linearly as the extract level in the diet increased (p = 0.01). No short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were influenced by YME, except isovaleric acid (p = 0.01), which showed a lower concentration in the inclusion of 2% YME. Our results show that up to 2% YME does not affect digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.

BACKGROUND: The pericarp of citrus in rutaceae is rich in flavonoids that may possess diverse biological activities. Some citrus flavonoids have been used as natural bitterness inhibitors; however, many citrus flavonoid analogues that possess merit taste amelioration functions have not been reported with respect to utilization in food industry. RESULTS: The effects of 12 citrus flavonoids on the inhibition of the bitter taste of naringin, quinine hydrochloride and stevioside were evaluated both by a sensory panel and electronic tongue analysis. Among the flavonoid compounds evaluated, both neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) and neodiosmin were identified to show an excellent bitterness inhibition effect on all three bitterness vehicles tested. The results of the electronic tongue evaluation also showed that the addition of neodiosmin, NHDC or hesperidin dihydrochalcone‐7‐o‐glucoside (HDC‐7‐G) was able to reduce significantly the bitterness response value of quinine hydrochloride, which is consistent with the sensory panel evaluation. Structure–activity relationship analysis found that the 7‐linked neohesperidosyloxy group in the A‐ring of the citrus flavonoid skeleton has the best bitterness inhibition effect. In addition, a ternary mixture of NHDC, neodiosmin and naringin, and neodiosmin/β‐cyclodextrin was formulated and it demonstrated, for the first time in the flavor improvement of citrus fruit wine, an enhancement of sweetness and a reduction of bitter taste. CONCLUSION: Twelve citrus flavonoids were found to inhibit the bitter taste of naringin, quinine hydrochloride and stevioside. With respect to the structure–activity relationship analysis, it was found that the 7‐linked neohesperidosyloxy group in the A‐ring of the citrus flavonoid skeleton possessed the best bitterness inhibition effect. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract (YME) on muscle metabolomics and physicochemical properties of lamb meat. Thirty-six uncastrated male lambs (90 d old) were fed experimental diets, which treatments consisted of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 4% inclusion of YME. Animals were fed for 50 d before slaughter. Muscle and meat samples were collected for metabolomics and meat quality analysis, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design and analyzed using orthogonal contrasts. There was a quadratic effect of YME inclusion in tenderness (P < 0.05) and a positive linear effect on meat lightness (P < 0.05). No qualitative changes (P > 0.05) on individual metabolites were observed; however, changes in the quantitative metabolic profile were observed, showing that animals fed 1% and 2% of YME have a greater concentration of desirable endogenous muscle antioxidants, with direct impact on metabolic pathways related to beta-alanine metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Therefore, YME dietary supplementation up to 2% of the diet to lambs had little to no effects on the majority of meat quality traits evaluated; moreover, 4% of YME inclusion negatively affected feed intake and meat quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organosulfur compounds (OSCs) are secondary metabolites produced by different Allium species which present important biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, antispasmodic, etc. In recent years, their use has been promoted in the agri-food industry as a substitute for synthetic preservatives, increasing potential accumulative exposure to consumers. Before their application in the food industry, it is necessary to pass a safety assessment as specified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This work reviews the scientific literature on OSCs regarding their in vitro toxicity evaluation following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Four electronic research databases were searched (Web of Science, Scopus, Science Database and PubMed) and a total of 43 works were selected according to predeterminate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Different data items and the risk of bias for each study were included. Currently, there are very few in vitro studies focused on investigating the potential toxicity of OSCs. Most research studies aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of OSCs to elucidate their antiproliferative effects focusing on their therapeutic aspects using cancer cell lines as the main experimental model. The results showed that diallyl disulfide (DADS) is the compound most studied, followed by diallyl trisulfide (DATS), diallyl sulfide (DAS), Allicin and Ajoene. Only 4 studies have been performed specifically to explore the safety of OSCs for agri-food applications, and genotoxicity studies are limited. More toxicity studies of OSCs are necessary to ensure consumers safety and should mainly be focused on the evaluation of genotoxicity and long-term toxicity effects.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and digestibility of diets containing different levels of crude propolis for growing rabbits. Forty-eight New Zealand White rabbits, 43 days old, of both genders, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design. There were four diets with different inclusion levels of crude propolis (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%). There was no statistical difference for performance regarding the inclusion levels of crude propolis (p = 0.85), as well as for the variables dry matter consumption, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p ≥ 0.07). Crude protein consumption showed a statistical difference in relation to gender (p = 0.04): males showed higher consumption. However, final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not influenced by the addition of crude propolis (p ≥ 0.37). Dry matter digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not influenced by the inclusion levels of crude propolis in the diets (p ≥ 0.12). This study indicates that the inclusion of raw propolis up to 1.5% in the diets does not affect the performance parameters of rabbits.

