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The article focuses on the German and Hungarian present and future tenses and the Hungarian present+majd construction in the function of future time reference. Using a corpus of press reports of business, network and weather, a contrastive analysis is made of which factors determine the use of the grammatical means of expressing the future time and how. In particular, frequency, co-occurrence with temporal and modal adverbials, the semantic properties of full verb lexemes and use in subordinate clauses after communicative verbs are analysed. The linguistic data and tendencies are compared with the results of corpus analysis for language of immediacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper scrutinizes the conventionalization of the Spanish expression la de que ('the amount of that'), a reduced variant of la cantidad de que. The study seeks to determine the diachrony of and mechanisms underlying the emergence and diffusion of the la de que expression and whether it has conventionalized to develop into an independent form-function pairing. A Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression analysis of approximately 2000 observations of diachronic corpus data tests the influence of the conditional probability of lexemes in the noun slot and the register, which both turn out to have a meaningful effect. It is argued that the initial omission of cantidad can be accounted for by appealing to the notion of probabilistic reduction, whereby omission is feasible in contexts involving a high degree of constructional predictability. In the mapping out of change, conventionalization of the innovative la de que is most observable in contexts involving high constructional predictability and is least prominent in contexts of low constructional predictability. On the grounds that, over time, the la de que progressively has become stylistically divergent from the longer expression, the two constructions are claimed to be functionally distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the online discourse of Kazakhstan from the point of view of realization of structural-semantic and linguocultural parameters of online communication. In this paper, key parameters of structural semantics and linguoculture in Kazakhstani social networks are studied using lexico-semantic, structural and linguocultural analyses. The structural-semantic model of the lexicon of Kazakhstani social networks consists of two levels. The first level includes such lexical-semantic groups as emotional-evaluative and expressive lexicon, borrowed lexicon, linguoculturally marked lexicon, dialect lexicon, reduced and abnormal lexicon. Emotional-evaluative and expressive lexicon was represented by such groups as pejoratives (with negative evaluation) and melioratives (with positive evaluation). Linguoculturally marked lexis was represented by three main lexico-semantic fields: non-equivalent lexis, phraseological expressions and proverbs, and reduced and non-normative lexis was represented by colloquial and commonplace lexis. The statistical results showed that the quantitative correlation between linguocultural lexemes was distributed in the following way. Lexemes related to material culture were represented by 34%), lexemes related to professional activities were represented by 25%, lexemes related to food names were represented by 23%, and lexemes related to dance names occupied about 18% of the total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers a relatively rare verbal syntactic construction found in East Sakhalin Ainu and in Lingala: an active form of a transitive verb governs simultaneously a direct object and an agentive complement, has no overt syntactic subject and is in the 3rd person plural. In order to characterize this verb form, three sets of formal linguistic notions are introduced and described: voice (with a calculus of logically possible voice grammemes), impersonal construction, and zero lexeme; many illustrations come from Lingala and Kinyarwanda, as well as several other languages. The verb forms under analysis are shown to be the partial demotional passive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines two lexemes from the speech of the Bulgarian Catholics of Belene, originating from rites and dances of the Orthodox population in the city, by which are named unacceptable actions. The examples are interesting for how confessional difference manifests itself through language, transforming neutral vocabulary into emotional-expressive with a negative or disapproving tone. By means of the word бръзъùцъ, related to the observance „Brazaya", a mocking and contemptuous attitude towards a woman with a funny, ugly or scary face is expressed. The second example under consideration, èръйшалдъ, derives from a dance characteristic of the Orthodox population of Belene, and is used in a negative sense for a person who expresses his joyous emotions unrestrained or who is rebellious and stubborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the challenges of constructing a semantic model of verbs related to the concept of ‘directed vision process and its qualitative attribute’ based on English collocations. The authors examine the structure of meaning of these lexical items through the analysis of the collocational patterns of look, watch, glance, stare, and gaze. This classification can be seen as a step towards creating a typological semasiology of specific languages. The structure of the complex lexical meaning ‘directed vision process and its attribute’ can be broken down into the following components: the invariant meaning, i.e., the core sememe (directed vision process), and an additional semantic component, i.e., the subordinate sememe (qualitative attribute of the vision process). A comprehensive sample was taken from 8000 pages of text from 24 works of fiction, describing 927 collocations. The first group includes collocations expressing various negative emotions associated with directed vision process: bad mood, nervousness, distrust, unfriendliness, fear, hatred, contempt, cruelty, etc. The second group consists of collocations expressing attentiveness, steadfastness, surprise, curiosity, wonder in characterizing directed gaze. The third group combines collocations expressing activity, speed, brevity, stealth of a brief glance. The authors came to the conclusion that all vision lexemes, except the verb ‘to look’, have a complex meaning structure.

