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In this study, we ran a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to pinpoint the neural regions that are commonly activated across space, time, and numerosity, and we tested the existence of gradient transitions among these magnitude representations in the brain. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included in the meta-analysis 112 experiments (for space domain), 114 experiments (time domain), and 115 experiments (numerosity domain), and we used the activation likelihood estimation method. We found a system of brain regions that was commonly recruited in all the three magnitudes, which included bilateral insula, the supplementary motor area (SMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral intraparietal sulci. Gradiental transitions between different magnitudes were found along all these regions but insulae, with space and numbers leading to gradients mainly over parietal regions (and SMA) whereas time and numbers mainly over frontal regions. These findings provide evidence for the GradiATOM theory (Gradient Theory of Magnitude), suggesting that spatial proximity given by overlapping activations and gradients is a key aspect for efficient interactions and integrations among magnitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We are all used to drawing straight lines to represent time, and above them, we plot historical events or physical or economic data. What to us is a self-evident convention, is however of an astonishingly recent date: it emerged only in the second half of the eighteenth century. To us, this late date seems paradoxical and cries out for an explanation. How else did earlier periods measure change, if not as a function of time? it will be argued that since Antiquity, time was taken to measure change, and change to occur in space. ‘Our’ idea of representing time as an independent dimension would have seemed aberrant. But then, a second issue arises. Did not medieval natural philosophers employ timelines, Oresme’s diagram of the mean speed theorem being the most famous case? However, as will be shown, our interpretation of his diagram is probably wrong. This insight, in turn, takes care of a third paradox, namely Galileo’s initial inability to represent the law of free fall correctly. This article will document that the timeline first emerged in the late sixteenth century in works on chronology, made its first appearance in physics in Galileo’s diagrams, and had its general breakthrough in the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief history of the creation of star orientation sensors at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS) and star catalogs for them is presented. An experiment carried out in the early 1970s on synchronous photography of stars and the Earth's surface from the manned stations Salyut-2 and -3 is described. The difficulties of entering photographs into electronic computers (computers) of that time are shown. Based on the SAO, Hipparcos and Gaia star catalogs, about 11000 microcatalogs have been compiled around the brightest stars in the celestial sphere. Each of them contains in the center one star with a magnitude of up to 7.8m and all the surrounding stars up to 13m within a radius of 15′. The microcatalogs are combined into the "Basic Star Catalog," which in the near future will be used to compile onboard star catalogs for the orientation sensors of the BOKZ family of spacecraft. To work with the base catalog, two programs have been developed and are used in test mode: Catalog Guide and Star Manager. The first program is designed to view the base catalog, visualize its fragments and compile lists of stars with specified parameters. The second program is of a computational and analytical nature. It contains mathematical models of star orientation sensors of the BOKZ family, as well as a mathematical apparatus that allows for detailed modeling of the most subtle elements of onboard data processing. Both programs can operate in manual and automatic modes. A sequence of actions worked out manually on several stars can then be performed automatically for large lists of stars. The article describes the structure and content of the base directory, and also illustrates working with it using programs specially developed for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of essential input parameters and the utilisation of the least squares technique have led to a significant amount of uncertainty in the predictive model of empirical ground motion prediction models (GMPEs) in India. These models are primarily based on epicentral distances and magnitudes. In the present study, we employ a supervised Machine Learning approach known as XGBoost to develop a reliable and robust GMPE for estimating peak ground acceleration (PGA) in Kachchh, Gujarat. Our methodology utilises various independent input parameters, including moment magnitudes, hypocentral distances, focal depths, and site proxy represented by the average seismic shear-wave velocity from the surface to a depth of 30 m (Vs30). The research utilised a dataset of seismic records, specifically eight engineering seismoscope (SRR) records from the 2001 Mw7.7 Bhuj mainshock and 237 strong-motion records from 32 notable Bhuj aftershocks of Mw3.3–5.6 (occurring between 2002 and 2008). These records were collected at various epicentral distances, ranging from 1.0 to 288 km. The ground motion predictability of our XGBoost model is assessed by conducting tests on both the entire dataset and a randomised test dataset comprising 30% of the total data points. The correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted PGA values for the entire dataset is determined to be ± 0.994. Conversely, when examining the predictability of the XGBoost model on the randomised test dataset, we observe a correlation coefficient of 0.844. The XGBoost model demonstrates superior predictive performance compared to the previously developed GMPEs for Kachchh, Gujarat. These GMPEs were derived using artificial neural networks and nonlinear least squares methods, utilising the same PGA dataset. Additionally, the developed XGBoost model exhibits a high level of predictability, indicating its ability to accurately forecast the observed PGA dataset for four earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from Mw5.6 to Mw7.7. These earthquakes include the 2001 Mw7.7 Bhuj (Gujarat) mainshock, the 1999 Mw6.6 Chamoli mainshock, and two Mw5.6 Bhuj aftershocks in 2006. This suggests that the XGBoost ML GMPE model developed in this study holds potential for effectively estimating ground motions for earthquakes occurring in Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Furthermore, it may also prove valuable in predicting ground motions for earthquakes in Uttarakhand, India. The findings of our study indicate that the classification of sites into different classes based on varying soil types, with a Vs30 range of 180–1500 m/s, has a substantial impact on the attenuation curves predicted by the XGBoost model. The XGBoost model is also implemented in Python and included in this article for future utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we give an algebraic characterization of assemblies in terms of bands of groups. We also consider substructures and homomorphisms of assemblies. We give many examples and counterexamples.

