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Background Objective Search Strategy Selection Criteria Data Collection and Analysis Main Results Conclusions Training health workers might facilitate respectful maternity care (RMC); however, the content and design of RMC training remain unclear.To explore the content and design of RMC training packages for health workers in sub‐Saharan Africa.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, Web of Science Core Collections, SCOPUS, and grey literature sources (including websites of RMC‐focused key organizations and Ministries of Health) were searched for journal papers, reports, and training guides from January 2006 up to August 2022.There were no restrictions on study designs, language, or health‐worker cadre. Two reviewers independently screened results.Key data, including training content and methods used, were extracted and summarized.Thirty‐two citations from 26 studies/programs were identified (24 journal papers, 5 manuals/guides, 2 reports and 1 PhD thesis), with 27 citations from 22 studies informing the review findings. About half of all conducted studies were from East Africa. The most common topics in RMC trainings were communication, privacy and confidentiality, and human resources. Most trainings were multicomponent and appear to be largely in‐service training. Health workers providing direct care to women, compared with non‐clinical staff such as receptionists and cleaners, were the only recipients of training in most studies (81.8%). Two broad categories of training methods/tools were identified: workshop‐based and action‐based. Over 90% of the studies assessed impact of the training, with a majority focused on impacts on maternal health and care; however, half of the latter studies did not appear to have feedback mechanisms in place for implementing change.The content and design of RMC training in sub‐Saharan Africa are multifaceted, suggesting the complexity of implementing/promoting RMC. Some progress has been made; however, missed opportunities in training remain with respect to study populations, training topics, cadres, and feedback mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Over the last decade, there has been an increasing number of studies regarding experiences of mistreatment, disrespect and abuse (D&A) during facility-based childbirth. These negative experiences during labour have been proven to create a barrier for seeking both facility-based childbirth and postnatal health care, as well as increasing severe postpartum depression among the women who experienced them. This constitutes a serious violation of human rights. However, few studies have carried out specifically designed interventions to reduce these practices. The aim of this scoping review is to synthetise available evidence on this subject, and to identify initiatives that have succeeded in reducing the mistreatment, D&A that women suffer during childbirth in health facilities. Methods A PubMed search of the published literature was conducted, and all original studies evaluating the efficacy of any type of intervention specifically designed to reduce these negative experiences and promote RMC were selected. Results Ten articles were included in this review. Eight studies were conducted in Africa, one in Mexico, and the other in the U.S. Five carried out a before-and-after study, three used mixed-methods, one was a comparative study between birth centres, and another was a quasi-experimental study. The most common feature was the inclusion of some sort of RMC training for providers at the intervention centre, which led to the conclusion that this training resulted in an improvement in the care received by the women in childbirth. Other strategies explored by a small number of articles were open maternity days, clinical checklists, wall posters and constant user feedback. Discussion These results indicate that there are promising interventions to reduce D&A and promote RMC for women during childbirth in health facilities. RMC training for providers stands as the most proven strategy, and the results suggest that it improves the experiences of care received by women in labour. Conclusion The specific types of training and the different initiatives that complement them should be evaluated through further scientific research, and health institutions should implement RMC interventions that apply these strategies to ensure human rights-based maternity care for women giving birth in health facilities around the world.

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Introduction: Over the last decade, there has been an increasing number of studies regarding experiences of mistreatment, disrespect and abuse (D&A) during facility-based childbirth. These negative experiences during labour have been proven to create a barrier for seeking both facility-based childbirth and postnatal health care, as well as increasing severe postpartum depression among the women who experienced them. This constitutes a serious violation of human rights. However, few studies have carried out specifically designed interventions to reduce these practices. The aim of this scoping review is to synthetise available evidence on this subject, and to identify initiatives that have succeeded in reducing the mistreatment, D&A that women suffer during childbirth in health facilities. Methods: A PubMed search of the published literature was conducted, and all original studies evaluating the efficacy of any type of intervention specifically designed to reduce these negative experiences and promote RMC were selected. Results: Ten articles were included in this review. Eight studies were conducted in Africa, one in Mexico, and the other in the U.S. Five carried out a before-and-after study, three used mixed-methods, one was a comparative study between birth centres, and another was a quasi-experimental study. The most common feature was the inclusion of some sort of RMC training for providers at the intervention centre, which led to the conclusion that this training resulted in an improvement in the care received by the women in childbirth. Other strategies explored by a small number of articles were open maternity days, clinical checklists, wall posters and constant user feedback. Discussion: These results indicate that there are promising interventions to reduce D&A and promote RMC for women during childbirth in health facilities. RMC training for providers stands as the most proven strategy, and the results suggest that it improves the experiences of care received by women in labour. Conclusion: The specific types of training and the different initiatives that complement them should be evaluated through further scientific research, and health institutions should implement RMC interventions that apply these strategies to ensure human rights-based maternity care for women giving birth in health facilities around the world. Plain english summary: Women giving birth experience mistreatment, disrespect, and abuse during labour in health facilities around the world, which constitutes a serious human rights violation. This scoping review synthetises all available information on interventions specifically designed to reduce these negative experiences and to promote respectful maternity care. Although research in this regard is still scarce and focused in low-resource countries, our results indicate that there are promising initiatives to tackle this phenomenon. The most tested strategy is respectful maternity care training for providers, the results of which suggest that it is successful in improving the experiences of care received by women in labour. Other different strategies have been explored, such as open maternity days, clinical checklists, wall posters and constant user feedback. This review shows that there are promising interventions to reduce disrespect and abuse and promote respectful maternity care for women during facility-based childbirth, which should be implemented by health institutions to ensure human-rights based maternity care for women giving birth in health facilities around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse (D&A) during labour and birth negatively affects women’s birth experiences. Knowing in what circumstances of birth women experience upsetting situations of D&A can create general awareness and help healthcare providers judge the need for extra attention in their care to help reduce these experiences. However, little is known about how different birth characteristics relate to the experience of D&A. Previous studies showed differences in birth experiences and experienced D&A between primiparous and multiparous women. This study explores, stratified for parity, (1) how often D&A are experienced in the Netherlands and are considered upsetting, and (2) which birth characteristics are associated with these upsetting experiences of D&A. Methods For this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire was set up and disseminated among women over 16 years of age who gave birth in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2020. D&A was divided into seven categories: emotional pressure, unfriendly behaviour/verbal abuse, use of force/physical violence, communication issues, lack of support, lack of consent and discrimination. Stratified for parity, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine which birth characteristics were associated with the upsetting experiences of different categories of D&A. Results Of all 11,520 women included in this study, 45.1% of primiparous and 27.0% of multiparous women reported at least one upsetting experience of D&A. Lack of consent was reported most frequently, followed by communication issues. For both primiparous and multiparous women, especially transfer from midwife-led to obstetrician-led care, giving birth in a hospital, assisted vaginal birth, and unplanned cesarean section were important factors that increased the odds of experiencing upsetting situations of D&A. Among primiparous women, the use of medical pain relief was also associated with upsetting experiences of D&A. Conclusion A significant number of women experience upsetting disrespectful and abusive care during birth, particularly when medical interventions are needed after the onset of labour, when care is transferred during birth, and when birth takes place in a hospital. This study emphasizes the need for improving quality of verbal and non-verbal communication, support and adequate decision-making and consent procedures, especially before, during, and after the situations of birth that are associated with D&A.