This article investigates the verbalization mechanisms of the 'family' concept within the Kazakh, Russian, and English linguistic cultures. The research aims to examine the verbal representation mechanisms of the 'family' concept within the linguistic worldviews of the aforementioned cultures. The research material comprises dictionary definitions of the primary lexemes as presented in explanatory dictionaries and synonym dictionaries, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, and data derived from an associative experiment. The employed analysis methods include component analysis, the descriptive method, the experimental method (psycholinguistic experiment), and the statistical method. This article furnishes a thorough analysis of the linguistic representation methods of the 'family' concept, illuminating its intricate and multidimensional nature. The authors endeavored to identify the concept's structure and describe linguistic units via the interpretation of semantic components. Based on the data procured from the psycholinguistic experiment, the components and layers of the 'family' concept, identified during the analysis, substantiate the theory that this concept plays a fundamental role in the shaping of society and individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the creation-theme in the Didache is a research desideratum. This article examines translations and commentaries to determine the Greek words that refer to this theme and how these can be interpreted in terms of creation-theology. This preliminary set of creation-terminological lexemes will be refined by further analysis to gain an overall impression of the Didache's creation-theology. In the creation-ethical outlook, the question about how the Didache envisions creation continuing in the future is addressed, which is discussed in light of contemporary challenges. The Didache has neither a specific ecological interest nor a general devaluation of the present creation. It does, however, have eco-theological potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific language in the field of anatomy and health sciences relies on a terminology that has been open to discussions and modifications. In Terminologia Anatomica, the term lengua comes from the Latin Lingua. However, there are also terms derived from the Greek lexemes glossa and glotta, both meaning 'tongue.' This establishes hyperonymy and synonymy among anatomical structures related to this sensory-muscular organ. The objective was to analyze the presence of the lexemes glossa - glotta in Terminologia Anatomica and review the definitions of terms containing these lexemes using the Diccionario Manual Griego-Español VOX and the Vocabulario Básico de Griego con anotaciones morfológicas y etimológicas. For Spanish etymology, the Diccionario panhispánico de términos médicos and the Diccionario Médico-Biológico, Histórico y Etimológico were used. The first use in Spanish was determined using the Corpus Diacrónico del Español. The studied lexemes were cited 15 times in Terminologia Anatomica, defined as 'tongue, mouth; speech, gift of speech; expression, manifestation, words; speech, tongue, language, idioma.' Some derived terms are also found, such as Ductus thyroglossalis, Epiglottis, Glottis, Ligamentum thyroepiglotticum, and Vallecula epiglottica. Therefore, these lexemes are considered synonymous. The lexeme glossa was first used in the medical field in 1870. The lexemes glossa and glotta are frequent in Terminologia Anatomica, raising questions about the use of double sigma in Ionic Greek and double tau in classical Attic Greek. Although synonymous, their abundance emphasizes the importance of mastering anatomical language for effective communication and precise understanding among students, professionals, and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two terms oriolo (with his variations oriuolo, orivolo) and orologio are two variants used in diachrony to indicate the same referent (the instrument used to measure time and hours). Oriolo was a form that initially spread from Tuscan use, while orologio instead established itself during the nineteenth century and, above all, the twentieth century. Both lexemes have created idiomatic expressions and proverbs: the forms that were formed on oriolo are more attested in literature and more recorded in historical lexicography and Tuscan usage; expressions constructed on clock are not particularly attested in lexicography. The behavior of the two lexemes in the formation of idiomatic expressions is, therefore, partly contrary to the diffusion experienced by the two lexemes, which has allowed clock to always be the most widespread word of the two, compared to oriole which is the most attested. The contribution therefore aims to show the idiomatic expressions created on the two lexemes under study, and observe the dynamics of behavior in the diffusion of the forms and in their attestation in historical lexicography, in Tuscan use and in contemporary use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When he introduced the framework now known as Construction Grammar, Charles Fillmore said: "Grammatical Construction Theory differs from [...] other frameworks [...] in its insistence that syntactic patterns are often tightly associated with interpretation instructions" (Fillmore 1989: 17). Construction Grammarians view the patterns, the associations and the interpretive instructionsas a matter of linguistic convention-a fact not generally appreciated within the wider cognitive-functional community that embraces Construction Grammar, In CxG, we do not use general principles to explain the existence of the form-function pairs we encounter in a language, but rather treat those as the product of lexical and constructional licensing (Zwicky 1994). But emergentists and stipulators share one core belief: grammatical structure is inherently symbolic. Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG) makes this insight formally explicit by treating constructions as licensors of signs-signs that are phrases, lexemes or words-and allowing for semantic and usage constraints to be directly associated with constructions. But practitioners of Construction Grammar might reasonably reject the SBCG formalism as incompatible with major foundations of constructional thinking: the top-down nature of constructional meaning, the idiomaticity continuum and the narrow scope of linguistic generalizations. My task in this article is to address this concern, illustrating a variety of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent work based on a 130-item wordlist, Lansing et al. claim that Basa Latala, a Punan Sajau song language of Borneo, is not an Austronesian language. In this squib, we argue that there is no linguistic basis for this claim. Many Basa Latala words have clear Austronesian and Borneo cognates and show evidence of Austronesian cognate morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a descriptive study, this article examines the significance of stylistic analysis in observing fiction, focusing on the use of foreshadowing. The author investigates the potential overuse of foreshadowing in selected modern cultural novels and analyses its impact on the plot and the suspense of the readers. The study examines the use of foreshadowing to deconstruct the difficulty novelists face in crafting immaculate works. It concludes that foreshadowing is an integral part of any literary work, regardless of its type or genre, and that it cannot be restricted to particular words. Furthermore, the "tense" factor in most modern works is not fixed or regulated due to the overuse of the flashback technique. The discussion examines Mr. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce. Mrs. Dalloway's linguistic variables demonstrate that foreshadowing predominates the plot, as Woolf's foreshadowing lexis continually alludes to Septimus and Clarissa's plight. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man heavily uses concrete lexemes to foreshadow Daedalus‘ evolution, whereas Mrs. Dalloway focuses on speech and abstract lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reanalyze the phenomenon of verbal (non)agreement with the 2SG tu in a megacorpus of Brazilian Portuguese compiled from the web. Unlike previous research, which has analyzed sociolinguistic interview data and regional differences, we examine these data with a focus on the internal linguistic factors that constrain the variability. Our analysis of 4860 tokens of tu + verb reveals that non-agreement with the 3SG verb form is by far the most common pattern, 2SG agreement being relatively infrequent. Individual verb lexemes show highly distinct rates of (non)agreement. In addition, the specific tense/aspect/mood forms and main/auxiliary status are likewise significant factors affecting the variation. We conclude that future studies of this phenomenon should not ignore these internal linguistic factors. We situate our study within a group of other recent studies in Romance linguistics, which have found that individual verbal and constructional patterns can have diverse effects on morphosyntactic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the issue of language in psychiatry has been raised more frequently. The concern for choosing the appropriate words has resulted in developing language recommendations regarding the way we should speak about treating mental health disorders. The lexeme psychiatryk 'mental hospital' has been mentioned among words that contribute to preserving the negative stereotypes of psychiatric care. Thus, the paper focuses on the ways in which this word is evaluated across the Internet. Since the author analyses specific utterances - the ways language is used, she employs the framework of linguistic pragmatics to account for the broad context of each utterance (the speaker's intentions, utterance type, the assumed hearer, etc.). In the majority of the analysed cases, we can observe such uses of the words that uphold the negative stereotype of institutionalized psychiatric care, and the hospitals themselves (in examples that exhibit playfulness, bordering on colloquialism and derision) are represented as appalling, pathological or funny and incomprehensible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents an analysis of affixation in the morphological word-formation context of the English and Kazakh languages. Affixation is the process of adding affixes to the base word, which consequently leads to the formation of new words with changed lexical and grammatical meanings of the derived word. Affixation, having a different impact on the lexical composition of the presented phraseological units, is one of the most important components of word formation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the classification of affixations and their influence on the construction, semantics and grammar of words. A relational analysis of affixes in the two languages was also carried out to identify specificities and differences in the use of affixes. The revealed results enrich the understanding of word formation and linguistic structure in the context of the English and Kazakh languages, thereby modernizing linguistic research and intercultural communication in modern society.