A homogeneous earthquake database is required to research earthquake occurrence patterns throughout time and space, as well as for a variety of technical applications such as seismic hazard assessment, peak ground acceleration computation, and long-term seismic strain rate estimation. Naturally, its seismic network and earthquake database have evolved in tandem with advances in seismology research. Magnitude is one of the most essential factors in determining the size of an earthquake, notably in seismic hazard assessment research. A rigorous and critical examination of these studies was created to compare various interpretations of existing earthquake data in terms of seismic characteristics (date, location, and size) and to determine the most trustworthy interpretation for each tremor. In terms of moment magnitude, the earthquake catalog is homogenized. The catalog compilation technique, the elimination of redundant events, the consolidation of magnitude scales, and the declustering process are used to remove dependent events, and its completeness analysis is well explained. Several magnitude-conversion method relationships, corresponding to known locals and regionals, have been constructed to offer uniform estimates of the moment magnitude for the whole collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of calculating the brightness of an array of stars in an arbitrary photometric band, which is not the standard band of astronomical photometry, is considered from their multicolor photometry in some other photometric system. A similar problem is to transfer photometric measurements of stars from one multicolor photometric system to another. This task includes methods for calculating and comparing magnitudes, as well as merging photometric catalogs. The questions of choice of various zero-points of photometry and reduction of measurements for the atmosphere are considered. The issues of reducing the error of the proposed methods are discussed. The article is partly based on a report presented at the conference "Modern Stellar Astronomy-2022", held at the Caucasian Mountain Observatory of the Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, in November 8–10, 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on Christopher Peacocke's account of analog perceptual content and my own account of analog perceptual vehicles, I defend three claims: that the perception of magnitudes often has analog contents; that the perception of magnitudes often has analog vehicles; and that the first claim is true in virtue of the second--that is, the analog vehicles help to ground the analog contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent work, Christopher Peacocke has argued for a kind of realism (or anti-reductionism) about magnitudes such as temperature and spatial distance. Peacocke's argument is that magnitudes are an ineliminable commitment of scientific and everyday explanations (including high-level explanations), and that they are the natural candidates for semantic values of our ordinary magnitude talk, and for contents of our mental states. I critique these arguments, in particular focusing on whether the realist has a satisfactory account of how high-level magnitude facts are grounded in lower-level facts. I argue that a less realist (i.e., more reductionist approach) is preferable, or at least viable. I also aim to substantially clarify what is at stake in the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty in the empirical ground motion prediction models (GMMs) for any region depends on several parameters. In the present work, we apply an artificial neural network (ANN) to design a GMM of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for Kachchh, Gujarat, India, utilizing independent input parameters viz., moment magnitudes, hypocentral distances, focal depths and site proxy (in terms of average seismic shear-wave velocity from the surface to a depth of 30 m (Vs30)). The study has been performed using a PGA dataset consisting of eight engineering seismoscope records of the 2001 Mw7.7 Bhuj earthquake and 237 strong-motion records of 32 significant Bhuj aftershocks of Mw3.3–5.6 (during 2002–2008) with epicentral distances ranging from 1.0 to 288 km. We apply a feed-forward back propagation ANN method with 8 hidden nodes, which is found to be optimal for the selected PGA database and input–output mapping. The standard deviation of the error has been utilized to examine the performance of our model. We also test the ground motion predictability of our ANN model using real recordings of the 2001 Bhuj mainshock, two Mw5.6 Kachchh aftershocks and the 1999 