Abstract Background Respectful maternity care is a crucial part of quality care and is associated with better health outcomes. Early in the Covid-19 pandemic, reports from across the world indicated that infection containment measures were often implemented in ways that resulted in disrespectful care of women during facility-based childbirths in violation of evidence-based practices. This study aimed to explore the associations between childbirth care practices and perceptions of care as satisfactory and respectful among women who delivered in Israeli hospitals during the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional self-administered online survey was conducted to explore women’s perceptions of maternity care using an adapted version of the WHO Community Survey Tool for measuring how women are treated during facility-based childbirth. Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric information, and measurements of childbirth experiences and women’s perceptions of receiving respectful and satisfactory care. Results The responses of 981 women were included in the analysis. While the majority of women perceived the care they received as both respectful (86.54%) and satisfactory (80.22%), almost 3 in 4 women (72.68%) reported experiencing at least one type of disrespectful care. Positive communication with the medical staff and respect for autonomy were associated with a more positive birth experience for women. Women were more likely to perceive their care as respectful if they did not feel ignored (AOR = 40.11;22.87–70.34). Perception of satisfactory care was more likely among women who had the opportunity to discuss preferences with the medical staff (AOR = 10.15; 6.93–14.86). Having Covid-19 procedures explained increased the likelihood of reporting respectful and satisfactory care (AOR = 2.89;1.91–4.36; AOR = 2.83;2.01–4). Conclusion Understanding which care practices are associated with women’s perceptions of care at facility-based births is critical to ensuring quality care. The findings of this study can inform future work and research aimed at enhancing respectful maternity care during times of crisis and beyond.

Background: Experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse (D&A) during labour and birth negatively affects women's birth experiences. Knowing in what circumstances of birth women experience upsetting situations of D&A can create general awareness and help healthcare providers judge the need for extra attention in their care to help reduce these experiences. However, little is known about how different birth characteristics relate to the experience of D&A. Previous studies showed differences in birth experiences and experienced D&A between primiparous and multiparous women. This study explores, stratified for parity, (1) how often D&A are experienced in the Netherlands and are considered upsetting, and (2) which birth characteristics are associated with these upsetting experiences of D&A. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire was set up and disseminated among women over 16 years of age who gave birth in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2020. D&A was divided into seven categories: emotional pressure, unfriendly behaviour/verbal abuse, use of force/physical violence, communication issues, lack of support, lack of consent and discrimination. Stratified for parity, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine which birth characteristics were associated with the upsetting experiences of different categories of D&A. Results: Of all 11,520 women included in this study, 45.1% of primiparous and 27.0% of multiparous women reported at least one upsetting experience of D&A. Lack of consent was reported most frequently, followed by communication issues. For both primiparous and multiparous women, especially transfer from midwife-led to obstetrician-led care, giving birth in a hospital, assisted vaginal birth, and unplanned cesarean section were important factors that increased the odds of experiencing upsetting situations of D&A. Among primiparous women, the use of medical pain relief was also associated with upsetting experiences of D&A. Conclusion: A significant number of women experience upsetting disrespectful and abusive care during birth, particularly when medical interventions are needed after the onset of labour, when care is transferred during birth, and when birth takes place in a hospital. This study emphasizes the need for improving quality of verbal and non-verbal communication, support and adequate decision-making and consent procedures, especially before, during, and after the situations of birth that are associated with D&A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the proportion of women who experienced disrespect and abuse (D&A) and the type of D&A during labor and postpartum, and to determine the factors significantly associated with D&A. Methods: A cross‐sectional mixed‐methods study undertaken in tertiary care teaching institute South India. After ethical approval, 380 postpartum women within 72 h of delivery were recruited for the study. The determinants of respectful maternity care (RMC) were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. For quantitative assessment, they were interviewed using questionnaires adopted from the United States Agency for International Development‐ Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (USAID‐MCHIP) protocol, which has verification criteria for RMC. As a second method for quantitative assessment, they were asked to rate the care from their perspective on a 10‐point score. For the qualitative component, they were asked to identify the healthcare workers associated with D&A by their designation and to answer three open‐ended questions. IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM Corporation, Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 25) was used for analysis. D&A as per RMC standards I–VII and its severity were expressed as frequencies and percentages with 95% confidence interval. Univariate analysis was used to determine the associated factors, and severity was determined by χ2 test. Results: The prevalence of D&A was high (85%) according to the RMC standards of the USAID‐MCHIP questionnaire, whereas it was only 33% according to women's perspective. The most common type of D&A was non‐dignified care. The factors significantly associated with D&A were women over 25 years, those admitted as an emergency referral, having a recommendation letter, and relatives working at the same healthcare facility. Conclusion: The prevalence of D&A was high as measured by the USAID‐MCHIP questionnaire, and the most common type was non‐dignified care