Search

We perform first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations together with a CI-NEB method to explore the structure, electrochemical properties and diffusion dynamics of a C2N monolayer saturated with various univalent, bivalent and trivalent metal ions. A characteristic irregular adsorption structure consisting of an inner coplanar layer at the large atomic pore and loosely bound outer layer is discovered for all six types of ions. The predicted specific capacities and mean open circuit voltages (OCVs) for them are: 600 mA h g-1, and 0.26 V (Na); 385 mA h g-1, and 1.56 V (K); 600 mA h g-1, and 0.96 V (Mg); 713 mA h g-1, and 1.31 V (Ca); 411 mA h g-1, and 1.40 V (Zn); 1175 mA h g-1, and 0.78 V (Al). For the energy favorable migration pathway, the diffusion energy barrier height for each ionic species is found to be 0.24 eV (Na+), 0.10 eV (K+), 0.25 eV (Mg2+) and 0.10 eV (Ca2+). The values are larger than 1.0 eV for both Zn2+ and Al3+. FPMD simulation at 400 K further predicted that the diffusion coefficients of Na and K atoms absorbed on the C2N monolayer are 5.33 × 10-9 m2 s-1 and 8.52 × 10-9 m2 s-1, respectively, which are one order of magnitude higher than those of other remaining ions discussed in our work. The C2N monolayer shows promising electrochemical properties and ion diffusion dynamics for use as the anode material in alkali metal ion batteries.

We perform first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations together with a CI-NEB method to explore the structure, electrochemical properties and diffusion dynamics of a C2N monolayer saturated with various univalent, bivalent and trivalent metal ions. A characteristic irregular adsorption structure consisting of an inner coplanar layer at the large atomic pore and loosely bound outer layer is discovered for all six types of ions. The predicted specific capacities and mean open circuit voltages (OCVs) for them are: 600 mA h g−1, and 0.26 V (Na); 385 mA h g−1, and 1.56 V (K); 600 mA h g−1, and 0.96 V (Mg); 713 mA h g−1, and 1.31 V (Ca); 411 mA h g−1, and 1.40 V (Zn); 1175 mA h g−1, and 0.78 V (Al). For the energy favorable migration pathway, the diffusion energy barrier height for each ionic species is found to be 0.24 eV (Na+), 0.10 eV (K+), 0.25 eV (Mg2+) and 0.10 eV (Ca2+). The values are larger than 1.0 eV for both Zn2+ and Al3+. FPMD simulation at 400 K further predicted that the diffusion coefficients of Na and K atoms absorbed on the C2N monolayer are 5.33 × 10−9 m2 s−1 and 8.52 × 10−9 m2 s−1, respectively, which are one order of magnitude higher than those of other remaining ions discussed in our work. The C2N monolayer shows promising electrochemical properties and ion diffusion dynamics for use as the anode material in alkali metal ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal polymerization controlled the thickness and composition of graphic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) to affect the photocatalytic performance. In this paper, potassium and sodium ions were firstly incorporated in bulk g-C 3 N 4 prepared using melamine through a mechano-chemical pre-reaction. After a two-step thermal polymerization treatment at 500 and 550 °C, respectively, superior thin g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were created because K or Na ions implanted between g-C 3 N 4 layers, in which activated cites were remained in the nanosheets. The results revealed that potassium or sodium ion doping revealed an important impact on the photocatalytic activity of g-C 3 N 4. With an optimized K loading of 3%, the hydrogen evolution rate of potassium doped g-C 3 N 4 superior thin nanosheets was 18.1 times of that of bulk g-C 3 N 4. For the degradation of the degradation rate of Rhodamine B (Rh B), K-doped g-C 3 N 4 sample revealed 3.8 times increase compared with pure g-C 3 N 4. To indicate the role of alkaline metal ions, Na-doped samples were also used for H 2 generation and Rh B degradation. Meanwhile, the hydrogen generation and Rh B degradation rate of sodium doped g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets improved to 3.6 and 1.75 times higher than those of pure g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. The result suggested a mechano-chemical pre-treatment helped K and Na ions to improve the microstructure of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets and increase activated cites for photocatalysis. [Display omitted] • K and Na were firstly incorporated in precursors through a mechano-chemical pre-reaction. • The precursors were treated by a two-step thermal polymerization to get g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. • The superior thin g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets revealed enhanced H 2 generation and RhB degradation. • Increased activated cites from volume and surface defects play important role during photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research, we utilize density functional theory (DFT) to explore the properties of magnesium and zinc atoms adsorbed on bismuthene. Our findings indicate that the hollow site is the most favorable adsorption site for Mg and Zn atoms on bismuthene. The results indicate that Mg and Zn adsorption on the bismuthene surface results in significantly high conductivity, with notable adsorption energies of −3.38 eV for Mg and −3.91 eV for Zn. The bismuthene structure can adsorb 9 Mg and 18 Zn atoms with negative average adsorption energy. These findings suggest excellent stability of bismuthene during the adsorption of magnesium and zinc. Notably, we propose theoretical storage capacities of 2308 mA h g−1 for magnesium-ion batteries (MgIBs) and 4616 mA h g−1 for zinc-ion batteries (ZnIBs), while maintaining structural stability during the adsorption of these metal ions. The observed average open-circuit voltages for bismuthene are 0.01 V for Mg and 0.03 V for Zn, with the material retaining its metallic properties throughout the adsorption process. Furthermore, the calculated diffusion barriers for Mg and Zn are 0.1 eV and 0.21 eV, respectively. Our findings like storage capacity, diffusion energies, and low OCV surpass those of most studied two-dimensional materials, positioning bismuthene as a promising anode material for metal-ion rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid progress of urbanization and industrialization has led to the accumulation of large amounts of metal ions in the environment. These metal ions are adsorbed onto the negatively charged surfaces of clay particles, altering the total surface charge, double-layer thickness, and chemical bonds between the particles, which in turn affects the interactions between them. This causes changes in the microstructure, such as particle rearrangement and pore morphology adjustments, ultimately altering the mechanical behavior of the soil and