Mw6.4 Chamoli mainshock. The standard deviation of PGA prediction error estimates in log10 units is found to be ± 0.2554. Also, the model predictability of our ANN model suggests a good prediction of the PGA for earthquakes of Mw5.6–7.7, which are occurring in Kachchh, Gujarat, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-symbolic stimuli representing numerosities are invariably associated with continuous magnitudes, complicating the interpretation of experimental studies on numerosity perception. Although various algorithms for experimental numerosity generation have been proposed, they do not consider the quantifiable distribution of values of continuous magnitudes and the degree of numerosity-magnitudes association. Consequently, they cannot thoroughly exclude the possibility of magnitudes integration or strategy switch between different magnitudes in numerical stimulus perception. Here, we introduce a protocol for numerosity generation, animal training, and behavior outcomes analysis that takes the aforementioned issues into consideration. This protocol has been applied to rodents and is applicable to other animals in numerosity studies. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Algorithm for generating non-symbolic numerical stimuli Alternate Protocol: General algorithm for generating non-symbolic numerical stimuli Basic Protocol 2: Numerical training and testing for rodents., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

A ten-year complete seismological database is evaluated in the present work. These data are provided for events with magnitude ML ≥ 1.0, which have occurred in Eastern Greece and, more specifically, in Kos Island. Several selection criteria are applied and, hence, a catalog of the seismological records is compiled. Detailed big data (seismological, tide gauge, geodetic stations, accelerometers, etc.) of this region are used and processed in this work. The database consists of approximately 35,000 three-component broadband seismograms from 1198 digitally recorded events. It covers the last ten years of measurements, including records from the 20 July 2017, ML 6.2, Kos Island, Greece event. The seismological communities can either use this database to conduct new research or improve already existing seismic hazard studies in the region.

This may give us a criterium to sort magnitudes into families: two magnitudes are of the same quantity, say mass, in virtue of the fact that I each i intrinsically is a magnitude of mass, because it is constituted by lower mass-magnitudes ([11], p. 640). Yet, these magnitudes are prima facie I different i properties, and there is simply no obvious reason to think that I being of mass 1 kg i should be stored with I being of mass 1 pound i rather than I being of charge 1 coulomb i . Keywords: quantities; armstrong; absolutism; comparativism; magnitudes; relations; metrical internalism EN quantities armstrong absolutism comparativism magnitudes relations metrical internalism 95 115 21 04/15/22 20220401 NES 220401 1 Introduction Particular objects exhibit quantitative characteristics, like mass or charge. Another of Armstrong's arguments is based on what [10] names the "Necessity Assumption": given two magnitudes I being two kilograms in mass i and I being one kilogram in mass i , it is a necessary truth that the latter stands in the relation I being twice as massive as i with the former. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regional water resource management plans include various scenarios related to the anomalies and trends of hydro-climatic parameters. Two methods are used for the identification of the anomalies and trends associated with high flow (annual and seasonal) of the rivers in Eastern Romania, namely the quantile perturbation method (QPM) and the partial trend method (PMT). These methods were selected due to the fact that they are suitable for data sets which do not rely on restrictive statistical assumption as common parametric and nonparametric trend tests do. For six of the nine stations analyzed, the decreasing trend in high extremes for annual high flow based on the PTM is the same as the annual trend obtained with the QPM. Using the PI index (associated with PTM) for the estimation of trend intensity, values between −2.280 and −9.015 m3/s were calculated for the decreasing trend of the annual high flow and between +1,633 m3/s (in autumn) and −9.940 m3/s (in summer) for the seasonal high flow. The results obtained on the anomalies and trends of high river flow may represent a starting point in the analysis of the evolution of water resources and their effective management.