followed by physical abuse. Synopsis: The prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth is high according to the standards of the USAID‐MCHIP, but it is lower from the women's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respectful maternity care is a crucial part of quality care and is associated with better health outcomes. Early in the Covid-19 pandemic, reports from across the world indicated that infection containment measures were often implemented in ways that resulted in disrespectful care of women during facility-based childbirths in violation of evidence-based practices. This study aimed to explore the associations between childbirth care practices and perceptions of care as satisfactory and respectful among women who delivered in Israeli hospitals during the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional self-administered online survey was conducted to explore women's perceptions of maternity care using an adapted version of the WHO Community Survey Tool for measuring how women are treated during facility-based childbirth. Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric information, and measurements of childbirth experiences and women's perceptions of receiving respectful and satisfactory care. Results: The responses of 981 women were included in the analysis. While the majority of women perceived the care they received as both respectful (86.54%) and satisfactory (80.22%), almost 3 in 4 women (72.68%) reported experiencing at least one type of disrespectful care. Positive communication with the medical staff and respect for autonomy were associated with a more positive birth experience for women. Women were more likely to perceive their care as respectful if they did not feel ignored (AOR = 40.11;22.87–70.34). Perception of satisfactory care was more likely among women who had the opportunity to discuss preferences with the medical staff (AOR = 10.15; 6.93–14.86). Having Covid-19 procedures explained increased the likelihood of reporting respectful and satisfactory care (AOR = 2.89;1.91–4.36; AOR = 2.83;2.01–4). Conclusion: Understanding which care practices are associated with women's perceptions of care at facility-based births is critical to ensuring quality care. The findings of this study can inform future work and research aimed at enhancing respectful maternity care during times of crisis and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that women worldwide experience sub-standard care during facility-based childbirth. With this critical review, we synthesize concepts and measurement approaches used to assess maternity care conditions and provision, birth experiences and perceptions in epidemiological, quantitative research studies (e.g., obstetric violence, maternal satisfaction, disrespect or mistreatment during childbirth, person-centered care), aiming to propose an umbrella concept and framework under which the existing and future research strands can be situated. On the 82 studies included, we conduct a meta-ethnography (ME) using reciprocal translation, in-line argumentation, and higher-level synthesis to propose the birth integrity multilevel framework. We perform ME steps for the conceptual level and the measurement level. At the conceptual level, we organize the studies according to the similarity of approaches into clusters and derive key concepts (definitions). Then, we ‘translate’ the clusters into one another by elaborating each approach’s specific angle and pointing out the affinities and differences between the clusters. Finally, we present an in-line argumentation that prepares ground for the synthesis. At the measurement level, we identify themes from items through content analysis, then organize themes into 14 categories and subthemes. Finally, we synthesize our result to the six-field, macro-to-micro level birth integrity framework that helps to analytically distinguish between the interwoven contributing factors that influence the birth situation as such and the integrity of those giving birth. The framework can guide survey development, interviews, or interventional studies.

BackgroundMonitoring clients' experiences with contraceptive care is vital to inform quality improvement efforts and ensure fulfillment of individuals' human rights. The Quality of Contraceptive Counseling (QCC) Scale is a previously validated scale that comprehensively measures individuals' experiences receiving counseling in three subscales: Information Exchange, Interpersonal Relationship, and Disrespect and Abuse. We sought to better understand the correlation of client, provider, and visit factors with client-reported quality of contraceptive counseling in the public sector in two Mexican states using the QCC Scale.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey study used the QCC Scale total score and subscale scores as outcome variables. Explanatory variables included clients' age, LGBTTTIQ status, relationship status, number of children, education, and occupation; providers' gender and type of provider; and the reason for visit. Linear and logistic regression models assessed bivariate associations. Multivariable, multilevel mixed-effects models with clinic as a random effect were fit. All models used complete cases (n = 470).ResultsIn the multilevel mixed-effects analyses, patients aged 35+ years reported worse Information Exchange (coefficient - 0.29, p = 0.01). Clients receiving care post-partum reported worse Information Exchange (coefficient - 0.25, p = 0.02) and worse total scores (coefficient - 0.15, p = 0.04) compared to clients seeking contraceptive information or methods. Clients who had 1+ children reported better Information Exchange (coefficient 0.21, p = 0.01) than those with no children. Though Disrespect and Abuse subscale scores were overall high (indicating high quality of care), we found a significant association between age and report of such negative experiences: clients in increasing age categories had increasingly higher adjusted odds of reporting no disrespect and abuse (aORs compared to the youngest group were 2.50 for those aged 19-24 years, p = 0.04; 4.53 for those 25-34 years, p = 0.01; and 6.11 for those 35+ years, p = 0.01.) CONCLUSIONS: Our findings align with previous results that younger clients have lower adjusted odds of reporting high-quality services in Mexico. There is a need for continued work supporting youth-friendly services in Mexico, and efforts should aim to ensure zero tolerance for disrespectful or coercive provider behaviors, such as pressuring or scolding clients. Improvements are also needed to ensure quality in counseling for post-partum clients, those aged 35+ years, and those without children.

