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This study investigates the relationship between corporate site visits (CSVs) and firms' real earnings management. Using a unique dataset of site visits to Chinese firms listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2016, we find that such visits are negatively associated with firms' real earnings management. The results are robust to using alternative CSV measures, controlling for alternative communication channels, and using the propensity score matching method. In cross-sectional analyses, we find that the negative association between site visits and real earnings management is stronger for more complex firms and firms with greater information asymmetry. In addition, we find that CSVs are negatively associated with both management and corporate misconduct but not with accrual-based earnings management or restatements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For what reasons may NDAs continue to be an attractive measure to conceal severe misconduct in organizations, despite high-profile criticism? I theorize severe misconduct as a critical moment of separation of victim-survivor, perpetrator, and the social order of the organization. This provokes liminalities and I read Giesen's four liminal phenomena (victims, monsters, garbage, and seduction) as imagination devices in the analysis of the accounts of those who have experienced severe misconduct. In doing so, I show that the multiplicative effects of these liminal phenomena intersect in such a disruptive manner that NDAs offer an attractive ceremony towards transition; a seductive way for organizational actors to transform/adjust the presence of victims and monsters, hiding and/or recycling their garbage. I contribute by theorizing meta-liminality and intersecting liminal phenomena emerging from severe misconduct in organizations, showing empirically examples of why NDAs may be used to ceremonially manage the transition in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated that individuals with higher levels of perceived legitimacy toward police or legal institutions are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior. However, a limited number of empirical studies have directly examined the relationship between the perceived legitimacy of prison officers and misconduct in prisons. The goal of this study is to examine the role of legitimacy in misconduct among people incarcerated in South Korean prisons. Using a nationwide sample of adults in correctional facilities in South Korea, logistic regression models are used to examine whether the perceived legitimacy of prison officers is associated with verbal and physical aggression against officers and other incarcerated persons. The equality of regression coefficients test is employed to examine whether the independent variable has varying impacts on each measure of interpersonal aggression. The study found that perceived legitimacy was negatively related and varied with the target of misconduct, with a larger influence on interpersonal aggression toward prison officers than those toward other incarcerated individuals. The findings are consistent with the normative perspective and suggest the need for policies encouraging just and fair management of prison populations by prison officers to sustain order in prisons. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies have linked judicial intervention to inmate outcomes, it is unclear how the various reasons for which an institution is under court order predict the likelihood of inmate misbehavior, such as violence and other nonviolent forms of rule breaking. Data from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF) and the 2000 Census of State Correctional Facilities (CSCF) are used to examine how various prison violations affect inmate misconduct. Hierarchical linear models reveal that sweeping litigation and reforms that pose a greater challenge to correctional authority are associated with greater misconduct, while more targeted approaches appear to have a less pronounced or inverse association with misconduct. These findings have important implications for the operation of the correctional institution and its society of captives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As compared to adult populations, there is a significant dearth of studies examining official misconduct among juveniles, leaving important gaps in our knowledge. Utilizing a sample of youth completing juvenile justice residential placement in Florida across four fiscal years (n = 5739), the current study seeks to examine the joint effects of facility environment and individual characteristics on institutional misconduct, represented by aggression and academic misconduct in facilities. Academic Youths' severity of criminal involvement, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), emotional and communication skills, and history of violence or drugs all contributed to explaining their aggression and academic misconduct in facilities. The level of institutional security consistently emerged as a significant predictor for academic misconduct and aggression. Aggression in facilities was more sensitive to the severity of ACEs. Policy implications and limitations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the increasing economic significance of investment advisory industries and the prevalence of wrongdoing in financial planning services, we examine whether, and to what extent, employee misconduct is shaped by their local corruption culture. Using novel data of more than 4.7 million adviser-year