This study of morphological overabundance focuses on the (non-)synonymy of parallel forms in Estonian illative case ('into') and the type of entrenchment behind it. We focus on the lexical level, testing whether the form preferred for a lexeme depends on semantic or morphophonological factors, or both. Using multifactorial regression analyses, we compare three corpus datasets: lexemes biased toward long forms, those biased toward short forms and lexemes with balanced form distribution. This is the first study to investigate realised overabundance in this way, and to include inflection class membership in the model, enabling us to test whether declension class subsumes the morphophonological factors found to affect form preference in previous studies. The analysis shows that cell token frequency and inflection class are significant predictors of form preference, while the lexical-semantic features included in the study do not affect formative choice, highlighting the role of cell entrenchment instead of formative entrenchment in guiding form use. In conclusion, the study highlights the important role of inflection class (morphophonology) in the general shaping of form usage patterns in parallel forms and the weak role of semantic factors on the lexical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the grammaticalization of ġādi – i.e., the active participle form of a movement verb meaning 'to go/leave/depart in the morning' – in Moroccan Arabic, of which the relevant literature has evidenced its uses as a future marker, describing this case as an instance of the common path 'go (to)' > future. In the light of fresh data, we first review the already documented uses of ġādi as a future marker, and, secondly, present an original preliminary study of its emerging modal values. Finally, by analyzing the correlation between the future values and the modal values of ġādi, we focus on some issues related to its grammaticalization, including the importance of taking into account certain semantic features of the source lexeme so far underestimated, and of considering the co(n)text within which the whole grammaticalization takes place. Ultimately, we argue that a secondary grammaticalization towards epistemic modality is in progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plngawan Atayal can be subdivided into two varieties: Sami'uɹ and Macagis. This subdialectal distinction went mostly unnoticed in linguistic publications barring a short mention by Chen (2012). Despite living in the same village since 1938, elderly speakers of both varieties have retained a number of unique phonological features. These features not only allow us to distinguish contemporary varieties, but also let us identify data from older publications. An examination of works by Ferrell (1969) and Li (1981, 1985) has revealed a prevalence of Sami'uɹ data, with a small number of Macagis lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the use of the three lexemes for ‘life’ in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel from the end of the 9th is analysed. The focus lies on their distribution, especially considering their contextual meaning. The systemised data are compared to those of the SJS and of the First Epistle against the Arians translated by the same Constantine. It is established that the Didactic Gospel – unlike the early Slavonic texts included in the Prague dictionary that show a higher degree of variation in the correlations between lexeme and meaning, but also unlike the First Epistle against the Arians, where ЖИЗНЬ dominates – presents a rather clear lexico-semantic differentiation in the translation correlates for Greek ζωή: for life as opposed to death ЖИВОТЬ is used, for earthly life it is ЖИВОТЬ, and ЖИЗНЬ for eternal life. The distribution of the synonyms in the Didactic Gospel coincides to a large degree with that described in general diachronic analyses. This tendency may be observed in both the translated and the original parts of the Didactic Gospel, deviations occurring mainly in biblical quotations, probably due to the direct influence of the well-known sacred text. The material analysed shows that Constantine of Preslav understood very well the semantics of the words used in the language of the original, but also the semantic nuances of closely related words in the target language and used them according to the textual meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study contributes to the empirical basis of grammaticalization theory by presenting a grammaticalization profile of Zapotec, a language family of Mesoamerica. The discussion centers around co-grammaticalization of lexemes and constructions, polygrammaticalization, interdependence between syntactic and prosodic conditioning of grammaticalization, and mutual feedback between grammaticalization and morphosyntactic typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some verbs in Romance (e.g. the reflexes of faciō 'do', dīcō 'say', habeō 'have', sapiō 'know', possum 'be able', and volō 'want') display alternations between a short (e.g. It. f‐are, f‐a, d‐ire) and a long (e.g. It. fac‐evo, dic‐e, dic‐evo) stem. This paper contains an exploration of the lexical and paradigmatic distribution of these stem alternations across Romance varieties to trace when they emerged, how and why. The results suggest a comparatively early emergence as a result of the interaction between preexisting morphological predictability relations within the paradigm and an evolutionary preference for shorter forms in high‐frequency word forms and lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates continuities and changes in abbreviation practices from late Middle English to twenty-first-century digital platforms. Adopting