This article explores the importance of supportive care in promoting respectful maternity care. It acknowledges that while interventions have been implemented to improve maternity care, they often overlook the provision of supportive care. Supportive care, which includes psychological and social strategies, can help pregnant women navigate the physical, mental, and emotional challenges of childbirth. The article emphasizes the need to incorporate supportive care into interventions and programs, examines how it is currently addressed in training manuals, and offers recommendations for the development of a comprehensive service delivery package for dignified maternity care. The inclusion of supportive care in recent guidelines is supported by evidence of its positive impact on birthing outcomes. The article also reviews various training manuals on respectful maternity care and identifies areas for improvement in terms of provider-focused information and health system integration. The authors advocate for a more holistic approach to supportive care by integrating psychosocial support for pregnant women, including their mental, emotional, and social well-being. They propose a two-pronged strategy that involves training maternity staff in evidence-based psychosocial support strategies and implementing processes at the health system level to ensure the systematic delivery of comprehensive care. This approach aims to make maternity care responsive, personalized, and equitable. The study was conducted as part of a larger research project approved by ethics review committees, and the authors have no conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background The provision of respectful and dignified maternal and newborn care is an important component of the quality of childbirth care. Although a growing body of evidence was generated on disrespect and abuse (D&A) of women during childbirth in the past decade there is limited evidence on D&A experienced by newborns. Our study aimed to determine the level of and factors associated with D&A among newborns. Methods We conducted the study in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa. We directly observed childbirth care starting from the first stage of labor through two hours after the birth of 498 mother–baby dyads. We used frequencies and percentages to describe different forms of D&A among newborns. We used binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between the D&A among newborns and independent variables. Result All of the newborns 496/496 (100%) experienced at least one form of D&A. Physical abuse was experienced by 41.1% of newborns in the form of unnecessary airway suctioning (23.2%) or slapping or holding upside down (33.5%). Additionally, 42.3% weren’t dried immediately after birth, 9.1% weren’t placed on the mother’s abdomen skin-to-skin, 61.7% had their cord cut before 1 min of birth, 34.9% weren’t breastfed within an hour of birth, 24.2% didn’t receive vitamin K and 1.8% didn’t receive tetracycline. All newborns who developed complications (69/69) received treatments without the consent of parents/caregivers. Moreover, 93.6% of parents/caregivers didn’t receive explanations regarding newborn care while the lack of breastfeeding counseling and thermal support during the immediate post-partum period was 87.3%. The likelihood of D&A was higher among newborns who were preterm (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.11–3.69), female (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.37–2.95), delivered assisted by instrument (AOR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.20–3.99), whose mothers reside in rural areas (AOR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.22–3.20), born from unmarried mothers (AOR = 2.77; 95%CI (1.26–6.06) and whose mothers received fewer than four-time antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR = 2.37; 95%CI: 1.42–3.96). Conclusion Our study found a high magnitude D&A among newborns. Gestational age at birth, sex of the newborn, maternal residence, maternal marital status, number of ANC visits, and mode of delivery were statistically significantly associated with D&A among newborns.

Background: The provision of respectful and dignified maternal and newborn care is an important component of the quality of childbirth care. Although a growing body of evidence was generated on disrespect and abuse (D&A) of women during childbirth in the past decade there is limited evidence on D&A experienced by newborns. Our study aimed to determine the level of and factors associated with D&A among newborns. Methods: We conducted the study in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa. We directly observed childbirth care starting from the first stage of labor through two hours after the birth of 498 mother–baby dyads. We used frequencies and percentages to describe different forms of D&A among newborns. We used binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between the D&A among newborns and independent variables. Result: All of the newborns 496/496 (100%) experienced at least one form of D&A. Physical abuse was experienced by 41.1% of newborns in the form of unnecessary airway suctioning (23.2%) or slapping or holding upside down (33.5%). Additionally, 42.3% weren't dried immediately after birth, 9.1% weren't placed on the mother's abdomen skin-to-skin, 61.7% had their cord cut before 1 min of birth, 34.9% weren't breastfed within an hour of birth, 24.2% didn't receive vitamin K and 1.8% didn't receive tetracycline. All newborns who developed complications (69/69) received treatments without the consent of parents/caregivers. Moreover, 93.6% of parents/caregivers didn't receive explanations regarding newborn care while the lack of breastfeeding counseling and thermal support during the immediate post-partum period was 87.3%. The likelihood of D&A was higher among newborns who were preterm (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.11–3.69), female (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.37–2.95), delivered assisted by instrument (AOR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.20–3.99), whose mothers reside in rural areas (AOR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.22–3.20), born from unmarried mothers (AOR = 2.77; 95%CI (1.26–6.06) and whose mothers received fewer than four-time antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR = 2.37; 95%CI: 1.42–3.96). Conclusion: Our study found a high magnitude D&A among newborns. Gestational age at birth, sex of the newborn, maternal residence, maternal marital status, number of ANC visits, and mode of delivery were statistically significantly associated with D&A among newborns. Plain English Summary: The provision of respectful and dignified care to mothers and newborns during antenatal, childbirth, and postnatal periods is crucial to improve their health outcomes and experiences. Although there is a growing body of knowledge on respectful maternity care, there is limited evidence that systematically assessed newborns' experiences of care. We measured the level of disrespect and abuse among newborns and assessed factors that increase the likelihood of experiencing disrespect and abuse among newborns born in three hospitals in Addis Ababa. We directly observed the care provision to assess whether the newborn was (1) physically abused (suction of the nose or mouth without medical indication; shaken, slapped, or held upside down), (2) stigmatized or discriminated (care compromised because the newborn was considered too sick to save, HIV exposed, or has congenital malformation), (3) didn't receive standard care, and (4) mothers/caregivers didn't receive counseling on breastfeeding and thermal care. We found that all of the newborns have experienced at least one form of disrespect and abuse during childbirth or the postpartum period. 