observations of financial advisers and the Department of Justice's data on corruption, we find that financial advisers and advisory firms located in areas with higher levels of corruption are more likely to commit misconduct. These results hold for both individual advisor and firm level analyses and are robust to the use of various fixed effects, model specifications, proxies for corruption and misconduct, and an instrumental variable approach. Using the passage of the Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Provision, which provides incentives for reporting corruption incidences and thereby reduces the incentives for fraud, we find that the relation between local corruption culture and adviser misconduct is attenuated after the provision enacted by the SEC. Overall, our study highlights the externalities of corruption culture on individual ethics and the essential role of whistleblowing laws in reducing corruption-prone norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews issues of academic integrity, focusing on unethical practices in Kenyan universities. The rapid expansion of university education in Kenya, followed by a significant decline in the number of qualified students seeking to join private universities since 2017 have created financial pressures on universities. Some universities have resorted to unethical practices to enrol students and offer programmes that have not been accredited by the Commission for University Education (CUE). At the same time, there is a growing concern among governments, educators, students, and other stakeholders that unethical practices in higher education are spreading, compromising the integrity of academic programmes.This review suggests strategies that can be put in place to improve academic integrity. The analysis considers what motivates individuals to act unethically, even though doing so contributes to damaging the credibility of the sector. The idea of the prisoner’s dilemma is introduced to explain why it remains in individuals’ interest to act in this way. Based on this, we suggest that changes could be made that shift the balance of risk and reward. These changes can include efforts to detect unethical behaviour; discourage it through more consistent penalties; and to encourage and reward positive alternatives. We propose that everyone in higher education could contribute to these changes, suggesting interventions that could be made by teachers in classrooms; by trainers within universities; and by policy makers nationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review mills sum up a new category of reviewer misconduct that flies in the face of reviewer ethics and integrity. A pattern of generic, vague, and repeated affirmations (identical or very similar boilerplate phrasing) is noted in the analysis of 263 review reports, regardless of the scientific content of the papers under review, coupled with coercive citation (perhaps among the main reasons for such behavior), which when combined produce fake reviews. The misconduct associated with review mills is unlike mere plagiarism (self-plagiarism) of reviewer comments. It is important to quantify the problem and to take urgent measures: (a) to identify the review millers; (b) to rectify the published literature; and (c) to determine procedures for journals and publishers on procedures to counter this new type of misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the growing evidence of research-related misconduct by developing and testing a theoretical framework. We study the deep causes of misconduct by asking whether the perception of an erosion of the core academic values, formally an ideology-based psychological contract breach, is associated with research-related misconduct. We test our framework by examining the use of Sci-Hub and providing empirical evidence that the loss of faith in scientific research sparkles research-related misconduct against publishers. Based on a stratified sample of 2849 academics working in 30 institutions in 6 European countries, we find that ideology-based psychological contract breach explains Sci-Hub usage, also when controlling for other possible motivations. The magnitude of the effect depends on contextual and demographic characteristics. Females, foreign, and tenured scholars are less likely to download papers illegally when experiencing a contract breach of academic values. Our results suggest that policies restoring academic values might also address research-related misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why have public reactions to police misconduct been so polarized, and why have opposing social movements emerged in response? This study explores attributions of police misconduct, using a myriad of possible attributions and a population-matched national sample (N = 700), to extend our understanding of the perceived causes of police misconduct and who holds which attributions, focusing on race, racial attitudes, and political ideology. We find that attributions could be divided into (a) multifaceted attributions—the belief that misconduct has multiple causes; and (b) excusatory attributions—the belief that misconduct is caused by factors external to police officers and agencies. Endorsement of these attributions stems from racial and political attitudes, with mediation analyses finding that race plays an indirect role in endorsing attributions of police misconduct. As such, efforts to address police misconduct face not only a political power struggle but also a racially attitudinal one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retractions