reducing its stability. This study explores the effects of four common metal ions, including monovalent alkali metal ions (Na+, K+) and divalent heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Zn2+), with a focus on how ion valence and concentration impact the soil's microstructure and mechanical properties. Microstructural tests show that metal ion incorporation reduces particle size, increases clay content, and transforms the structure from layered to honeycomb-like. Small pores decrease while large pores dominate, reducing the specific surface area and pore volume, while the average pore size increases. Although cation exchange capacity decreases, cation adsorption density per unit surface area increases. Monovalent ions primarily disperse the soil structure, while divalent ions induce coagulation. Macro-mechanical tests reveal that metal ion contamination reduces porosity under loading, with compressibility rises as the ion concentration increases. Soils contaminated with alkali metal ions shows higher compression coefficients at all loads, while heavy metal ions cause higher compression under lower loads. Shear strength, the internal friction angle, and cohesion in metal-ion-contaminated clay decrease compared to uncontaminated field-state clay, with greater declines at higher ion concentrations. The Micropore Morphology Index and hydro-pore structural parameter effectively characterize both micro- and macrostructural properties, establishing a quantitative relationship between HPSP and the engineering properties of metal-ion-contaminated clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The optimal conditions for the synthesis of a pelletized sorbent based on mixed Mn(III, IV) oxide by reacting aqueous solutions of MnSO4 and KMnO4 in an alkaline medium were determined: Mn2+/MnO4– molar ratio 1.70–1.80; pH of the reaction mixture 11.0–12.5; calcination temperature 220°C. For the sorbent fabricated under optimal conditions, the values ​​of the distribution coefficient (Kd) of 90Sr in 0.01 M CaCl2 solution, static exchange capacity for calcium, hydromechanical strength of granules, and Kd of 90Sr as a function of the concentration of sodium and calcium ions were established. The sorbent afforded higher sorption characteristics with respect to strontium compared to known sorbents. A technology for producing pilot batches of the sorbent named MDM, was developed. Examples of the use of the MDM sorbent for the purification of various types of liquid radioactive waste from strontium and radium radionuclides are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A density functional theory method was employed to conduct theoretical calculations on the pyrolysis reaction pathways of lignin monomer model compounds with an aldehyde or carboxyl group under the catalytic effect of alkali metal ions Na+ and K+, exploring their influence on the formation of the small molecular gaseous products CO and CO2. The results indicate that Na+ and K+ can easily bind with the oxygen-containing functional groups of the lignin monomer model compounds to form stable and low-energy complexes. Except for benzaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, Na+ and K+ can facilitate the decarbonylation reactions of other benzaldehyde-based and phenylacetaldehyde-based lignin monomer model compounds during the pyrolysis process, thereby enhancing the generation of CO. When the characteristic functional groups on the benzene rings of benzaldehyde-based and phenylacetaldehyde-based lignin monomer model compounds are the same, the phenylacetaldehyde-based ones are more prone to undergo decarbonylation than the benzaldehyde-based ones. Additionally, both Na+ and K+ can inhibit the decarboxylation reactions of benzoic acid-based and phenylacetic acid-based lignin monomer model compounds, thereby restraining the formation of CO2. When the characteristic functional groups on the benzene rings of benzoic acid-based and phenylacetic acid-based lignin monomer model compounds are the same, the phenylacetic acid-based ones are more difficult to undergo decarboxylation than the benzoic acid-based ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products include inorganic as well as organic compounds. Living organisms face constant challenges in acquiring essential metal ions and getting rid of non-essential ones with toxic actions. They employ an extracellular biochemistry in these tasks and use it to engage in a chemical warfare against invaders and competitors by either increasing or decreasing the availability of metal ions for maintaining their welfare in aquatic or terrestrial ecological niches. To control mutualistic, cambialistic or parasitic symbiosis with other organisms they use a remarkably rich suite of secreted bioactive molecules with ligand donor atoms for metal binding. This overview discusses the interactions of these extracellular natural products with a multitude of metal ions in the periodic system of the elements. It focuses mainly on metallophores and metal ionophores secreted from bacteria, fungi, and plants, but metal-carrying cofactors and other chelating agents will also be mentioned in the context of related functions and with an intent to categorize. The intracellular fate of the metal ions and the controlled pathways for the biosynthesis, secretion, uptake, biodegradation or recycling of the secreted natural products that interact with metal ions will not be covered. Metallophores make extracellular metal ions available via delivery to specific transporters and unavailable to competing organisms, especially pathogens, though some invaders have developed ways to compete efficiently for metal ions. The classic concept of siderophores, carriers of iron(III) ions, is extended here to specific and broad-band metallophores for metal ions such as copper (chalkophores), zinc (zincophores), and yet others. Metal ionophores, in contrast, transport metal ions through biological membranes. There is a wide variety of chemical structures for either metallophores or metal ionophores. Together with physicochemical investigations of metal complexation und conditions mimicking the natural environment, “omics” mining and mapping the diversity of chemotypes is an on-going effort with analytic, genetic, and bioinformatic tools and comes together in defining the metallometabolome, which combines the metabolome and the metallome. Investigations are highly multidisciplinary, include an important, but academically infrequently crossed bridge between the biosciences (biochemistry) and the earth sciences (geochemistry), define significant applications in the pharmaceutical/medical sciences regarding immune modulation and the control of virulence at the host-pathogen interface, and have implications for the nutritional/toxicological and environmental/ecological sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the genesis of analcite in black shale from continental lakes and its implications for hydrocarbon enrichment, with a case study of the Permian Pingdiquan Formation in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. As an alkaline mineral, analcite is extensively developed in China's lacustrine black shale hydrocarbon source rocks and is linked to hydrocarbon distribution. However, the mechanisms of its formation and its impact on hydrocarbon generation and accumulation remain insufficiently understood. This paper employs a multi-analytical approach, including petrological observations, geochemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction, to characterize analcite and its association with hydrocarbon source rocks. The study identifies a hydrothermal sedimentary origin for analcite, suggesting that it forms under conditions of alkaline lake water and volcanic activity, which are conducive to organic matter enrichment. The analcite content in the studied samples exhibits a significant variation, with higher contents associated with hydrocarbon accumulation zones, suggesting its role in hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. This paper reports that analcite-bearing rocks display characteristics of high-quality reservoirs, enhancing the permeability and porosity of the rock, which is essential for hydrocarbon storage and migration. In conclusion, this paper underscores the importance of analcite as a key mineral indicator for hydrocarbon potential in black shale formations and provides valuable insights for further geological and hydrocarbon exploration in similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effects and mechanisms of clay content, emulsion water content, pH, and metal cations on clay-crude oil emulsions. The results indicate the following: 1) At a water content of 50 V/V%, montmorillonite can form emulsions with crude oil at different concentrations, with the highest stability observed at 5 wt% content. In contrast, chlorite, illite, and kaolinite cannot form emulsions at low concentrations. 2) Under acidic conditions, montmorillonite, illite, and chlorite cannot form emulsions with crude oil, or the emulsions are highly unstable. However, kaolinite forms more stable emulsions under acidic conditions. In alkaline environments, emulsions formed by all clay minerals exhibit increased stability. 3) The order of the effectiveness of different metal cations in reducing the stability of montmorillonite-crude oil emulsions is K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+, while for chlorite, illite, and kaolinite, it is Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Na+. 4) The factors that influence the stability of clay-crude oil emulsions are the arrangement of clay particles in water and the dispersion capability of clay particles in water. The most significant influencing factor is the arrangement of clay particles in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sintered bottom ash (SBA) and vitrified ash (VA) derived from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) at 1200 °C were used in this study as replacements for Type 2 Portland cement (CEM-II) based mortars. This approach negates the need to send them to landfill, benefits the circular economy and contributes towards the decarbonisation of cementitious construction materials in response to international net zero carbon emission agendas. The material (physico-chemical) characteristics of VA and SBA were analysed before being used as partial replacements for CEM-II in mortars, whereby compressive strength (CS) was the primary criterion for assessing engineering performance. VA and SBA replaced CEM-II at dosages of 10%, 25% and 50% based on their high inorganic and pozzolanic contents; whereby the 10% and 25% replacements did not compromise mortar strength. The alkalinity and pozzolanic properties of SBA collectively indicated it has greater potential as a cementitious material over VA, which possessed a neutral pH. The 28-day CS recorded for mixtures containing 25% VA and 10% SBA were 13.74 MPa and 11.77 MPa, respectively compared with 17.06 MPa for CEM-II control samples. The use of 2% additional water in 25% SBA mortar designs improved strength further, indicating that SBA's water retention properties permitted further hydration and strength development with curing. Microstructural, mineralogical and infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that these strengths were owed to the formation of silicate-based hydration products. The outcomes from this study highlight that SBA has potential for replacing CEM-II and VA as a filler in cementitious mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pore structure of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is crucial to their adsorption performance, and it is still a challenge to precisely control the pore size to realize superior removal of uranium. The pore size of MOF-A, MOF-B and MOF-C was fine-tuned by using three organic chains with different lengths (fumaric acid, terephthalic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, respectively). The synthesized MOF-A, MOF-B and MOF-C had ordered increase in pore sizes with 3.8 Å, 5.7 Å and 7.6 Å, respectively. Pore size of 7.6 Å in MOF-C was a little larger than the geometric dimension of the UO22+ ion (maximum length 6.04-6.84 Å), which facilitated diffusion of UO22+ ions and achieved highly efficient adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity (584 mg g-1) and removal rate (99.75%) of uranium for MOF-C were higher than those for MOF-A and MOF-B. The excellent adsorption performance of MOF-C was attributed to the specific pore structure of MOF-C and effective complexation of oxygen-containing groups with U(VI). Our work proposes a new strategy for the outstanding removal of uranium by using different organic chains to precisely regulate the pore size of MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously (Kostyukevich et al. Anal Chem 2014, 86, 2595), we have reported that oligosaccharides anions are produced in the electrospray in two different conformations, which differ by the rate of gas phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reaction. In the present paper, we apply the in-electrospray ionization (ESI) source H/D exchange approach for the investigation of the oligosaccharides cations formed by attaching of metal ions (Na, K) to the molecule. It was observed that the formation of different conformers can be manipulated by varying the temperature of the desolvating capillary of the ESI interphase. Separation of the conformers was performed using gas phase H/D approach. Because the conformers have different rates of the H/D exchange reaction, the deuterium distribution spectrum becomes bimodal. It was found that the conformation corresponding to the slow H/D exchange rate dominates in the spectrum when the capillary temperature is low (~200 °C), and the conformation corresponding to the fast H/D exchange rate dominates at high (~400 °C) temperatures. In the intermediate temperature region, two conformers are present simultaneously. It was also observed that large oligosaccharide requires higher temperature for the formation of another conformer. It was found that the presence of the conformers considerably depends on the solvent used for ESI and the pH. We have compared these results with the previously performed in-ESI source H/D exchange experiments with peptides and proteins. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Schiff base ligand was synthesized by the condensation reaction of 2,6-diformylpyridine and 4-aminoantipyrine in MeOH and characterised by its melting point, elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1 H, 13 C NMR and mass spectroscopic studies. Molecular structure of the ligand was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The electrochemical properties of the Schiff base ligand were studied in different solvents at various scan rates. Sensor ability of the Schiff base ligand was investigated by colorimetric and fluorometric methods. Visual colour change of the ligand was investigated in MeOH solvent in presence of various metal ions Na + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , K + , Cr 3+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ . Upon addition of Al 3+ ion into a MeOH solution of the ligand, an orange colour developed which is detectable by naked eye. Fluorescence emission studies showed that the ligand showed single emission band at 630–665 nm upon excitation at 560 nm. Addition of metal ions Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Cr 3+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ (1:1 M ratio) cause fluorescence quenching, however addition of Al +3 resulted in an increase in fluorescence intensity. No significant variation was observed in the fluorescence intensity caused by Al 3+ in presence of other metal ions. Therefore, the Schiff base ligand can be used for selective detection of Al 3+ ions in the presence of the other metal ions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yeasts present in mangrove sediments were found to play an important role in detrital food web, nutrient cycling, decomposition and biodegradation. They produce hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites which have formidable industrial, biotechnological and bioremediation properties. Since the mangrove sediments experience extreme environmental circumstances, the yeast and the enzymes produced from them can also withstand such utmost conditions. This makes mangrove sediment yeasts the best source for the production of industrially and biotechnologically important enzymes. Yeasts that can produce extracellular lipases were screened and isolated from the mangrove sediments of Kerala coast. Lipases were isolated and purified from two selected strains identified as Candida tropicalis (VPY3) and Diutina mesorugosa (VPY42). The final purification folds of C.tropicalis and D.mesorugosa lipases were calculated to be 5.6% and 4.6% and final specific activities were 2.643 U/mg and 2.662 U/mg respectively. The molecular weights of the purified lipases were estimated by SDS-PAGE to be ~50kDa for Candida tropicalis and ~59kDa for D.mesorugosa. The optimum incubation time, temperature and pH of VPY3 lipases for maximum activity were 30 minutes, 30⁰C and 6 while that for VPY42 were 20 minutes, 20⁰C and 5. Both the lipases were stable at wide range of temperatures, pH and in the presence of metal ions and organic solvents. The enzyme kinetics studies showed that the Km and Vmax values of VPY3 lipase were 0.32mM and 58.24U/mL/min and that for VPY42 lipase were 0.55mM and 178.36U/ml/ min respectively. This indicates that lipases have high substrate affinity and can act as good biocatalysts. These interesting characteristics of purified lipases from mangrove sediment yeasts C.tropicalis and D.mesorugosa in the present study make them highly suitable for biotechnological and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REVIEWING Agri-nanotechnology from the perspective of nanoparticles and crops will help us better understand the interactions between nanoparticles and crops, such as uptake, mobilization, and accumulation. In recent years, a great deal has been accomplished in nanotechnology in biomedical sciences, revolutionizing therapeutic and diagnostic techniques. Despite that, additional research is introducing the NPs on plant development and agroecosystems for smart nontechnological approaches for crop enhancement. Here, we have swiftly introduced NPs used in plant science and described the methods of application uptake, mobilization, and biological effects of NPs on crops. Intending to invigorate plant safety or promote plant progression and development that affected crop production. This review examines the essential present applications of NPs in agriculture while also exploring the potential application of NPs in a regulatory manner, which could open novel and harmless possibilities for the intelligent delivery of biomolecules and for novel tactics in crop nutrient management, crop genetic engineering, and battling against abiotic stresses in climate change era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explores, through the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the viability of graphene-polypyrrole (G/PPy) nanocomposites as an effective material for energy storage in Zn-ion batteries. To this end, the CASTEP calculator in the Materials Studio software was employed to examine the electronic and structural properties of the nanocomposites and their potential to enhance energy storage capabilities of Zn-ion batteries. Specifically, the study investigates the interaction of the Zn-adatom with the nanocomposites, electronic properties, specific capacity, Zn adatom diffusion behavior, structural, and thermal stability, as well as the mechanisms through which the nanocomposites store energy. The results show that the adsorption calculation for PPy onto the graphene nanosheet has an exothermic adsorption energy of -1.68 eV and an adsorption height of 3.28 Å. The loading of Zn atoms onto the Gr/PPy nanocomposite yielded a maximum specific capacity of 510.12 mAh g-1, resulting into a weak adsorption energy of -0.078 eV. The nanocomposite exhibited an extremely low Zn diffusion barrier of 12 meV, enabling a fast Zn diffusion on its surface. These findings suggest that G/PPy nanocomposites hold promise as a material to enhance energy storage in Zn-ion batteries. The study, through DFT calculations, offers valuable insights into the electronic and structural properties of G/PPy nanocomposites and