41% experienced physical abuse; 99.6% didn't receive standard care; 87.3% didn't receive counseling on breastfeeding and thermal care; and 13%, 75%, and 67% of the newborns who were identified as too sick to save, HIV exposed, and congenital malformation, respectively, were ignored, denied care or treated differently. In addition, the likelihood of experiencing disrespect and abuse was high among newborns who were preterm, female, from rural areas, of unmarried mothers, whose mothers received fewer than four ANC visits and delivered by instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that women worldwide experience sub-standard care during facility-based childbirth. With this critical review, we synthesize concepts and measurement approaches used to assess maternity care conditions and provision, birth experiences and perceptions in epidemiological, quantitative research studies (e.g., obstetric violence, maternal satisfaction, disrespect or mistreatment during childbirth, person-centered care), aiming to propose an umbrella concept and framework under which the existing and future research strands can be situated. On the 82 studies included, we conduct a meta-ethnography (ME) using reciprocal translation, in-line argumentation, and higher-level synthesis to propose the birth integrity multilevel framework. We perform ME steps for the conceptual level and the measurement level. At the conceptual level, we organize the studies according to the similarity of approaches into clusters and derive key concepts (definitions). Then, we 'translate' the clusters into one another by elaborating each approach's specific angle and pointing out the affinities and differences between the clusters. Finally, we present an in-line argumentation that prepares ground for the synthesis. At the measurement level, we identify themes from items through content analysis, then organize themes into 14 categories and subthemes. Finally, we synthesize our result to the six-field, macro-to-micro level birth integrity framework that helps to analytically distinguish between the interwoven contributing factors that influence the birth situation as such and the integrity of those giving birth. The framework can guide survey development, interviews, or interventional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respectful maternity care (RMC) is a crucial strategy in improving postpartum experiences of mothers. This study aimed to explain women's perception of determining aspects and determinants of disrespect and abuse (D&A) during childbirth. This study was carried out from October 2019 to February 2020 in Tabriz-Iran. A total of 12 postpartum women were enrolled in this qualitative study by purposive sampling. The data were collected through in-depth semi structured interviews and simultaneously analyzed with a conventional content analysis approach. Thirty eight sub-themes and 11 main themes extracted from data analysis. The main themes included: "physical abuse," "psychological violence," "discrimination," "violation of privacy," "unmet needs and preferences," "nonparticipation in decision-making," "abandonment of women," "Lack of sympathy," "shortage of human and non-human resources," "unpleasant psychological atmosphere of the ward" and "facilitators of D&A." The results of our study indicated the importance of sympathy with mothers and professional ethics. Moreover, healthcare providers, administrators, and policy-makers should design patient-centered interventions in order to secure the material, psychological, and legal needs of women to receive respectful maternity care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disrespect and abuse of laboring and child-birthing women in healthcare is a global problem that violates a woman's right to respectful care. The abuse can be life-threatening and jeopardizes their rights to health, bodily integrity, and freedom fromdiscrimination. This study aimed to understand the factors influencing nurse andmidwife disrespect and abuse of child-birthing women in healthcare settings. Methods: An exploratory, nonexperimental, cross-sectional design was used to identify correlates and predictors of disrespect and abuse of child-birthing women by nurses/midwives. Pearson product--moment correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between nurse intrapersonal, interpersonal (Nursing Incivility Scale), organizational/structural factors (Professional Practice Work Environment Inventory), and disrespect and abuse (Disrespect and Abuse Scale) toward women during labor and childbirth. An online electronic survey was used to collect data from an international nursing and midwifery population from May 2021 to September 2021. Data were collected from 231 nurses and midwives. Results: The standardized regression coefficients showed that gender, number of hours worked per week, and organizational/ structural factors were all predictors of disrespect and abuse. Organizational/structural factors were the strongest predictor of disrespect and abuse, accounting for 20% of the variance in the regression model. Discussion: These findings support the patient abuse in healthcare model, where researchers hypothesized that nurse/midwife intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational/structural factors contribute to patient abuse in healthcare settings. Work environment, gender, and number of hours worked per week were significant predictors of disrespect and abuse. The results of this study support future research that addresses unhealthy work environments and develops policies to transformthe values and norms of labor and delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Respectful maternity care is an approach that involves respecting women’s belief, choices, emotions, and dignity during the childbirth process. As the workload among maternity care workforce affects intrapartum quality care, respectful maternity care might have also been affected, particularly during the pandemic. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the association between workload among healthcare providers and their practice of respectful maternity care, before and during the early phase of pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in South Western Nepal. A total of 267 healthcare providers from 78 birthing centers were included. Data collection was done through telephone interviews. The exposure variable was workload among the healthcare providers, and the outcome variable was respectful maternity care practice before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multilevel mixed-effect linear regression was used to examine the association. Results The median client-provider ratio before and during the pandemic was 21.7 and 13.0, respectively. The mean score of respectful maternity care practice was 44.5 (SD 3.8) before the pandemic, which was decreased to 43.6 (SD 4.5) during the pandemic. Client-provider ratio was negatively associated with respectful maternity care practice for both times; before (Coef. -5.16; 95% CI -8.41 to -1.91) and during (Coef. -7.47; 95% CI -12.72 to -2.23) the pandemic. Conclusions While a higher client-provider was associated with a lower respectful maternity care practice score both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, the coefficient was larger during the pandemic. Therefore, workload among the healthcare providers should be considered before the implementation of respectful maternity care, and more attention should be given during the pandemic.