have traditionally been reserved for correcting the scientific record and discouraging research misconduct. Nonetheless, the potential for actual societal harm resulting from accurately reported published scientific findings, so-called information hazards, has been the subject of several recent article retractions. As these instances increase, the extent of support for such decisions among the scientific community and lay public remains unclear. Undergraduates (Study 1) and federally funded researchers (Study 2) reported their support for retraction decisions described as due to misconduct, honest errors, or potential information hazards. Participants supported retraction on the former two grounds more than the latter. Despite limited support, women remained more receptive to retractions based on information hazards. Activist tendencies additionally predicted undergraduate men's receptivity. Receptivity toward retraction due to information hazards was unrelated to scientists' engagement in activism, suggesting that formal scientific training affords researchers an ability to separate personal and professional values in scientific discourse. Findings could inform the development of educational materials that may aid less experienced scientists and the lay public in understanding retraction ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt currently holds the record for the most retractions in the continent of Africa according to the Retraction Watch database, and the 2nd highest of countries in the Middle East. The purpose of this study was to analyse the retracted medical publications from Egyptian affiliations, in order to delineate specific problems and solutions. We examined databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar and others, for all retracted medical publications that were conducted in an Egyptian institution, up to the date of August 31st 2022. We observed for the reason(s) for retraction, number of citations of the retracted work, the length of time between publication and retraction, and where the work was published (journal, publisher and impact factor). 68 retractions were identified. Most retractions were from the speciality of Obstetrics and Gynecology (n = 22), followed by Anesthesia (n = 7). The top 3 reasons for retraction were unreliable results, FFP level misconduct, and duplicate publication. The number of retractions significantly increased over the years, especially in 2022. When taking into account the number of medical publications per institution, the institute with the highest rate of retractions was Mansoura University, while the lowest rate was Cairo University. The number of retracted medical Egyptian publications continues to increase over time, although they represent a small portion of the overall body of Egyptian medical research. Future studies on retracted articles should employ a methodology that considers the institutions where the studies were conducted. This could allow a better understanding of specific problems in certain countries or regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and ongoing practices of plagiarism among the journal editors of Nepal. Methods: This web-based questionnaire analytical cross-sectional was conducted among journal editors working across various journals in Nepal. All journal editors from NepJOL-indexed journals in Nepal who provided e-consent were included in the study using a convenience sampling technique. A final set of questionnaires was prepared using Google Forms, including six knowledge questions, three practice questions (with subsets) for authors, and four (with subsets) for editors. These were distributed to journal editors in Nepal via email, Facebook Messenger, Viber, and WhatsApp. Reminders were sent weekly, up to three times. Data analysis was done in R software. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for the demographic variables, correct responses regarding knowledge, and practices related to plagiarism. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare mean knowledge with demographic variables. For all tests, statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 147 participants completed the survey.The mean age of the participants was found to be 43.61 ± 8.91 years. Nearly all participants were aware of plagiarism, and most had heard of both Turnitin and iThenticate. Slightly more than three-fourths correctly identified that citation and referencing can avoid plagiarism. The overall mean knowledge score was 5.32 ± 0.99, with no significant differences across demographic variables. As authors, 4% admitted to copying sections of others' work without acknowledgment and reusing their own published work without proper citations. Just over one-fifth did not use plagiarism detection software when writing research articles. Fewer than half reported that their journals used authentic plagiarism detection software. Four-fifths of them suspected plagiarism in the manuscripts assigned through their journal. Three out of every five participants reported the plagiarism used in the manuscript to the respective authors. Nearly all participants believe every journal must have plagiarism-detection software. Conclusions: Although journal editors' knowledge and practices regarding plagiarism appear to be high, they are still not satisfactory. It is strongly recommended to use authentic plagiarism detection software by the journals and editors should be adequately trained and update their knowledge about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of moral disengagement allows individuals to lessen feelings of guilt or shame stemming from immoral actions. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of local research on the functioning of moral disengagement mechanisms within the framework of social psychology and morality in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between moral identity and moral emotions, and whether they are associated with moral disengagement in the context of moral misconduct. The study targets UKM students who are pursuing their studies and residing in the residential colleges at UKM, Bangi. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach, with data collected through a questionnaire that included one demographic section and three sections examining different variables. A total of 200 UKM students from various backgrounds participated in the study and responded to the questionnaire. Most respondents were undergraduate students, with the majority being around 22 years old. The survey data were analyzed empirically using SPSS software. The findings revealed a positive relationship between the level of moral identity and moral disengagement. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between moral emotions and moral disengagement among UKM students. The results of this study can serve as a guide to understanding the relationship between moral identity, moral emotions, and moral disengagement. Given the lack of research on aspects of morality such as moral disengagement, these findings are particularly valuable. The conclusion of the study discusses and suggests several intervention steps that can be taken to raise awareness about the implications of moral disengagement, thereby preventing moral misconduct among students and the broader community. It also encourages more psychological and counseling researchers to explore various aspects of morality in their future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on gender disparities in defiance prison -infractions—an understudied and highly discretionary type of rule violation—which have important implications for individuals' prison experiences and outcomes. Using administrative data on a release population in a large western state (N = 23,818), we employed multilevel modeling techniques to test whether (1) women were more likely than men to receive defiance infractions; (2) whether women received a greater number of defiance infractions than men, and (3) whether the gender differences observed for defiance were unique from other types of infractions (e.g. any infraction, nonviolent, violent) net of individual- and prison unit-level controls. Results confirmed that defiance infractions are uniquely gendered, which subjects incarcerated women to harsh consequences for far less serious behavior than their male counterparts. Our work fills key gaps in the literature and contributes to recent policy reform efforts aimed at prison disciplinary reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and ongoing practices of plagiarism among the journal editors of Nepal. Methods This web-based questionnaire analytical cross-sectional was conducted among journal editors working across various journals in Nepal. All journal editors from NepJOL-indexed journals in Nepal who provided e-consent were included in the study using a convenience sampling technique. A final set of questionnaires was prepared using Google Forms, including six knowledge questions, three practice questions (with subsets) for authors, and four (with subsets) for editors. These were distributed to journal editors in Nepal via email, Facebook Messenger, Viber, and WhatsApp. Reminders were sent weekly, up to three times. Data analysis was done in R software. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for the demographic variables, correct responses regarding knowledge, and practices related to plagiarism. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare mean knowledge with demographic variables. For all tests, statistical significance was set at p

Scientists’ misconduct in their research activities is an important problem for science in many countries, including Russia. It leads to negative consequences both for the quality of scientific knowledge obtained and for the reputation of researchers and scientific organizations. However, there is still a small number of empirical studies of this problem in Russia. This work is based on a survey method to explore the ideas of young scientists from all federal districts of Russia about research ethics and the situations of ethical dilemmas that they encounter in their work. In accordance with the chosen theoretical framework: ideas about ethics as an action that is situational by nature, determined by sustainable practices and patterns, the survey was conducted in two stages: an open question about situations of ethical choice in research activities, on the basis of which a detailed questionnaire was then created. As a result, it was revealed that the vast majority of young scientists are faced with situations of violation of ethical standards both in scientific publications and communications, and in the processes of organizing research work. Violations of research procedures, data manipulation, falsification of research results – this is a set of violations in the organization of research that almost three-quarters of respondents encountered themselves or heard about such situations from colleagues. However, there are gaps in consensus about the sources of knowledge about ethics and a lack of institutional practices to prevent violations such as the work of ethics committees or ethical standards.