their potentials for improved energy storage in Zn-ion batteries. It thus, contributes significantly to the current understanding of energy storage materials and provides a foundation for further research on the development of more effective and efficient energy storage solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingan WL gum produced by marine Sphingomonas sp. WG is a new kind of extracellular polysaccharide reported by our group in 2016. This work selected five metal ions, Na+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+, to prepare sphingan WL gum-metal ion (WL-M) composite hydrogels by immersion-adsorption method for the first time. With the increase of immersion solution concentration, the volume of WL-M shrinks, the water content decreases, and the content of metal ions increases. WL-Na2, with the highest water content (91.81%), has the lowest metal ion content (20.76 mg/g); WL-Cu4, with the highest metal ion content (99.80 mg/g), has the lowest water content (73.07%). The results of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy show that the adsorption capacity (mg/g) of metal ions by WL is in the order of Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Fe3+ > Ca2+ > Na+. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are the main active sites of WL interacting with metal ions. The rheological test results reveal that the order of cross-linking effect is Ca2+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Na+. The G' of WL-Ca4 is the largest, reaching 154.9 Pa at 1 rad/s. The metal ion release behavior was found to follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 > 0.97, n < 0.43) and be pH responsive. WL-Ca3 shows good biocompatibility, self-healing, and injectable properties. The above results indicate that the WL-Ca hydrogels have the most promising application prospects in biomedicine and deserve further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The front cover indicates that constructing green insensitive high‐performance energetic coordination polymers (ECPs) with alkali/alkali‐earth metal ions (Na(I), Cs(I), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II)) and a nitrogen‐rich organic backbone is a feasible strategy. Six diverse dimensional ECPs possess outstanding energy density and low sensitivity, excellent thermal stability and pyrotechnic effect. As the structural reinforcement increases from 1D to 3D, these properties improve significantly, supporting the usefulness of this strategy for the preparation of insensitive highly energetic materials. More information can be found in the Full Paper by Qi Zhang et al. on page 3141 in Issue 24, 2017 (DOI:10.1002/asia.201701052). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation product of 2-hydroxy-1-napthaldehyde and 2-aminophenol ( L ), in 1:1 ( v/v ) CH 3 OH:H 2 O acts as selective fluorescent sensor for Al 3+ . The fluorescence intensity of L at emission wavelength 517 nm , when excited with 360 nm photons, increases on interaction with Al 3+ by ca. 7-fold. Under UV lamp, L shows light yellow fluorescence on interaction with Al 3+ visible to bare eyes. Metal ions – Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ do not interfere. The increase in fluorescence intensity is due to the quenching of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process prevailing in L . The fluorescent and UV/Visible spectral data analysis showed a 1:1 complexation between L and Al 3+ with logβ = 4.532 (β = binding constant) and detection limit 10 −5 M. DFT and TDDFT calculations also confirm 1:1 interaction between L and Al 3+ . L has been successfully applied in fluorescent imaging of Al 3+ in live rat L6 myoblasts cells and as paper strip fluorescent sensor for Al 3+ in aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive content of heavy metals and the deficiency of beneficial trace elements in cereals have threatened global food security and human health. As important metal transporters, Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramps) are involved in the absorption and transport of various metal ions in plants, including beneficial elements and hazardous heavy metals, yet little is known about their roles in foxtail millet. In this study, 12 Nramps were identified in foxtail millet genome and divided into three clades. Expansion and functional differentiation of SiNramp gene family is evident in the high proportion of gene duplication as well as the diversity in protein structure and expression characteristics. The SiNramp genes exhibited different response patterns to Cd stress in different tissues. Based on the integration of ionome, RNA-seq and orthologous analysis, the association of SiNramp genes with the accumulation of different metal ions was investigated, and the possible functions of several SiNramp genes were predicted, such as SiNramp6 and SiNramp12. In general, this study provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for the study of Nramp genes in foxtail millet and other minor gramineous crops, which will lay a foundation for further research on the mechanism of metal transport and accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slickwater-based fracturing fluid has recently garnered significant attention as the major fluid for volumetric fracturing; however, lots of challenges and limitations such as low viscosity, poor salt tolerance, and possible formation damage hinder the application of the conventional simple slickwaterbased fracturing fluid. In addition, nanomaterials have proven to be potential solutions or improvements to a number of challenges associated with the slickwater. In this paper, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets were chemically synthesized by hydrothermal method and applied to improve the performance of conventional slickwater-based fracturing fluid. Firstly, the microstructure characteristics and crystal type of the MoS2 nanosheets were analyzed by SEM, EDS, TEM, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Then, a series of evaluation experiments were carried out to compare the performance of MoS2 nanosheet-modified slickwater with the conventional slickwater, including rheology, drag reduction, and sand suspension. Finally, the enhanced imbibition capacity and potential mechanism of the nanosheet-modified slickwater were systematically investigated. The results showed that the selfsynthesized MoS2 nanosheets displayed a distinct ultrathin flake-like morphology and a lateral size in the range of tens of nanometers. In the nano-composites, each MoS2 nanosheet plays the role of crosslinking point, so as to make the spatial structure of the entire system more compact. Moreover, nanosheet-modified slickwater demonstrates more excellent properties in rheology, drag reduction, and sand suspension. The nanosheet-modified slickwater has a higher