Abstract Background The majority of maternal deaths occur in low-income countries, and facility-based childbirth is recognised as a strategy to reduce maternal mortality. However, experiences of disrespect and abuse during childbirth are reported as deterrents to women’s utilisation of health care facilities. Health care providers play a critical role in women’s experiences during childbirth; yet, there is limited research on service providers’ views of disrespect and abuse in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore providers’ perspectives on disrespect and abuse during childbirth in a teaching hospital in Southwest Ethiopia. Method Qualitative study was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital in Jimma Ethiopia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 32 purposefully selected health care providers, including midwives, obstetrics and genecology resident’s, senior obstetricians and nurses. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed using the qualitative data analysis software program MAXQDA. Results Three major themes were identified from the health care providers’ perspectives: (1) respectful and abuse-free care, (2) recognised disrespect and abuse; and (3) drivers of women’s feelings of disrespect and abuse. The first theme indicates that most of the participants perceived that women were treated with respect and had not experienced abuse during childbirth. The second theme showed that a minority of the participants recognised that women experienced disrespect and abuse during childbirth. The third theme covered situations in which providers thought that drivers for women felt disrespected. Conclusion Most providers perceived women’s experiences as respectful, and they normalized, and rationalized disrespect and abuse. The effect of teaching environment, the scarcity of resources has been reported as a driver for disrespect and abuse. To ensure respectful maternity care, a collaborative effort of administrators, teaching institutions, professional associations and researchers is needed. Such collaboration is essential to create a respectful teaching environment, ensure availability of resources, sustained in-service training for providers, and establishing an accountability mechanism for respectful maternity care.

BackgroundCompassionate and respectful maternity care during childbirth has been identified as a potential strategy to prevent and reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite its importance, there is a paucity of information on the level of disrespect and abuse meted out to mothers in eastern Ethiopia. This study assesses the level of disrespect and abuse suffered by women during childbirth, and the associated factors, in public health facilities in the rural East Hararghe Zone in eastern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 530 women who gave birth in 20 public health facilities in the East Hararghe Zone during the period between 1 April and 30 April 2020. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify the factors associated with disrespect and abuse during childbirth. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% CI) was used to report this association, and statistical significance was set at P

Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with disrespect and abuse during childbirth among women who delivered in a University Teaching Hospital using a validated tool. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Participants included women who presented for the 6‐week postnatal visit. The primary outcome was the experience of disrespect and abuse by the women in any of the thematic domains in the tool, namely friendly care, abuse‐free care, timely care, discrimination‐free care, abandonment, and non‐consented care. Results: In all, 200 participants were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of disrespect and abuse among the study population was 36.5%. Verbal abuse and untimely care were the commonest (15.5%). Nurses were mostly the perpetrators of disrespect and abuse. Maternal age, parity, and marital status among others were not significantly predictive of disrespect and abuse by respondents. Conclusion: Disrespect and abuse from health workers during childbirth is a prevalent problem among women who delivered in the hospital. This undesirable experience of childbirth needs to be addressed by stakeholders in maternal health. Synopsis: About one‐third of women experienced disrespect and abuse during delivery. Verbal abuse and untimely care were the commonest forms of disrespect and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disrespect and abuse during childbirth are violations of women's human rights and an indicator of poor-quality care. Disrespect and abuse during childbirth are widespread, yet data on providers' perspectives on the topic are limited. We examined providers' perspectives on the frequency and drivers of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in a rural county in Kenya. We used data from a mixed-methods study in a rural county in Western Kenya with 49 maternity providers (32 clinical and 17 non-clinical) in 2016. Providers were asked structured questions on disrespect and abuse, followed by open-ended questions on why certain behaviours were exhibited (or not). Most providers reported that women were often treated with dignity and respect. However, 53% of providers reported ever observing other providers verbally abuse women and 45% reported doing so themselves. Observation of physical abuse was reported by 37% of providers while 35% reported doing so themselves. Drivers of disrespect and abuse included perceptions of women being difficult, stress and burnout, facility culture and lack of accountability, poor facility infrastructure and lack of medicines and supplies, and provider attitudes. Provider bias, training and women's empowerment influenced how different women were treated. We conclude that disrespect and abuse are driven by difficult situations in a health system coupled with a facilitating sociocultural environment. Providers resorted to disrespect and abuse as a means of gaining compliance when they were stressed and feeling helpless. Interventions to address disrespect and abuse need to tackle the multiplicity of contributing factors. These should include empowering providers to deal with difficult situations, develop positive coping mechanisms for stress and address their biases. We also need to change the culture in facilities and strengthen the health systems to address the system-level stressors.

Abstract Objective The study aims to assess quality of obstetric and newborn care including respectfulness of the maternity care. Design The study used explanatory sequential mixed methods design . Setting This study was conducted in 50 health centres in Addis Ababa city administration January 25 to April 31, 2021. Methods During the quantitative phase 500 women in postpartum period were interviewed using structured questionnaire. In the second phase in-depth interview was conducted with 20 midwives and 13 health centre managers. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The qualitative data was analysed using Colaizzi’s seven step process. Results Only 24.6% of women had respectful maternity care (RMC). Only 46% of women had effective communication during child birth. Only 9.6% of women had emotional support during child birth. Majority of women were encouraged to mobilize, take food and be on labor position of their choice. However, only 22.4 and 18.8% of women respectively had a companion of choice and any pharmacologic pain relief during child birth. One in seven women (15%) had one form of disrespect and abuse during child birth. Conclusion Ensuring respectful maternity care needs strong policy direction to health facilities, public education on their right to respectful maternity care, training of care givers and monitoring care through engagement of frontline staff and clients.