The misuse of prescription drugs is a pressing public health crisis in the United States that is fueled by high-risk prescribing. We show that high-risk prescribing comprises two distinct practices: (1) routinely overprescribing to patients whose prescription - fill patterns are consistent with misuse or abuse, which conforms to the definition of deviance in sociology, and (2) routinely overprescribing to patients whose prescription-fill patterns are within possible bounds of medical use, which does not. We call the second practice "liminal prescribing," a term that indicates it is legally and morally ambiguous. Using 213.9 million prescriptions to construct a four-year panel of the patient-sharing networks of 500,472 physicians, we find that deviant and liminal prescribers have starkly different social network structures and social influence processes; larger and more cohesive networks among prescribers are associated with more deviance but less liminality. Physicians' ties to liminal prescribers increase liminal prescribing but do not increase deviance. Our results suggest that liminal prescribing is distinct from deviant prescribing and is not a milder form of deviant prescribing. Liminal prescribing is far more prevalent than deviance and accounts for most of the oversupplied benzodiazepines in our dataset (55.8 versus 8.7 percent, respectively). Our study highlights that the social structures supporting liminal practices differ from those that support either rule-abiding practices or deviance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study addresses the issue in its title, starting from the definition of the general concepts of ethics and deontology, continuing with some regulations from Romania that concern norms of university ethics and deontology, their violations and procedural aspects in the case of finding the commission of such acts - their analysis being carried out from the perspective of the form of legal liability incurred, then, making an examination of the existing factual situation in this matter in the Republic of Moldova, highlighting the similarities and differences between some of the regulations of the two states mentioned above, and passing, finally, to the presentation of the conclusions drawn from the entire analysis carried out within the study. Particular attention was paid to the issue of the originality of the doctoral thesis and especially to the issue of plagiarism, examined including in correlation with copyright, the problem of the difficulties in detecting signs of plagiarism in some situations and the inequity in its detection, as well as the issue of the legal consequences of the detection of the existence of plagiarism, including in terms of the procedures carried out after the respective finding, from the perspective of the framework law currently in force, the drafting of which also took into account the CCR jurisprudence in relation to the way of resolving a notification regarding the suspicion of plagiarism on a doctoral thesis following the presentation of which the author was awarded the title of doctor. Last but not least, the present study, the elaboration of which involved, among other things, the consultation of relevant materials from the specialised literature, includes, in addition to highlighting the superior quality of some current regulations, several critical observations of the author, in consideration of which he formulated appropriate de lege ferenda proposals.

Despite extensive examination of factors propelling influencer success, scant attention has been paid to influencer misconduct, especially from a regulatory standpoint. To address this gap, this article presents for the first time a systematic analysis of the UK advertising watchdog's rulings involving social media influencers. Through qualitative examination, it introduces four new themes, i.e. 'promo-masquerade', 'risk-fluence', 'mone-trapment' and 'stereo-scripting', which expand the discourse on influencer transgressions and spotlight distinct areas of regulatory concern. Even though influencers are seen as trustworthy figures in online brand communities, findings expose long-standing issues of non-compliance with established marketing rules. Criticism is directed at the inadequacy of current regulatory emphasis on recognisability of marketing intent alone, advocating instead for a more holistic approach that addresses various dimensions of influencer misconduct. Proposals include the implementation of a robust best practice framework and certification schemes to foster the influencer industry's maturity and sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, few studies have assessed emotional rapid response impulsivity (RRI) in incarcerated men. Available studies use varying methodological approaches and show mixed results, but incarcerated individuals are more likely to be impaired by emotional RRI. None of these studies, however, reported on any correlational or regression analysis assessing whether emotional RRI was linearly related to antisocial behavior in general or aggression and misconduct in particular. The current study investigated whether incarcerated individuals (n = 283) show impaired performance on an emotional Go/No-Go task compared to non-incarcerated controls (n = 51), and whether performance is associated with increased trait aggression, and within-prison misconduct. The results indicate that incarcerated individuals indeed show impaired emotional RRI compared to non-incarcerated controls, irrespective of emotional condition, but impaired emotional RRI was not related to trait aggression or within-prison misconduct. The impairment, relative to non-offending controls, could therefore be related to other factors than their anti-social behavior, which could hamper the use of emotional RRI in risk assessment or forensic clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sets