apparent viscosity after shearing 120 min under 90 °C and 170 s-1. The maximum drag reduction rate achieved 76.3% at 20 °C, and the sand settling time of proppants with different mesh in the nano-composites was prolonged. Spontaneous imbibition experiments showed that the gel-breaking fluid of nanosheet-modified slickwater exhibited excellent capability of oil-detaching, and increase the oil recovery to ~35.43%. By observing and analyzing the interfacial behavior of MoS2 nanosheets under stimulated reservoir conditions, it was found that the presence of an interfacial tension gradient and the formation of a climbing film may play an essential role in the spontaneous imbibition mechanism. This work innovatively uses two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets to modify regular slickwater and confirms the feasibility of flake-like nanomaterials to improve the performance of slickwater. The study also reveals the underlying mechanism of enhanced imbibition efficiency of the nano-composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent probe (probe C) based on coumarin-thiourea conjugate was developed for selective detection of Hg2+. Addition of Hg2+ to probe C induced obvious enhancement of the fluorescence intensity. Probe C exhibited good selectivity toward Hg2+ and good anti-interference performance over other common competitive metal ions including Na+, K+, Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ca2+ and Al3+. The detection limit of probe C for Hg2+ was calculated to be 0.44 nM. It was capable of detecting Hg2+ ion in a wide pH range of 1.0–10.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐cost sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been extensively considered as a supplement or even a replacement for successful lithium‐ion batteries. However, the practical application of SIBs is limited by their energy density and cyclic performance, which are mainly constrained by the cathode side. Therefore, the development of advanced cathode materials is essential for the practical application of SIBs. Among the various cathode materials, layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) are highly promising candidates due to their compact crystal structure, low‐cost, ease of preparation, and similarities to successful Li‐based LTMOs. Unfortunately, the bottleneck issues faced by Na‐based LTMOs, such as severe phase transitions, sluggish diffusion kinetics, and interface deterioration, pose significant challenges in achieving high‐performance cathodes. In this review, a comprehensive overview and summary of recently reported modification strategies for layered oxides are provided and the structure–function–performance relationship is refined. A perspective on the outlook and development direction for Na‐based LTMOs cathodes is also provided. This review comprehensively explores the modification strategies of Na‐based LTMOs, providing a new horizon for future research on Na‐based LTMOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Electrochemistry is the property of Journal of Electrochemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

p- Cresol (4-Methylphenol) is one of the naturally occurring volatile phenolic compounds in the female mammalian animals urine during estrus, the period of time when the animals become sexually receptive and release specific odors that are induced by reproductive hormones. We have developed an electrochemical sensor for p -cresol detection using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NP) for the first time. The HA nanoparticles have been synthesized by microwave irradiation method using plectranthus amboincus plant-extract as solvent and its properties have been characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM methods The plant-extract-mediated HA NP modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited improved electrocatalytic behavior towards p -cresol sensing compared to bare GCE and pristine HA NP/GCEs. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensing platform permits the detection of p -cresol over a wide range of 0.275–23.5 × 10 −6 M with the lowest detection limit of 116 × 10 −9 M (S/N = 3) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0).The fabricated sensor has high selectivity towards p -cresol in the presence of potential interferents such as nitrophenols, bisphenol A, catechol, hydroquinone, uric acid, glucose, folic acid, ascorbic acid and metal ions Na + , K + and Mg 2+ . The sensor has been successfully used to detect p -cresol in female buffalo urine which eventually indicates its readiness for artificial insemination. This device will be helpful to enhance the success rate of pregnancy in buffalo and other farm animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a convenient on-off fluorescent probe was developed to detect iron ion (Fe 3+ ) with sensitivity and selectivity by using highly luminescent ionic liquid-functionalized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal treatment using citric acid and 1-Aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium. The sensitivity of CQDs for Fe 3+ was examined by measuring the fluorescence (FL) intensity of various concentrations of Fe 3+ in CQDs solution and the selectivity of CQDs for Fe 3+ was examined by adding different metal ions (Na + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ and Ba 2+ ) into CQDs solution, respectively. The results indicated that the FL intensity of CQDs showed a good linear response to the concentrations of Fe 3+ in the range of 0–300 μmol L −1 (R 2 = 0.99) with a detection limit of 13.68 μmol L −1 . Furthermore, based on the redox mechanism, after the fluorescent of CQDs was quenched by Fe 3+ , different neurotransmitters and amino acids were added and the FL test show that only ascorbic acid (AA) can recover the intensity of the CQDs/Fe 3+ , indicating that CQDs/Fe 3+ can be further used as a on-off fluorescent probe for the detection of AA. It is expected that our strategy may offer a new approach for developing rapid, low cost and sensitive CQDs-based sensors for environmetal and biological sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hydroxy-benzene modified thiazole-azo derivative was synthesized and its chemosensing towards heavy metal ions (Na + , Al 3+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ ) was characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy. The newly obtained compound produced cation-induced bathochromic shifts for Hg 2+ ion more than the other tested metal ions in acetonitrile solution. The interactions with cations were further studied by colorimetric, UV–vis and NMR studies. The presence of the hydroxyl moiety along with the electron rich nitrogen of thiazole ring acting as the binding site and the azo group acting as a signaling unit enables the system to