Introduction: Respectful maternity care is an approach that involves respecting women's belief, choices, emotions, and dignity during the childbirth process. As the workload among maternity care workforce affects intrapartum quality care, respectful maternity care might have also been affected, particularly during the pandemic. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the association between workload among healthcare providers and their practice of respectful maternity care, before and during the early phase of pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in South Western Nepal. A total of 267 healthcare providers from 78 birthing centers were included. Data collection was done through telephone interviews. The exposure variable was workload among the healthcare providers, and the outcome variable was respectful maternity care practice before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multilevel mixed-effect linear regression was used to examine the association. Results: The median client-provider ratio before and during the pandemic was 21.7 and 13.0, respectively. The mean score of respectful maternity care practice was 44.5 (SD 3.8) before the pandemic, which was decreased to 43.6 (SD 4.5) during the pandemic. Client-provider ratio was negatively associated with respectful maternity care practice for both times; before (Coef. -5.16; 95% CI -8.41 to -1.91) and during (Coef. -7.47; 95% CI -12.72 to -2.23) the pandemic. Conclusions: While a higher client-provider was associated with a lower respectful maternity care practice score both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, the coefficient was larger during the pandemic. Therefore, workload among the healthcare providers should be considered before the implementation of respectful maternity care, and more attention should be given during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of maternal deaths occur in low-income countries, and facility-based childbirth is recognised as a strategy to reduce maternal mortality. However, experiences of disrespect and abuse during childbirth are reported as deterrents to women's utilisation of health care facilities. Health care providers play a critical role in women's experiences during childbirth; yet, there is limited research on service providers' views of disrespect and abuse in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore providers' perspectives on disrespect and abuse during childbirth in a teaching hospital in Southwest Ethiopia. Method: Qualitative study was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital in Jimma Ethiopia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 32 purposefully selected health care providers, including midwives, obstetrics and genecology resident's, senior obstetricians and nurses. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed using the qualitative data analysis software program MAXQDA. Results: Three major themes were identified from the health care providers' perspectives: (1) respectful and abuse-free care, (2) recognised disrespect and abuse; and (3) drivers of women's feelings of disrespect and abuse. The first theme indicates that most of the participants perceived that women were treated with respect and had not experienced abuse during childbirth. The second theme showed that a minority of the participants recognised that women experienced disrespect and abuse during childbirth. The third theme covered situations in which providers thought that drivers for women felt disrespected. Conclusion: Most providers perceived women's experiences as respectful, and they normalized, and rationalized disrespect and abuse. The effect of teaching environment, the scarcity of resources has been reported as a driver for disrespect and abuse. To ensure respectful maternity care, a collaborative effort of administrators, teaching institutions, professional associations and researchers is needed. Such collaboration is essential to create a respectful teaching environment, ensure availability of resources, sustained in-service training for providers, and establishing an accountability mechanism for respectful maternity care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric Violence (OV) is a public health matter that affects women and their children with an incidence rate between 18.3–75.1% globally. The delivery institution of public and private sectors represents a potential factor contributing to OV. This study aimed to assess OV existence among sample of pregnant Jordanian women and its risk factors domains between public and private hospitals. Methodology: This is a case-control study including 259 recently delivered mothers from Al-Karak Public and Educational Hospital and The Islamic Private Hospital. A designated questionnaire including demographic variables and OV domains was used for data collection. Results: A significant difference was seen between patients delivering in the public sector compared to patients delivering the private sector in education level, occupation, monthly income, delivery supervision and overall satisfaction. Patients delivering in the private sector showed a significantly less physical abuse by the medical staff compared to patients delivering in the public sector, and patients delivering in a private room also showed a significantly less OV and risk of physical abuse compared to patients delivering in shared room. In public settings, medications information was lesser versus the private ones, additionally, there is significant association between performing episiotomy, physical abuse by staff and the delivery in shared rooms in private settings. Conclusion: This study showed that OV was less susceptible during childbirth in private settings compared to public settings. Educational status, low monthly income, occupation are risk factors for OV; also, features of disrespect and abuse like obtaining consent for episiotomy performance, delivery provision updates, care perception based on payment ability and medication information were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain language summary Disrespect and abuse during labour and birth is a globally recognized phenomenon and has been linked to traumatic birth experiences and PTSD. In our study, we investigated how often women experience disrespect and abuse during labour and birth in the Netherlands and what proportion of these experiences was found to be upsetting. We also looked at risk factors for experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse and to what extent upsetting disrespect and abuse influences the overall labour and birth experience. We conducted an online survey, with 12,239 respondents included in the analysis. We found a large variation in how frequently certain types of disrespect and abuse were considered upsetting, with 36.3% of women experiencing at least one situation of disrespect and abuse as upsetting. More subtle forms of disrespect and abuse, such as lack of choice, communication or support, were most prevalent and often considered upsetting. Giving birth for the first time and having a migrant background were risk factors for experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse. Upsetting disrespect and abuse was found to have a strong impact on the overall labour and birth experience; with every additional experienced category of upsetting disrespect and abuse, the number of (very) positive labour and birth experiences decreases and the number of very negative ones increases. Although disrespect and abuse is a complex issue and its measurement subjective, this study shows that there is still a long way to go before achieving optimal respectful maternity care for all women, even in high income countries.

Plain Language Summary Instances of disrespect and abuse during childbirth are prevalent around the world, particularly in low-resource settings. Few interventions have been designed and evaluated in these settings and even fewer in Southern Africa. This study aimed to understand the effects of a behaviorally informed intervention on the provision of respectful maternity care. We performed an evaluation of a health facility-based intervention, in Chipata District, Zambia. The study included quantitative and qualitative surveys with health care providers and women who recently delivered, as well as health facility observations and qualitative interviews with health facility supervisors. Our results show that clients who delivered at a facility where our intervention took place had a decreased likelihood of experiencing disrespect and abuse and an increased provision of pain management support. Our findings suggest that facility-based approaches informed by behavioral science have the potential to increase provision of respectful care and decrease the prevalence of mistreatment in low-resource settings. A large-scale evaluation of these interventions across settings could contribute valuable evidence around low-cost solutions to promote respectful maternity care.