out to detail the deceptive practice of including stock characters in the editorial boards of journals run by predatory publishers. Stock characters are defined by the author as those that currently (2023) appear 20 or more times on these editorial boards. Predatory publishers are in turn defined by the author as open access publishers in violation of three or more out of eight egregiously 'fatal' criteria such as identity theft and token (or no) peer review. Stock characters (and stolen academic names and affiliations in general) are included in editorial boards to give them an unwarranted appearance of quality and excellence. Ninety‐six of these stock characters were identified, with their numbers of board memberships ranging from 20 to 503 in the current year (2023). Some were cases of total identity theft, some partial identity theft, and some willing compliance. Academics in the latter category could also have records of publications with the predatory publishers in question. Universities typically warn staff and postgraduate students about the dangers of engaging with predatory publishers, but they can be unresponsive or otherwise negative when alerted to instances of such engagements involving their staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay assesses the rationale for regulating research administrators as carefully as they regulate researchers. The reasons for such regulation are identical: protecting scientific integrity, ensuring responsible use of public funds, addressing the lack of effective recourse for victims, creating negative consequences for misbehaving actors, and addressing high incentives for misconduct. Whereas the reasons compelling us to regulate research administrators are obvious, counterarguments to administrative oversight are based on suggestions that the incidence and prevalence of cases of administrative misconduct are too low to warrant formal regulation. I briefly describe examples of the phenomenon drawn from publicly available records. My analysis suggests that the misconduct of research administrators is both serious and worthy of better oversight. Improved oversight of research administration will help steward tax dollars appropriately and enhance the overall integrity of the scientific record and of the free pursuit of knowledge more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN may sanction peacekeeping operations (POs) to neutralize armed groups and promote democratization. This research presents perceptions from beneficiaries of assistance related to POs and relations between local women/girls and peacekeepers within two post-colonial contexts: the DRC and Haiti. Using cross-sectional, mixed-methods data collected in Haiti (2017) and the DRC (2018), we performed a comparative secondary analysis to better understand similarities and differences by country and gender in how participants perceived peacekeepers. Congolese participants were more likely to perceive foreign UN personnel as 'able to offer financial support', compared to Haitian participants who were more likely to perceive the UN personnel as 'in a position of authority' and 'able to offer protection'. Overall response patterns indicated that both Haitian and Congolese perceived the peacekeeper as responsible for initiating interactions with local women/girls. However, some variations were noted: Congolese male participants were most likely to perceive UN personnel as the initiators of interactions with local women and girls, compared to Haitians and Congolese females, who were more likely to perceive local women and girls as the initiators. Our research presents a locally grounded understanding of how locals perceive POs and peacekeepers relative to their communities and women and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Minimal research has been done to determine how well European nursing students understand the core principles of academic integrity and how often they deviate from good academic practice. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out what educational needs nursing students have in terms of academic integrity. Research design: A quantitative cross-sectional study in the form of a survey of nursing students was conducted via questionnaire in the fall of 2020. Participants: The sample was composed of 79 students in the BScN and MScN programs at Zürich University of Applied Sciences. Ethical considerations: An application for a non-competence clearance was approved by the Ethics Committee in Zurich (BASEC No. Req-2020-00868). The survey was anonymous, and informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Results: The participants had a high level of confidence in their own knowledge but were in many cases unable to correctly identify clear-cut examples of misconduct and to differentiate them from questionable practices. About 13% of the participants admitted that during their university education they had copied shorter passages from other sources into their own text without marking them as quotes. Conclusions: The study documents extensive knowledge gaps among nursing students regarding both academic misconduct and questionable practices and indicates a need for improved academic integrity training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal misconduct is a universal problem in prisons and affects the maintenance of social order. Consequently, correctional institutions often develop rehabilitation programs to reduce the likelihood of inmates committing internal offenses and criminal recidivism after release. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the profile of each offender, both for the appropriate indication of a rehabilitation program and the level of internal security to which he must be submitted. In this context, this work aims to discover the most significant characteristics in predicting inmate misconduct from ML methods and the SHAP approach. A database produced in 2004 through the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities in the United States of America was used, which provides nationally representative data on prisoners from state and federal facilities. The predictive model based on Random Forest performed the best, thus, we applied the SHAP to it. Overall, the results showed that features related to victimization, type of crime committed, age and age at first arrest, history of association with criminal groups, education, and drug and alcohol use are most relevant in predicting internal misconduct. Thus, it is expected to contribute to the prior classification of an inmate on time, to use programs and practices that aim to improve the lives of offenders, their reintegration into society, and consequently, the reduction of criminal recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how organizational misconduct is perpetuated through intergenerational transmission. We theorize that early exposure to a subculture of misconduct imprints newcomers with the belief that misconduct is normal, which is then carried by these individuals into managerial positions and passed down to their subordinates. We test this using longitudinal administrative data from the Chicago Police Department from 1980 to 2017. We exploit a lottery that assigns applicants to training cohorts to demonstrate that officers exposed early on to a subculture of misconduct not only engage in more misconduct over their entire careers, but also increase the misconduct of their subordinates after they become managers. We also find that this intergenerational dynamic is stronger when subordinate officers were exposed to a subculture of misconduct themselves, are earlier in their tenure, and have not yet received their annual review from their manager. Taken together, these findings reveal a bottom-up dynamic whereby beliefs about misconduct are developed in an organization's lowest ranks, carried by these individuals over time, and passed down to future generations. This study expands our understanding of how organizational misconduct is perpetuated as well as offers important policy implications for addressing the problem of police misconduct. This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00580. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, the U.S. Center for SafeSport launched the first public disciplinary sports registry listing individuals accused of engaging in harmful behavior against child and adult athletes. Our study reviews information from 1,161 individuals on SafeSport's sports registry. Of the individuals on the sports registry, 22% were concurrently listed on the national registry for sexual offenses. Relative to individuals listed only on the sports registry, those on both registries were 4.5 and 1.4 times more likely to have sexual misconduct allegations and allegations involving a child, respectively. Of those on both registries, 31% were on the national registry approximately seven years before appearing on the sports registry. We discuss whether and how public registries represent effective strategies for crime prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual abuse oftentimes occurs in institutional settings involving a power imbalance, including churches, sports, schools, and workplaces. Abuse in the Catholic Church was a reoccurring media fixture beginning in 2002 but continues to be a prominent feature even today. On September 30, 2021, The Athletic published an article documenting a coach's sexual coercion, emotional and verbal abuse, and retaliation, exposing a toxic league culture that failed to protect its players. Negative outcomes for assault survivors can be exacerbated when institutions fail to prevent or respond appropriately to sexual assault, a phenomenon known as institutional betrayal. Using institutional betrayal theory as a context for understanding experiences, this paper presents an exploratory analysis of abuse and misconduct experiences from two separate institutions: the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the Catholic Church. This discussion offers insight into how the various dimensions of institutional betrayal appear differently in distinctive institutional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional accounts describe whistleblowing as prosocial behavior, where whistleblowers are largely driven by a desire to help or improve their organization. Yet individuals are not only members of their organization; they also belong to internal social groups that affect behavior and influence decision making. In this paper, we focus on these intraorganizational dynamics and theorize two ways in which group affiliations are likely to affect whistleblowing. When an individual observes wrongdoing committed by a person affiliated with the same group, higher group cohesion decreases the likelihood of blowing the whistle because of potential whistleblowers’ greater loyalties toward group members and a desire to protect the reputation of the group. When an individual observes wrongdoing committed by a person not affiliated with the same group, higher group cohesion increases the likelihood of blowing the whistle, as potential whistleblowers feel they have the support of fellow group members, lessening fears of retaliation. Using unique data on actual and hypothetical whistleblowing among U.S. federal employees in 24 departments and agencies coupled with a vignette experiment, we find support for our arguments. By showing how group affiliations inform whistleblowing decisions, we reveal how variation in social structure leads to heterogeneity in responses to wrongdoing. Together, these results reveal tradeoffs in the detection of misconduct and help explain why wrongdoing in organizations may be so difficult to eradicate.