Recently, there has been a revival in taking empirical magnitudes seriously. Weights, heights, velocities and the like have been accepted as abstract entities in their own right rather than just equivalence classes of objects. The aim of my paper is to show that this revival should include value magnitudes. If we posit such magnitudes, important value comparisons (cross-world, cross-time, mind to world, cross-theory, cross-polarity, ratio) can be easily explained; it becomes easier to satisfy the axioms for measurement of value; goodness, badness, and neutrality can be given univocal definitions; value aggregation can be given a non-mathematical understanding which allows for Moorean organic unities. Of course, this does not come for free. One has to accept a rich ontology of abstract value magnitudes, but, to quote David Lewis, 'The price is right; the benefits in theoretical unity and economy are well worth the entities.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ten-year complete seismological database is evaluated in the present work. These data are provided for events with magnitude ML -1.0, which have occurred in Eastern Greece and, more specifically, in Kos Island. Several selection criteria are applied and, hence, a catalog of the seismological records is compiled. Detailed big data (seismological, tide gauge, geodetic stations, accelerometers, etc.) of this region are used and processed in this work. The database consists of approximately 35,000 three-component broadband seismograms from 1198 digitally recorded events. It covers the last ten years of measurements, including records from the 20 July 2017, ML 6.2, Kos Island, Greece event. The seismological communities can either use this database to conduct new research or improve already existing seismic hazard studies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze the structure of definition by abstraction employed in empirical sciences, whose specific feature is that it enables one to introduce a new magnitude on the basis of other, already known magnitudes. After reconstructing Aristotle's and Archimedes' treatment of the term "velocity," I characterize in general terms the importance of this method for empirical sciences and address the nature of this definition drawing on Peano's reconstruction. Next, I show that by means of that definition the magnitude mass can be introduced in classical mechanics, and the magnitude value in political economy drawing on the works of Ricardo. Then follows a critique of the nominalistic objections of Reichenbach and Dubislav against definition by abstraction. Finally, I show that this type of definition requires an in-depth semantic characterization, and this characterization should be based on the application of a hyperintensional semantic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs, the most common companion animal of humans, perform not only the auxiliary of an individual, but also contribute to the nations’ crime and defence departments. Knowing the determinant-based disease status of dogs is imperative to keep them healthy by subsequent prevention and control of those diseases; however, such baseline epidemiological information is limited. Therefore, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the proportional incidence of dog diseases to explore their magnitudes, and we compared them to different levels of intrinsic (age, gender, breed) and extrinsic determinants (season). Purposively, data of a total of 1,557 cases of different diseases were collected from the record book of the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The proportional incidence was calculated as the proportion of cases of a specific disease among total number of cases of all types of diseases attended the hospital during the study period. Diseases of dog were categorized into infectious, non-infectious, and non-specific. Results showed that the highest proportional incidence was noted in infectious diseases (53.8%) followed by non-infectious diseases (23.4%) and the lowest in non-specific (22.7%) cases. Among them, disease-specific proportional incidence was remarkable in case of mange (9.5%), parvovirosis (8.7%), lacerated wound (8.5%), ectoparasitism (8.3%), helminthiasis (7.8%), and fracture (5.7%). The occurrence of mange varied significantly (p < 0.05) among all studied determinants (age, gender, breed, and season); while significant discrepancies (p < 0.05) in magnitudes of lacerated wound, dystocia, abortion, and gastroenteritis were observed among various groups of age, gender, and breed. Accordingly, dermatitis and orchitis had significant differences (p < 0.05) in proportional incidence amid various levels of age, gender, and season; whilst the burden of parvovirosis and alopecia differed significantly (p < 0.05) amongst different categories of age, breed, and season. The magnitude of otorrhoea showed a significant (p < 0.05) variation among different groups of gender, breed, and season. The proportional incidence of other diseases also varied significantly (p < 0.05) amongst either one or two studied determinants. This study provides a valuable insight about important diseases in dogs, which may serve as useful baseline information for disease prioritization and subsequent planning of effective control and prevention measures against those diseases.