a diachronic perspective and lexicological framework, it quantitatively analyses frequency patterns across fifteenth-century memoranda, letters and administrative receipts, seventeenth-century letters and depositions, late nineteenth-century letters, early twentieth-century letters and a subcorpus of WhatsApp instant messages dating from 2018–19. It then presents analyses of the frequencies of various abbreviation forms, such as clippings, and abbreviated lexemes, such as their use for names, over time. The article then provides a qualitative analysis of these lexeme categories over the centuries, with a focus on specific examples. Major changes to overall abbreviation density across time are identified. The forms of abbreviation also go through major change, but the types of lexemes that are abbreviated stay more consistent over time. For example, abbreviations being used for closed-class function words such as the and that are dominant from the earliest data we have looked at to the present day. Overall, the study demonstrates how situating new media abbreviation practices within a historical continuum can enhance our understanding of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, due to the multiplicity and multi-functionality of descriptive words in Turkic languages, this word group has linguistic potential as a noun and verb, and they are close to these groups as a special type of independent word group. Reasonable opinions were given that it was formed at the beginning of the development of the language at the same time as the noun and verb groups appeared. Also, in the later stages of language development, the number of descriptive words increased, and now, in Turkic languages such as Uzbek and Turkish, it is possible to create descriptive words by imitating almost all the objects and images. Almost all nouns and verbs in the languages were tried to be proved.

This study reports and discusses the results of a pilot psycholinguistic investigation into the morphome – a term created (Aronoff 1994) to indicate systematic relations between form and meaning in morphology which lack synchronic semantic, functional, or phonological determinants and are thereby purely morphological. Despite a general consensus (cf. Bermúdez-Otero and Luís 2016) on the need to approach the question of the existence and nature of morphomic structures experimentally and interdisciplinarily, there has been no study beyond Nevins, Rodrigues, and Tang (2015), which focused on the morphomic structure in Romance verb morphology identified by Maiden (1992) and labelled (arbitrarily) the 'L-pattern' and concluded that in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese this structure is no longer part of native speakers' grammar. The present study has replicated, for Italian, the basic experimental design of Nevins et al. It has obtained behavioural measurements (from two experiments) including eyetracking measures (from one experiment). All these measurements converge in showing (i) a statistically significant preference for target items that are consistent with the L-/U-pattern distribution and (ii) a faster decision-making process when the L-item was chosen. We conclude that (pace Nevins et al.) this morphomic structure is part of the internalized grammar of Italian adult speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the Plains Cree phenomenon of Order as a form of alternation not yet described as such in the literature. First, we provide a brief description of relevant Plains Cree grammar and Order as a phenomenon. This is followed by an overview of how the concept of alternation has been used in linguistics as an analytic tool. Finally, we discuss how conceiving of Order as an alternation allows for not only a better understanding of the phenomenon, but also results in a new type of alternation. We name this type of alternation a paradigmatic alternation and define it as any alternation where some lexeme can make use of two or more alternative paradigms of the same size and shape but with different morphological exponents, while representing the same set of grammatical features. We exemplify this with Plains Cree, where subject/object agreement has two distinct paradigms which verbs can take while retaining similar meanings. A brief comparison with of a similar phenomenon, Koiari tense/aspect, is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the specific temporal uses of the Serbian verb stići, when it denotes the act of overcoming a spatial obstacle, or reaching the end point of a movement at a predetermined time. The study examines the relationship between the spatial (basic) use of this verb and its derived telic sense, and describes the process of its grammaticalization, in which this lexeme loses its semantic and syntactic autonomy and becomes part of a complex predicate. The contrastive section of the study compares the non-spatial uses of stići with the corresponding uses of its French equivalent, the verb arriver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of morphological expressive linguistic means and the corresponding linguistic sign are described: 1 — an expressive linguistic means that is an operation on the signified of the target lexeme; and 2 — a sign whose signifier is a metasemy1. Thus, the English metasemy2 painting, when applied to a human proper name, such as, e.g., Turner, produces a derived lexeme, in this case, painting(Turner) = [a] Turner '[a] painting by Turner' (I have seen two excellent Turners). A formal description of the Russian metasemy2 'place2' is presented, based on the analysis of the Russian phrase u otca 'at father's' = 'at father's place2', where the underlying lexeme otec 'father' and the derived lexeme (otec) are involved, the meaning 'place2' being expressed by the metasemy2 . The English and French translational equivalents of this phrase, Eng. at father's