Abstract Background Professional misconduct has evolved into a worldwide concern, involving various forms and types of behaviours that contribute to unsafe practices. This study aimed to provide insights into the patterns characterising pharmacist misconduct and uncover underlying factors contributing to such instances in New Zealand. Methods This research examined all cases of pharmacist misconduct sourced from the Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal (HPDT) database in New Zealand since 2004. Characteristics of the sampled pharmacists and cases were extracted, followed by a systematic coding of the observed misconduct issues. Identification of risk factors was accomplished through content analysis techniques, enabling an assessment of their prevalence across various forms of misconduct. Results The dataset of pharmacist misconduct cases comprised 58 disciplinary records involving 55 pharmacists. Seven types of misconduct were identified, with the most commonly observed being quality and safety issues related to drug, medication and care, as well as criminal conviction. A total of 13 risk factors were identified and systematically classified into three categories: (1) social, regulatory, and external environmental factors, (2) systematic, organisational, and practical considerations in the pharmacy, and (3) pharmacist individual factors. The most frequently mentioned and far-reaching factors include busyness, heavy workload or distraction; health impairment issues; and life stress or challenges. Conclusions The patterns of pharmacist misconduct are complicated, multifaceted, and involve complex interactions among risk factors. Collaborative efforts involving individual pharmacists, professional bodies, responsible authorities, policy-makers, health funders and planners in key areas such as pharmacist workload and well-being are expected to mitigate the occurrence of misconduct. Future research should seek to uncover the origins, manifestations, and underlying relationships of various contributing factors through empirical research with appropriate individuals.

The expression of concern (EoC) evolved in the neoliberal corrective culture of science to represent an “alert system” for potential problems with papers that might arise at the post-publication stage. One of the problems with EoCs is that they may take months or even years to resolve, while some EoCs remain as such forever. Fairly recently, Elsevier, a publishing giant, introduced a new form of EoCs, or rather, the plain EoC morphed into two types, the temporary EoC, and the permanent EoC. The permanent EoC leaves that paper in a permanent state of unknown use and unclear reliability.

Research misconduct refers to deliberate or accidental manipulation or misrepresentation of research data, findings, or processes. It can take many forms, such as fabricating data, plagiarism, or failing to disclose conflicts of interest. Data falsification is a serious problem in the field of medical research, as it can lead to the promotion of false or misleading information. Researchers might engage in p-hacking – the practice of using someone else’s research results or ideas without giving them proper attribution. Conflict of interest (COI) occurs when an individual’s personal, financial, or professional interests could potentially influence their judgment or actions in relation to their research. Nondisclosure of COI can be considered research misconduct and can damage the reputation of the authors and institutions. Hypothesis after results are known can lead to the promotion of false or misleading information. Cherry-picking data is the practice of focusing attention on certain data points or results that support a particular hypothesis, while ignoring or downplaying results that do not. Researchers should be transparent about their methods and report their findings honestly and accurately. Research institutions should have clear and stringent policies in place to address scientific misconduct. This knowledge must become widespread, so that researchers and readers understand what approaches to statistical analysis and reporting amount to scientific misconduct. It is imperative that readers and researchers alike are aware of the methods of statistical analysis and reporting that constitute scientific misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined behavioral issues among imaging sciences students in clinical and didactic settings and investigated strategies used by educators and clinical instructors to address student incivility. A convenience sample of educators and clinical instructors participated by completing an electronic survey, revealing challenges such as attendance issues, lack of motivation, electronic device misuse, and skill deficiencies. The results underscored the need for comprehensive training in managing student misconduct, considering the absence of widespread faculty development in this area. Future research should explore the dynamics between administrative support and faculty reporting of misconduct and innovative approaches to faculty development. These insights contribute to enhancing educational practices and fostering professionalism in imaging sciences programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of records of complaints on behavior of financial advisers. In a model of financial advice with customers observing signals about an asset's performance but not learning the signal's precision, an adviser's choice of an information technology faces a trade-off: less precise technologies persuade a client to purchase more often, but less precise technologies also generate more consumer complaints and enhance the likelihood of complaints being successful. Modestly persuasive advisers have records with more than average complaints but less than average successful complaints - and are more likely to be (re)employed than advisers with clean records or records of successful complaints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]