The earthquake magnitude‐frequency distribution is characterized by the b‐value, which describes the relative frequency of large versus small earthquakes. It has been suggested that changes in b‐value after an earthquake can be used to discriminate whether that earthquake is part of a foreshock sequence or a more typical mainshock‐aftershock sequence, with a decrease in b‐value heralding a larger earthquake to come. However, the measurement of b‐value during an active aftershock sequence is strongly biased by short‐term incompleteness of the earthquake catalog and by data‐windowing, and these biases have the same direction as the proposed signal. Here I develop a new estimator of the b‐value that is insensitive to transient changes in catalog completeness and that does not require data windowing. The new estimator "b‐positive" is based on the positive‐only subset of the differences in magnitude between successive earthquakes, which are described by a double‐exponential (Laplace) distribution with the same b‐value as the magnitude distribution itself. The b‐positive estimator greatly improves the robustness of continuous b‐value measurements during active earthquake sequences, as well as in historical catalogs with unknown or variable completeness. The new estimator confirms some of the observations of Gulia and Wiemer (2019), although at a reduced level, showing a decrease and recovery of the b‐value during several recent foreshock sequences that cannot be attributed simply to measurement bias. However, the unbiased b‐value changes may be too subtle to use in a real‐time earthquake alarm system. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes come in many sizes. Fortunately for us, small earthquakes are exponentially more common than large ones. Seismologists use a parameter called the "b‐value" to characterize just how many small earthquakes you expect (on average) for every big one. All else being equal, a high b‐value means a lower than average chance of a large earthquakes, while a low b‐value means a higher chance. B‐value is hard to measure in very active sequences where many smaller earthquakes go undetected. In this study, I propose an improved method for measuring b‐value that isn't affected by the detection problem. The new method is called "B‐positive" and is measured from the distribution of positive magnitude differences between successive earthquakes. This works because the distribution of magnitude differences is identical to the distribution of earthquake magnitudes, with the same b‐value, and because positive magnitude differences are not very affected by the small earthquake detection problem. The new tool confirms recent observations of low b‐value in some sequences that turn out to be foreshocks. Key Points: The distribution of magnitude differences is identical to the distribution of magnitudes, but with no reference to a minimum magnitudeThe positive subset of the differences between successive earthquakes is minimally biased by changing catalog completenessUnbiased statistics confirm subtle differences in b‐value between foreshock and aftershocks in several recent sequences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical star magnitudes from catalogs by Ptolemy (137 AD), al‐Sūfī (964), and Tycho Brahe (1602/27) are converted to the Johnson V‐mag scale and compared to modern‐day values from the HIPPARCOS catalog. The deviations (or "errors") are tested for dependencies on three different observational influences. The relation between historical and modern magnitudes is found to be linear in all three catalogs as it had previously been shown for the Almagest data by Hearnshaw, J. B., 1999, New A Rev., 43, 403. A slight dependency on the color index (B‐V) is shown throughout the data sets and al‐Sūfī's, as well as Brahe's data also give fainter values for stars of lower culmination height (indicating extinction). In all three catalogs, a star's estimated magnitude is influenced by the brightness of its immediate surroundings. After correction for the three effects, the remaining variance within the magnitude errors can be considered approximate accuracy of the pre‐telescopic magnitude estimates. The final converted and corrected magnitudes are available via the Vizier catalog access tool (Ochsenbein, F., Bauer, P., & Marcout, J., 2000, A&AS, 143, 23). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a current debate on whether the cognitive system has a shared representation for all magnitudes or whether there are unique representations. To investigate this question, we used the Biber cognitive estimation task. In this task, participants were asked to provide estimates for questions such as, “How many sticks of spaghetti are in a package?” The task uses different estimation categories (e.g., time, numerical quantity, distance, and weight) to look at real-life magnitude representations. Experiment 1 assessed (N = 95) a Hebrew version of the Biber Cognitive Estimation Task and found that different estimation categories had different relations, for example, weight, time, and distance shared variance, but numerical estimation did not. We suggest that numerical estimation does not require the use of measurement in units, hence, it represents a more “pure” numerical estimation. Experiment 2 found that different factors explain individual abilities in different estimation categories. For example, numerical estimation was predicted by preverbal innate quantity understanding (approximate number sense) and working memory, whereas time estimations were supported by IQ. These results demonstrate that cognitive estimation is not a unified construct.

Este documento presenta el desarrollo de una primera fase de investigación de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado con los estudiantes de grado segundo y tercero de básica primaria de una institución educativa de carácter técnico, ubicado en municipio de Duitama. En primer lugar, se destacan los aportes de los trabajos realizados sobre el problema de investigación, seguido de los sustentos teóricos referidos al desarrollo del pensamiento aleatorio y sistemas de datos, un componente esencial en el mundo de las matemáticas, estrategias didácticas y lúdica. Se describe le desarrollo metodológico, mencionando el tipo de estudio, el método, los instrumentos y las técnicas de recolección y análisis de datos. Finalmente se acentúa que el taller diagnóstico aplicado muestra que para los niños es más factible identificar conceptos de cantidad y calidad que los conceptos de variable cuantitativa y cualitativa; asimismo, se les dificulta el paso de la tabla de frecuencias al diagrama de barras, al igual que la relación existente entre la característica del eje horizontal y la magnitud en eje vertical.