and Fr. chez le père, are shown to have different organizations: in at father's, the meaning 'place2' is carried by the 's-form, and in chez le père, by the preposition chez. A tentative list of known Russian metasemies2 is supplied, as well as the similar lists for English and French. A metasemy2 always expresses a metonymic semantic relation between the underlying lexeme and the resulting derived lexeme; it is a derivational morphological means, parallel to derivational affixes. Metasemy2 seems to exist universally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is an effort to support the typographical errors of keywords that are not supported by existing compilers and integrated development environment(IDE) in 'C' language. The fuzzy automata modelling approximate string matching is proposed for error handling during lexical analysis. By introducing fuzziness to lexemes the typographical errors can be rectified at the time of compilation and flexibility of lexical analyser can be greatly improved. The recognition of fuzzy tokens during lexical analysis is described in order to correct errors caused by sticking key, deletion, typing and swapping key in keywords during C programming. Algorithms and pseudo code are being developed to measure the degree of membership of crisp and fuzzy lexemes. Accuracy is tested and examined once the fuzzy lexemes are trained using a neural network. The proposed method is an add on feature that can be incorporated in existing compilers and IDEs to increase their flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infinitive called enunciative, generalizing or introductory is a variable phenomenon in the Spanish grammar very frequently used in diverse kinds of oral and written texts. As a defective or non conjugated verbal form which does not provide any information about the grammatical person (at least not about the subject), the independent infinitive may function as a desubjectivizing resource of discourse. This phenomenon will be studied from a variationist and cognitive-functional framework by the analysis of this kind of infinitive in social media texts (Facebook and Twitter) as well as in the TripAdvisor website. Results indicate that there are not significant differences in the use of the infinitive among these texts. However, the infinitive shows a relevant use with verba dicendi lexemes as well as its coaparition with personal forms in the inmediate context. Thus, it may be concluded that the infinitive is a desubjectivizing device which introduces or closes argumentative utterances contributing to develop a range of sociopragmatic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word “home” is one of the oldest and most used lexemes in the Russian language, embodying the concepts of family, security and historical transformations of society. The present study aims to trace the semantic history of this lexeme, paying attention to lexicographical and cultural-historical aspects in order to understand its evolution and meaning in Russian more deeply. A number of steps are taken in order to achieve the set goal. Firstly, attention is paid to etymological dictionaries, which reveal the roots of the word and its connection with other languages. This allows us to see the historical context and the development of the meaning of the word “house”. Secondly, the meanings indicated in explanatory dictionaries are identified. The main nominative meanings reflecting the designation of physical structure serving as a dwelling are analysed. Attention is also paid to expressive-synonymous meanings, where the word “house” acquires an emotional-evaluative character, especially in the context of children’s games. Thirdly, with the help of historical dictionaries the dynamics of the use of the word “house” over time is determined. The evolution of the semantics of the word from antiquity to the present day is considered, and changes in the context of use associated with socio-cultural and historical processes are revealed. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development of the semantics of the lexeme “house” in the Russian language. It covers the period from antiquity to the present, allowing a deeper understanding of the evolution of the meaning of this word in the context of its lexicographical development and cultural history. The study allows us to see how the word “house” has undergone changes in its perception: from the original designation of a residential structure to more abstract concepts such as “family” or “community”. This process reflects not only linguistic but also cultural transformations, noting the influence of historical events and socio-cultural changes on the perception of the term. Thus, the study of the word “home” is of interest for understanding its meanings in different historical and cultural contexts, as well as for analysing its role in the linguistic development of the Russian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims at studying the derivation of vrātya-on the basis of the Aṣṭādhyāyī [A] of Pāṇini and on the relevant commentaries, to understand the Vedic usage of this lexeme and to investigate the origin of the notion of violence linked by default with the Vrātya identity. After a general overview of vrata- and vrāta-lexemes, rule A 5.2.21 vrātena jīvati is used to derive vrātīna-, and the relevant commentaries Mahābhāṣya [M], Kāśikāvṛttī [KV], and Siddhāntakaumudī [SK], turn out to be useful in understanding the many nuances of vrāta-. The derivation of vrātya-appears more complicated; the proposal advanced here resorts to A 5.3.113 vrātacphañor astriyām to explain both vrātyaḥ (nom. sg.), i.e., the outstanding ascetic mentioned in Śaunaka Atharvaveda-Saṃhitā and in Jaiminīya-Upaniṣad-Brāhmaṇa, and the more widespread vrātyāḥ (nom. pl.). Instead, other authoritative etymologies advanced over this last century interpret