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Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the extension of the principle of retroactivity to law-making and law-enforcement practice to the legal system in Ukrainian legislation. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions. The following methods of scientific knowledge were used during the study: comparative law, logical-grammatical, system-structural, modeling. Results. During the study, it was recognized that in the legislation of Ukraine, in the process of creating and implementing legal norms, general principles of law are applied, which are guided by state authorities and local governments in their activities within the framework of their competence. When adopting new regulatory legal provisions or making changes to existing ones, general principles of law must be applied. The application of the principle of retroactivity of law allows individuals and legal entities to be confident in the legal assessment of their actions not only when they are committed, but also in the future. Scientific novelty. In the process of research, it was scientifically substantiated that the criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine as a whole complies with the Fundamental Law of Ukraine and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights during criminal proceedings when changing the punishment for committing criminal offenses. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities in the further improvement of national criminal procedural, criminal legislation regarding the improvement of the institution of the application of punishment when improving the legislation on punishment for committing criminal offenses, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and study of the academic disciplines “Criminal Procedural Law of Ukraine”, “Criminal Law”, “Law Enforcement Activities”, “Advocacy”, others.

The use of Latin origin terms, relevant for sample characterization modalities, is described with a focus on samples under controlled conditions, samples within devices, and samples during physico-chemical evolution. The terms in vitro, in vivo, in situ, ab initio, in silico, post mortem, ex situ, posthumous, in vacuo, (in) operando, post facto, and ex post facto, as used in the scientific literature, are considered. Uses of the Latin origin terms in situ, extra situm, in operando, in vivo, in vacuo, in vitro, extra vivum, post facto and ex post facto, ab initiis, computatro, and post mortem are discussed. It is suggested that these terms are to be used without hyphenation and that all Latin derived terms are set in italic font. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the effect of math phobia, locus of control, and adversity quotient on the mathematical literacy skills of junior high school students. This type of research is ex post facto research in the form of correlation. The population in this study were all class VII students of SMPQ Darul Maarif and SMP IT Hidayatul Falah Rejang Lebong. The sampling technique used random simple sampling in which 47 students were selected at SMPQ Darul Maarif and 50 students at SMP IT Hidayatul Falah Rejang Lebong. The collection was carried out using a mathematics phobia, locus of control, and adversity quotient questionnaire and test sheets for students' mathematical literacy abilities. Research data were analyzed using path analysis techniques (path analysis). Research shows that there is a significant positive effect both simultaneously and partially between math phobia, locus of control, and adversity quotient on mathematical literacy skills

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This study investigates the effects of Single-Sex and Co-educational classrooms on English learning outcomes. This study is a causal-comparative study in ex post facto design. The sample is three classes consisting of 73 students (boy and girl-single-sex classes and a co-educational class) from a private secondary school in Central Java, Indonesia. An integrated English test was used, equating the 2013 curriculum and CEFR for English. It tested four skills in English consisting of Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. Expert judgments have already checked the instrument through face validity. Item internal consistency from all skills was good, and the reliability was too, in a good category. This study indicates that organizing a Single-sex classroom in the English learning process has a positive and significant effect on English achievement. Being in a Single-Sex classroom benefitted the students in their outcomes in learning English. This study also implies that teachers, especially English teachers, must understand their students' learning strategies to implement the appropriate learning strategies. It is because male and female students learn something in different ways

This research aimed to find out the influence of students’ interests in choosing the mechanical engineering vocational program. The research method used was descriptive quantitative. The population in this study were all Grade X students in Yogyakarta which total number were 180 respondents. The data collecting technique was using questionnaires which then was analyzed using descriptive analysis and regression. The results of this study were (1) Students’ interests in choosing mechanical engineering vocational program was high. (2) There was a positive and significant influence from students’ own understanding, family, school, and society towards students’ interests in choosing the mechanical engineering vocational program, (3) The four variables, together, have positive and significant influences towards vocational high school students’ interests in choosing the mechanical engineering vocational program in Yogyakarta..

Sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws have been in effect nationwide since the 1990s, and publicly available registries today contain information on hundreds of thousands of individuals. To date, most courts, including the Supreme Court in 2003, have concluded that the laws are regulatory, not punitive, in nature, allowing them to be applied retroactively consistent with the Ex Post Facto Clause. Recently, however, several state supreme courts, as well as the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, addressing challenges lodged against new-generation SORN laws of a considerably more onerous and expansive character, have granted relief, concluding that the laws are punitive in effect. This article examines these decisions, which are distinct not only for their results, but also for the courts' decidedly more critical scrutiny of the justifications, purposes, and efficacy of SORN laws. The implications of the latter development in particular could well lay the groundwork for a broader challenge against the laws, including one sounding in substantive due process, which unlike ex post facto-based litigation would affect the viability of SORN vis- à-vis current and future potential registrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely regarded as illegitimate for legal systems to retroactively alter the sentences assigned by the courts to offenders once those sentences have become final. Such retroactive changes are deemed to violate 'fair notice' requirements and to unreasonably upset the expectations of sentenced offenders. Yet it is important to distinguish retroactive sentencing changes from retroactive changes to legal prohibitions. I contend that the arguments against the former are much less convincing than the arguments against the latter, especially when retroactive sentencing changes would bring sentences more in line with proportionality constraints. The more convincing arguments against retroactive sentencing changes are practical ones; they would upset negotiated pleas and confound the sentencing of repeat and multiple offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi keberagaman kemampuan guru Pendidikan Anak Usi Dini (PAUD) sebagai peserta Pendidikan dan Latihan Profesi Guru (PLPG). Dalam waktu yang sama mereka dihadapkan pada target yang sama, yaitu harus lulus uji kompetensi untuk mendapatkan legalitas sertifikasi sebagai pendidik profesional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keberhasilan PLPG dalam meningkatkan kompetensi akademik dan pedagogik guru. Populasi penelitian adalah semua guru PAUD peserta PLPG tahun 2013 dengan menggunakan metode ex post facto. Teknik analisis data menggunakan t-test. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa pada tingkat signifikansi 95% ternyata PLPG dapat meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogik guru PAUD tetapi tidak berhasil untuk meningkatkan kompetensi akademik.

In 2009, New Mexico prospectively repealed the death penalty. Three years later in 2012, New Mexico prosecuted a defendant for a capital murder that was committed before repeal, and it sought to subject him to the death penalty. If state prosecutors had prevailed with the jury, they would have secured the very kind of sentence--death--that state officials had been lauded in Europe for outlawing three years earlier. A prosecution like New Mexico's could never occur in Europe, and not merely because Europe has long outlawed the death penalty. It could never occur because, in contrast to the law of most American jurisdictions, European states embrace a doctrine known as ''lex mitior'' (''the milder law''). The latter doctrine is a counterpart to the ex post facto prohibition. Both doctrines concern retroactivity in criminal law, but they are the converse of one another. The ex post facto doctrine prohibits retroactivity by prohibiting the state from prosecuting persons under criminal statutes that either retroactively criminalize conduct that was hitherto lawful or retroactively increase penalties for conduct that, while unlawful all along, was hitherto punishable less severely. In contrast, lex mitior mandates retroactivity by mandating that criminal defendants receive the retroactive benefits of repealing statutes that either decriminalize conduct altogether or reduce punishment for it. After surveying laws in the United States regarding the retroactive effect of ameliorative repeals, the author addresses whether punishing offenders under harsher laws that obtained at the time of their conduct can serve consequentialist and/or retributive purposes of punishment. He concludes that, although doing so can be morally justified under limited circumstances, typically it is not--a conclusion that bears upon lex mitior's proper scope, whether it consists of a binding norm (as it is among European nations), a nonconstitutional norm (as it presently is within the United States), or, when legislative intent is uncertain, a function of the rule of lenity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]