Do children learn number words by associating them with perceptual magnitudes? Recent studies argue that approximate numerical magnitudes play a foundational role in the development of integer concepts. Against this, we argue that approximate number representations fail both empirically and in principle to provide the content required of integer concepts. Instead, we suggest that children's understanding of integer concepts proceeds in two phases. In the first phase, children learn small exact number word meanings by associating words with small sets. In the second phase, children learn the meanings of larger number words by mastering the logic of exact counting algorithms, which implement the successor function and Hume's principle (that one-to-one correspondence guarantees exact equality). In neither phase do approximate number representations play a foundational role. A widely accepted hypothesis has emerged in cognitive science that an analog number system supplies the cognitive foundations of human arithmetic ability. We provide evidence from experimental psychology, human history, and the philosophy of mathematics that is difficult to explain on this hypothesis. We describe evidence that acquiring integer concepts depends first on capacity-limit small set representations (for numbers up to ~3–4). Later learning depends crucially on mastery of exact counting algorithms, and on how these algorithms implement logical notions that are defined over words, individuals, and relations between them, but not over analog number representations. Learning to represent integers involves learning how the ordinal structure of counting encodes the successor function, and how counting implements a sequential procedure for evaluating one-to-one correspondence and the equality of sets (i.e., Hume's principle), which allows children to overcome the capacity limits of parallel computations of one-to-one correspondence that restrict small number word meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In my paper I present a new view on the Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL), namely, from the point of view of Carnap's so-called logic of science understood by him as a logic of the language of science and, to be more specific, logic of the language of empirical science. First, I present Carnap's project of the logic of science and show that it was not realized on the basis of Carnap's semantics of intension and extension. Next, I show the negative effects of the absence of this realization for the philosophy of empirical science as it became apparent in the dispute between P. K. Feyerabend and C. G. Hempel. Finally, I indicate the set of issues that TIL could solve in the future by realizing Carnap's (reformed) project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For about ten decades, the seismic record of Nigeria has shown the occurrence of several magnitudes of earthquakes. This is contrary to the belief of some people in time past that Nigeria is aseismic. In number and in size, most of the witnessed earthquakes in Nigeria are found to occur in her South-Western region. Researchers have also begun to warn recently that some regions of Nigeria should prepare for devastating earthquakes in years to come. Hence this paper aimed at the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of the South-Western region of Nigeria using the available historical and instrumentally recorded data. The Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) recurrence law was used to assess the seismicity parameters and to generate a model for calculating the mean annual rate of exceedance and to forecast probable future earthquake occurrence in the South-West. The findings of this assessment established that the South-West region of Nigeria is likely to experience earthquake magnitude as high as 7.2 in the year 2028 with a probability of 36.79%. Hence, this work enlightens on the extent of probable future earthquake magnitude in South-Western Nigeria and it is recommended that the government of Nigeria and inclined agencies begin to look into earthquake in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results from a spectral study of galaxies with UV excess from the Kazarian list obtained with the 2.6-m telescope at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Armenia are presented. Measurements of red shifts, distances, absolute magnitudes, and magnitudes in the B, V, R, and I bands are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial numerical association of response code (SNARC) effect is characterized by low numbers mapped to the left side of space and high numbers mapped to the right side of space. In addition to numbers, SNARC-like effects have been found in non-numerical magnitude domains such as time, size, letters, luminance, and more, whereby the smaller/earlier and larger/later magnitudes are typically mapped to the left and right of space, respectively. The purpose of this systematic and meta-analytic review was to identify and summarise all empirical papers that have investigated horizontal (left-right) SNARC-like mappings using non-numerical stimuli. A systematic search was conducted using EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO, where 2216 publications were identified, with 57 papers meeting the inclusion criteria (representing 112 experiments). Ninety-five of these experiments were included in a meta-analysis, resulting in an overall effect size of d = .488 for a SNARC-like effect. Additional analyses revealed a significant effect size advantage for explicit instruction tasks compared with implicit instructions, yet yielded no difference for the role of expertise on SNARC-like effects. There was clear evidence for a publication bias in the field, but the impact of this bias is likely to be modest, and it is unlikely that the SNARC-like effect is a pure artefact of this bias. The similarities in the response properties for the spatial mappings of numerical and non-numerical domains support the concept of a general higher order magnitude system. Yet, further research will need to be conducted to identify all the factors modulating the strength of the spatial associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]