vrātya-as deriving from vrāta-based on vrata-('ritual vow') or are influenced by the late association of Vrātyas with a violent behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the distinction between inflectional and derivational patterns in general grammar and discusses the possibility that this well-known distinction is not rooted in the reality of languages, but in the Western tradition of describing languages, through dictionaries (for words, including derived lexemes) and through grammar books (where we often find tables of exemplary paradigms). This tradition has led to rather different terminological treatments of the two kinds of patterns, but from the perspective of a constructional view of morphology, there is no need to incorporate such differences into formal grammatical descriptions. For practical purposes, we need clear and simple definitions of entrenched terms of general linguistics, so the article proposes semantically based (retro-) definitions of inflection, derivation and lexeme that cover the bulk of the existing usage. Finally, I briefly explain why we need sharp definitions of comparative concepts, and why prototype-based and fuzzy definitions of traditional terms are not helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article delves into the metaphorical extensions within agricultural lexemes in the Tamil language, unraveling a rich tapestry of linguistic evolution and cultural interplay. The study explores how metaphors, rooted in the foundational activity of agriculture, serve as powerful conduits for expressing diverse facets of human experience. The metaphorical journey spans lexical items such as talaiyeṭu, kaḷaiyeṭu, allakkai, maṭaimāṟṟu, and vaṭikāl, revealing the dynamic interplay between language, culture, and agricultural practices. This analysis highlights the complexity of language evolution, where metaphors rooted in specific cultural practices offer a unique lens through which individuals express and conceptualize abstract ideas. The metaphorical extension of agricultural lexemes serves as a testament to the dynamic interplay between language, culture, and human experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a morpho-semantic classification of the V-V compound structures in Igbo. It seeks to establish the kind of internal semantic relationship that characterizes compounding lexemes as well as the degree of semantic relativity between the compounding lexemes and their compound units. Several studies have been carried out on Igbo compound verbs. However, none of the previous works on Igbo compound verbs has accounted for the internal semantic relationships that underlie compound verbs and their compounding constituents, nor classify Igbo compound verbs using such semantic correlations. This study projects the conceptual idea that the Igbo V-V compound is derived from the composition of two verbal lexemes where their idiosyncratic semantic readings are determined by the native speakers' intuition, cognition, and cultural knowledge. The study adopts the compound verb classificatory framework of Shibatani (1990) and Fabb (1998). This theory seeks to provide a systematic semantic basis for the description and classification of compound verb compositions in languages. This study finds out that the concept of endocentricity; exocentricity and coordinative relationships as projected in this work are stimulated by semantic headedness. It also discovers that the V+nye compound verb structures with benefactive readings are the only compound verb formations that manifest coordinate compound relationships in Igbo. The study concludes that V-V compound formations in Igbo are products of semantic correlation between independent discrete verbal lexemes and that the description and identification of V-V compound heads in Igbo compound structures is solely dependent on the degree of semantic relativity between the compound units and their compounding constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the lexeme God in modern Russian. The article deals with individual definitions of this lexeme based on ten explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. The dictionaries of pre-revolutionary Russia, the Soviet period and modern times are presented. All dictionary entries are carefully considered, separate interpretations of the lexeme God are analyzed, a detailed analysis of the phraseological apparatus is made. At the end of the article, a concise presentation of the problem under study is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Albanology (ALBANOLOGJIA) is the property of University of Tetova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the etymological status of the Amuric noun * ŋa 'animal', which is attested in the modern Amuric languages (Nivkh and Nighvng) both as an independent noun and as an element forming the final component of the names of several animal species. In the latter position, it has the synchronic variants -ŋ and - ŋi ~ -ŋaj , which on the basis of external and internal evidence may be traced back to * -ŋa and * -ŋa-j , respectively. An identical element ŋa- , with the synchronic variants ŋə- and ŋ- , is also attested as the initial component of several other items denoting, in particular, parts of both the human and the animal body. The etymological analysis of these Amuric lexemes was first taken up by Robert Austerlitz, who postulated an original basic lexeme * ŋa with the meaning 'living matter'. In the present paper the relevant lexical material is reviewed once again in the light of recent developments in the field of Amuric historical phonology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses evidentiality in Erzya-Mordvin. Our starting points are, on the one hand, that the Mordvin languages, unlike other languages in the Volga-Kama linguistic area, lack grammatical evidentiality, on the other hand, the