Nowadays, the use of tissue culture technique in the production of plant secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds, as a natural food additive has become very widespread in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grapevine Rasha and Qzel Ozum cultivars that were produced by tissue culture under in vitro condition. For this purpose, the terminal buds of grape cultivars were cultured in Murashige - Skoog Medium to produce complete seedlings. Then the methanolic extract was prepared from healthy grapevine leaves and to perform polyphenol composition tests using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, functional groups using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, total phenol content, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, total carotenoids, acid content, ascorbic acid, free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl (OH− ). The results showed that the amount of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanin and total carotenoids of methanolic extracts of Rasha cultivar were 50.35±0.10, 29.72±0.05, 10.41±0.20, and 1.82±0.50 mg/g, respectively, and in Qzel Ozum cultivar were 23.06±0.31, 20.76±0.15, 7.28±0.15, and 94.94±0.42 mg/g, respectively. Ascorbic acid, DPPH and OH− free radicals scavenging activity in methanolic extracts of Rasha leaves were 1.83±0.04, 25.38±1.52, and 75.04±2.74 %, respectively, and in Qzel Ozum leaves were 0.85±0.01, 18.71±2.05 and 68.96±3.61 %, respectively. As a general result, the results showed that the grape leaves of the Rasha cultivar were more than the grapevine leaves of Qzel Ozum cultivar in terms of all studied characteristics (p <0.05). This study also showed that grape leaves are rich in phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants and have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut oil is less preferred for lubrication purposes, particularly, in high-temperature applications, due to their low thermal stability. Chemical additives for improvements tend to make coconut oil less bio-sustainable and more hazardous. Using natural antioxidants for enhancing oxidative stability has been successfully implemented in food industry. The present study investigates the application of three natural additives – ginger, black pepper and garlic, as possible substitutes for chemical additives in enhancing lubrication properties of coconut oil. In addition to enhancing thermal stability, these natural additives mixed in small proportions could help bring down pour point of coconut oil. Adding traces of food additive, propylene glycol, lubricant samples showed impressive performance in terms of viscosity, friction and wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and digestibility of diets containing different levels of crude propolis for growing rabbits. Forty-eight New Zealand White rabbits, 43 days old, of both genders, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design. There were four diets with different inclusion levels of crude propolis (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%). There was no statistical difference for performance regarding the inclusion levels of crude propolis (p = 0.85), as well as for the variables dry matter consumption, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.07). Crude protein consumption showed a statistical difference in relation to gender (p = 0.04): males showed higher consumption. However, final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not influenced by the addition of crude propolis (p = 0.37). Dry matter digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not influenced by the inclusion levels of crude propolis in the diets (p = 0.12). This study indicates that the inclusion of raw propolis up to 1.5% in the diets does not affect the performance parameters of rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface defects in tin-based perovskite films disrupt the periodic arrangement of atoms in crystals, making surface atoms more susceptible to interactions with water and oxygen molecules in the surrounding environment. The diffusion of oxygen ions into the perovskite interior leads to the formation of severe bulk defects, which compromises the performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). As a result, surface defects are recognized as the primary source of degradation and require special attention. In this study, α-Tocopherol (also known as vitamin E) into tin-based perovskite films is introduced. Experimental results show that because of its larger volume, α-Tocopherol does not enter the perovskite lattice. Instead, it forms van der Waals and hydrogen bond interactions with the formamidine ion (FA + ) and the [SnI 6 ] 4- octahedron at the perovskite terminals. Through α-Tocopherol passivation, both surface and interior oxidation of the perovskite are significantly suppressed as α-Tocopherol firmly embeds itself on the perovskite surface. Density functional theory analysis confirms the inhibition of I─Sn antisite defects (I Sn ) and Sn interstitial defects (Sn i ), which possess deep trap states within the bandgap. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that α-Tocopherol enhances the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 9.19% to 13.14% and prolongs the lifetime of tin-based PSCs to over 50 days., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)