display excellent sensitivity for Hg 2+ with a color change from light orange to red purple. The stoichiometric ratio and the association constant for the complex between Hg 2+ and the target compound assume the values of 1:1 and 2.1 × 10 5 mol −1 dm 3 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation product of 2-hydroxyacetophenone and ethylene diamine ( L ) acts as fluorescent sensor for Al 3+ by “off-on” mode over the metal ions – Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ and Ag + . The interaction of L with Al 3+ results bright blue fluorescence under UV radiation and the fluorescence intensity enhances by ca. 40 times. The 1:1 interaction between L and Al 3+ has been established from spectroscopic data as well as from DFT calculations. Snapping of photo induced electron transfer (PET) prevailed in L , due to interaction with Al 3+ , is responsible for the fluorescence intensity enhancement. The detection limit and binding constant of L towards Al 3+ is 10 −5 M and 10 5.14 M −1 respectively. L is applicable for determination of Al 3+ in bovine serum albumin and for live cell imaging. The Al 3+ : L complex acts as PO 4 3− ion sensor by fluorescent “on-off” mode over the anions – F − , Br − , I − , NO 3 − , HF 2 − , SCN − , HPO 4 2− , H 2 PO 4 − , CH 3 COO − and HCO 3 2− . L is found to exhibit INHIBIT logic gate behaviour with PO 4 3− and Al 3+ as inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel chemosensor, 4(1 H -benzo[ d ]imidazol-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline is described which could selectively detect Cu 2+ ions. Addition of Cu 2+ ions changes solution of chemosensor from colourless to yellow which is clearly visible to the naked eyes. Fluorescence of chemosensor was quenched by 18 folds in presence of Cu 2+ ions. Cu 2+ ions sensing property of chemosensor was remained unaffected in presence of other metal ions (Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ba 2+ , Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ ). Moreover, the sensing of Cu 2+ was found to be reversible, since the Cu 2+ induced quenching of emission spectra was reversed upon addition of EDTA. The stoichiometry of binding of chemosensor and Cu 2+ was determined by Job‘s plot which was found to be 1:1 and further it was confirmed by ESI-MS analysis. Binding of Cu 2+ ions to chemosensor was studied over the wide pH range and the result demonstrated maximum fluorescence quenching in the pH range of 3.0–10. The binding association constant (Ka) value determined from Benesi–Hildebrand equation was 3.38 × 10 5 M −1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three electronically tuned fluorescent probes ( 1–3 ) were synthesized by conjugating a fluorescent unit to N,N- bis-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine. Probe 1 bearing an electron-deficient naphthalenedimide unit did not give a fluorescence response to the presence of various metal ions including monovalent metal ions (Na + , K + , and Ag + ), divalent metal ions (Ca 2+ , Cd 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Zn 2+ ) and trivalent metal ions (Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , Fe 3+ , and Cr 3+ ) in an aqueous solution. By contrast, probes 2 and 3 possessing 1,8-naphthalimide and pyrene fluorophores, respectively, exhibited selective fluorescent “OFF-ON” behaviors as a result of Ga 3+ /Al 3+ binding among the diverse metal ions, suggesting the importance of fluorophore electronic character with regard to metal ion sensing. The ethylenediamine analog of probe 3 , corresponding to probe 4 , was unable to yield a significant change in fluorescence intensity in the presence of any metal ions tested here, revealing the essential role of two hydroxyl groups for metal ion binding. A high association constant of K a = 2.99 × 10 5 M −1 was obtained for probe 3 with Ga 3+ , with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 nM. This LOD is the lowest value known for Ga 3+ detection using chemical sensors. Along with an increase in aggregate sizes, PET suppression of probes upon metal ion binding was the primary contributor to the enhancement in fluorescence emission necessary for the sensitive detection of the target ions. The probe-metal ion complexes were fully characterized via TEM, FE-SEM, 1 H NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy techniques and DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-composite of mango ( Mangifera indica ) was prepared and employed for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous media. The effect of various process variables i.e., pH, Cr(VI) ions initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature were optimized. The optimum levels of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial Cr(VI) ions concentration and temperature were 3, 0.05 g, 30 min, 200 mg/L and 33 °C, respectively for maximum Cr(VI) adsorption on to bio-composite. Isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Harkins-Jura) and kinetic models (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second–order) and intraparticle diffusion model were applied to understand the adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI). Pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm fitted well to the Cr(VI) adsorption data. Composite pre-treatment with surfactants and co-metal ions (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , Al 3+ and Fe 3+ ) affected the Cr(VI) adsorption slightly. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG 0 , ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 ) revealed that the Cr(VI) adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Cr(VI) desorption was achieved using NaOH solution efficiently, which revealed the recycling possibility of prepared composite. From results, it can be concluded that bio-composite is efficient for Cr(VI) adsorption and could be employed for Cr(VI) removal from industrial effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous magnetic hybrids were synthesized and functionalized with glycidol to produce boron-selective adsorbent. The magnetic hybrid (MH) comparatively out-performed the existing expensive adsorbents. MH had a saturation magnetisation of 63.48 emu/g and average pore diameter ranging from meso to macropores. The magnetic hybrids showed excellent selectivity towards boron and resulted in 79–93% boron removal even in the presence of competing metal ions (Na + and Cr 2+ ). Experiments were performed in a column system, and breakthrough time was observed to increase with bed depths and decreased with flow rates. The batch experiments revealed that 60 min was enough to achieve equilibrium, and the level of boron sorption was 108.5 mg/g from a synthetic solution. Several adsorption-desorption cycles were performed using a simple acid–water treatment and evaluated