descriptions of Uralic evidentials fail to mention any strategies or lexemes that could be considered markers of evidence types. We primarily aim to contribute to the latter point through a questionnaire and consultations with a native speaker. Based on our results, we provide a functional analysis of five lexemes that can be considered evidential strategies in Erzya. The lexemes are the following: inference based on visible evidence – ńejavi 'seems, seems to, apparently'; inference based on sensory evidence – maŕavi 'sounds, feels like, seems to be'; reported evidence – keľa 'said to be, allegedly'; epistemic- inferential markers – uľema 'possibly, probably, surely' and nať 'obviously, probably, surely'. Moreover, the paper also explores different degrees of certainty expressed by the lexemes. Finally, in accordance with the results of previous research, no morphological markers or morphosyntactic strategies have been identified to mark the information source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aramaic influence on Hebrew among Jews in the Land of Israel is well established, especially from the Persian period (from the sixth century BCE) until it completely replaced Hebrew as the natively spoken vernacular sometime before the Arab conquest (seventh century CE). Scholars have paid little attention to the Jews of that period as a distinct speech community, the uniqueness of their dialect or dialects of Aramaic, and the possibility that their ancestral language, Hebrew, had influenced their unique dialects of Aramaic. The present article aims to illuminate these understudied questions by analyzing the syntax of the lexeme ‮ אפשר ‬‎ ʾpšr , unique to Rabbinic Hebrew and the Jewish dialects of Qumran, Targumic, and Talmudic Aramaic from Palestine and Babylonia. This lexeme, and its shared syntax among those languages and dialects, points to an early use of language to maintain ethnic and religious distinctness among Jews in antiquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the Old Bulgarian parallels of the Greek words with ἀ-privativum in the translation of Gregory the Theologian’s Oratio XXXIX, which was made in the first third of the 10th century. The correlates are systemized and considered in the context of other translated works of the early period of the Slavonic written heritage, on the basis of the data reflected in Slovník jazyka staroslověnského and its Řecko-staroslověnský index as well as in other 18 dictionaries to sources they do not cover. The comparative analysis offered allows for generalizations and conclusions in two directions. On the one hand, the material of Oratio XXXIX enlarges the list of translation correlates for words with ἀ-privativum with Greek words not registered for the period and their transponents as well as with non-filed counterparts of registered Greek lexemes. Some of these enrich the known word-formation nests with new derivates while others add non-witnessed stems to the translation paradigm. They all broaden the knowledge of the translation potentials of the literary language whose norm is still in a process of construction. On the other hand, some peculiarities are revealed, which could well be interpreted as local or individual translation markers: a) a relatively large number of correlates with preposition без or prefix без- in relation to those with не-, which is related with the Preslav origin of the translation; b) several transponents which do not belong to the word-formation nests which are habitual to the given Greek stems and which, at this stage, seem to be unique translation decisions; c) a relatively frequent usage of substantivated active participles (more often present ones) which are correlates of Greek participles, adjectives or adverbs, but are rendered by adjectives, present or past passive participles in the other texts observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is dedicated to the history of old lexemes from the conceptual field of zabawa [play], which today are already archaisms: krotochwila [joke], krotochwilić [to joke], kłam [a lie], przekwint/przekwinta [excessive elegance] and wydwarzanie [playing jokes]. The text is a contribution to the analysis of Polish ludic vocabulary in the diachronic aspect. The analysis is based on dictionaries and corpuses of historical Polish. A review of the history of just a few lexemes showed that, within the concept of ZABAWA, changes were taking place which included the withdrawal of lexemes present in this conceptual field from the beginning. These changes concerned both words whose presence in the field was strongly marked (krotochwilić, krotochwila), as well as those that appeared in it only occasionally (przekwinta, wydwarzanie). Regardless of this, all of them eventually left not only the conceptual field of PLAY, but also the Polish language in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is the delimitation and semantic analysis of language units represented in the Polish language by the forms: wykosztować się [spend a lot of money], szarpnąć się [buy something expensive], zrujnować się, spłukać się [spend all one's money] and szastać [spend money in a reckless manner]. The author distinguishes the relevant language units and carries out their analysis according to the assumptions of reductionist semantics within the structuralist tradition which sets a clear boundary between semantics and pragmatics. The effect of the analysis conducted by the author is the identification of verbal units in the form of [ktośi] [somebody] wykosztował się na [cośj], [ktośi] szarpnął się na [cośj], [ktośi] zrujnował się na [cośj], [ktośi] spłukał się, as well as [ktośi] szasta [czymśj: pieniądze [money]]. The author describes the semantic properties of the distinguished lexemes and formulates explications of the notions assigned to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)