using various kinetic models. The spent adsorbents could be separated easily from the mixture by an external magnetic field. The cost-benefit analysis was performed for the treatment of 72 m 3 /year boron effluent, including five years straight line depreciation charges of equipment. The net profit and standard percentage confirmed that the recovery process is economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laccases are multicopper oxidases with various biotechnological applications that oxidize different aromatic or inorganic substrates. In present work, different bacterial strains isolated from Urmia lake, a hypersaline lake in northwest of Iran, were screened to find laccase-producing ones. Spore and an extracellular enzyme from a halotolerant spore-forming bacterium , Bacillus sp. strain WT, showed laccase activity toward typical laccase substrates: syringaldazine and 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate). The extracellular laccase (0.01 U mL −1 ) decolorized sulphonyl green BLE up to 97% at pH 7.0 after two h incubation at 35 °C, without any addition of mediators. This enzyme with apparent molecular mass of 180 kDa was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation method and anion exchange chromatography. The optimum laccase activity toward 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and syringaldazine was at 55 °C and pH values of 5.0 and 8.0, respectively. One mM of metal ions, Na + and Ni 2+ , increased the enzyme activity by 12%. The enzyme from Bacillus sp. strain WT could be able to tolerate up to 600–800 mM NaCl (a very strong laccase inhibitor) and showed halotolerant nature with maximum activity at 100 mM NaCl. One mM NaN 3 (another potent laccase inhibitor) almost had no effect on the laccase activity; however, 1 mM l -Cys reduced 87% of its original activity. K M values for the purified enzyme on 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and syringaldazine were determined to be 132.7 and 3.7 μM, with corresponding k cat values of 309 and 51 s −1 , respectively. The present study is among the first studies on laccase activity of a halotolerant bacterial strain isolated from a hypersaline lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is categorized as the most widespread cancer type among women globally. On‐time diagnosis can decrease the mortality rate by making the right decision in the therapy procedure. These features lead to a reduction in medication time and socioeconomic burden. The current review article provides a comprehensive assessment for breast cancer diagnosis using nanomaterials and related technologies. Growing use of the nano/biotechnology domain in terms of electrochemical nanobiosensor designing was discussed in detail. In this regard, recent advances in nanomaterial applied for amplified biosensing methodologies were assessed for breast cancer diagnosis by focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. We also monitored designing methods, advantages, and the necessity of suitable (nano) materials from a statistical standpoint. The main objective of this review is to classify the applicable biosensors based on breast cancer biomarkers. With numerous nano‐sized platforms published for breast cancer diagnosis, this review tried to collect the most suitable methodologies for detecting biomarkers and certain breast cancer cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nail stickers and nail tips are increasingly used nail products in Korea, and the rest of the world. However, no studies have examined if these specific consumer products might contain nickel, cobalt, and/or chromium, that is, metals known to provoke contact allergy. Objective: We aimed to assess the release and content of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in nail stickers and tips by performing qualitative and quantitative analyses, respectively, of 50 convenience samples purchased in Korea. Methods: Eighty‐six qualitative spot tests were performed to determine the release of nickel, cobalt, and chromium on 35 nail stickers and 15 nail tips across five brands. Subsequently, the metal contents were quantified using inductively coupled plasma‐optical mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Results: According to the spot tests, nickel was released in 7/86 (8.1%) tests before and 10/86 (11.6%) tests after exposure to artificial sweat. Cobalt and chromium (VI) spot test results were negative. However, ICP‐MS detected nickel, cobalt, and chromium in 11%, 6.3%, and 16.7% of the samples, respectively. Detection rates were higher in nail tips than in stickers and were most common in rhinestones. Conclusion: Nail stickers and tips may contain nickel, cobalt, and/or chromium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branded with low cost and a high degree of safety, with an ambitious aim of substituting lithium‐ion batteries in many fields, sodium‐ion batteries have received fervid attention in recent years after being dormant for decades. Layered materials are a major focus of study owing to the extensive experience already gained in lithium‐ion batteries, and the pursuit of a Mn‐rich composition is critical to reduce the cost while retaining the performance. This review provides a timely update of the recent progress of Mn‐rich layered materials for sodium‐ion batteries based on the understandings of the phase forming principles, structure transformation upon cycling and charge compensation mechanisms and discusses potential ambiguities in the pursuit of high‐performance materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redox regulator glutathione (GSH) migrates to the nucleus to give a safeguard to DNA replication in the S-phase. The fluctuation of GSH dynamics in the cell cycle process may help to understand cancerogenesis or other abnormalities in DNA replication. For the first time, we attempted to track the time-dependent S-phase change using the newly developed ratiometric fluorescent probe Nu-GSH. This probe is highly chemoselective towards glutathione and shows an emission intensity shift from 515 nm to 455 nm. It has shown fluorescence reversibility from blue to green channels while scavenging reactive oxygen species H2O2. Both ratiometric fluorescence images and FACS analysis have provided quantitative information on the GSH levels in the nucleoli during DNA replication in the S-phase. Furthermore, GSH fluctuation reciprocated the decay of the S-phase on a time scale. Additionally, its two-photon ability guaranteed its capability to study GSH dynamics in live cells/tissues noninvasively. We envision that the probe Nu-GSH can be used to get high-throughput quantitative information on glutathione dynamics and give an opportunity to monitor its perturbation during the course of cell division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]