In the United States, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) experience more adverse health outcomes and report mistreatment during pregnancy and birth care. The rights to bodily autonomy and consent are core components of high‐quality health care. To assess experiences of coercion and nonconsent for procedures during perinatal care among racialized service users in the United States, we analyzed data from the Giving Voice to Mothers (GVtM‐US) study. Methods: In a subset analysis of the full sample of 2700, we examined survey responses for participants who described the experience of pressure or nonconsented procedures or intervention during perinatal care. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses by racial and ethnic identity for the outcomes: pressure to have perinatal procedures (eg, induction, epidurals, episiotomy, fetal monitoring), nonconsented procedures performed during perinatal care, pressure to have a cesarean birth, and nonconsented procedures during vaginal births. Results: Among participants (n = 2490), 34% self‐identified as BIPOC, and 37% had a planned hospital birth. Overall, we found significant differences in pressure and nonconsented perinatal procedures by racial and ethnic identity. These inequities persisted even after controlling for contextual factors, such as birthplace, practitioner type, and prenatal care context. For example, more participants with Black racial identity experienced nonconsented procedures during perinatal care (AOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.35–2.64) and vaginal births (AOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.23–2.83) than those identifying as white. In addition, people who identified as other minoritized racial and ethnic identities reported experiencing more pressure to accept perinatal procedures (AOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.08–2.20) than those who were white. Discussion: There is a need to address human rights violations in perinatal care for all birthing people with particular attention to the needs of those identifying as BIPOC. By eliminating mistreatment in perinatal care, such as pressure to accept services and nonconsented procedures, we can help mitigate long‐standing inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence that women in Ethiopia often face disrespect and abuse in health care facilities during childbirth. Disrespect and abuse (D&A) violate women's right to dignified, respectful health care and decrease their trust in health care facilities. There is a need for more insight into women's perspectives on D&A during childbirth in different contexts. Therefore, this study aimed to explore women's perspectives on D&A during childbirth in a teaching hospital in South-West Ethiopia. A qualitative study was conducted from November 2017 to February 2018 using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Postnatal women were purposively chosen and scheduled for interviews six weeks postpartum. Data saturation occurred once 32 women were interviewed, and four focus group discussions were conducted. A thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data using MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. Three main themes emerged from the data: disrespect and abuse, its contributors, and perceived consequences. The subthemes of D&A include neglected care, non-consented care, physical abuse, lack of privacy, loss of autonomy, objectification, lack of companionship, and verbal abuse. The subthemes of contributors include health care provider-related, health care system-related, and women-related contributors. The subthemes of perceived consequences include the fear of using health care facilities. Women in Ethiopia experienced D&A. Health system factors, such as the teaching environment and scarcity of supplies, contribute the most to the identified D&A. Therefore, providers, administrators, training institutions, and researchers must collaborate to address these health system factors to reduce disrespect and abuse during childbirth in teaching hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Contexto El trato abusivo recibido por mujeres durante el parto es un problema mundial que amenaza los derechos de las mujeres y el acceso a una atención materna de calidad. Este fenómeno ha sido documentado en Colombia, pero poco énfasis se ha hecho en poblaciones vulnerables, como las mujeres indígenas desplazadas. Metodología Se presentan resultados derivados de un proyecto macro. Se realizaron entrevistas con mujeres indígenas Emberas que tuvieron experiencia de parto en Medellín (n = 10), profesionales de salud (n = 6) y líderes comunitarios (n = 5). Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis cualitativo de enfoques inductivos y deductivos, para identificar aspectos que generan el maltrato contra las mujeres indígenas durante el parto y posibles intervenciones para evitar su ocurrencia. Los modelos teóricos existentes se adaptaron para organizar temáticamente los generadores del maltrato y soluciones en cuatro subsistemas: factores individuales y comunitarios, factores clínicos, factores relacionados a los hospitales y factores asociados al sistema nacional. Resultados Los participantes destacaron como factores a nivel individual y comunitario la normalización de tratos irrespetuosos y abusivos de parte de los profesionales de salud con las mujeres indígenas, así como su falta de autonomía y empoderamiento. A nivel clínico, se identificó la falta de atención prenatal, barreras para la comunicación, falta de comprensión de la cultura indígena, la cultura y formación médica, la desmoralización de los médicos. Sobre los servicios de salud, se encontraron infraestructuras, espacios y recursos humanos inadecuados. En el nivel del sistema, se identifican la falta de políticas y poca valoración de la atención respetuosa. Los participantes señalaron la importancia de realizar intervenciones sobre estos generadores, basados en la dignidad y el respeto por la cultura indígena. Conclusiones Este artículo amplía la creciente literatura global sobre el maltrato dirigido a las maternas durante el parto y muestra que las mujeres indígenas son especialmente vulnerables debido a las barreras y prejuicios culturales y lingüísticos. Se necesitan urgentemente acciones amplias para hacer realidad los derechos de las mujeres frente a la atención materna respetuosa. Las intervenciones deben ser multifacéticas y específicas a nivel local, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades y deseos de las mujeres a las que sirven.

Resumen Simple Monitorear las experiencias de las usuarias con los servicios anticonceptivos es vital para visibilizar los esfuerzos orientados a mejorar la calidad de la atención y garantizar sus derechos humanos. La Escala para Medir la Calidad de la Consejería Anticonceptiva (QCC) es una encuesta que evalúa las experiencias individuales de las usuarias con los servicios anticonceptivos. Está fundamentada en perspectivas centrada en la persona y de derechos humanos, e indaga explícitamente sobre posibles experiencias negativas. Este artículo describe el análisis de los datos recabados de la implementación de la Escala QCC, explorando asociaciones estadísticas entre las puntuaciones de las características de las usuarias, personal de salud y visita. En este estudio, también se analizaron los puntajes de las tres subescalas que conforman la Escala QCC (Intercambio de Información, Relaciones Interpersonales y Maltrato y Abuso). Los resultados del análisis revelan que, aunque no es reportado comúnmente, las usuarias más jóvenes tienen más probabilidades de reportar Abuso y Maltrato. Las usuarias de 35 o más años reportaron peor Intercambio de Información; las usuarias que recibieron atención postparto reportaron peor Intercambio de Información y peores puntuaciones totales; y las usuarias que tenían uno o más hijos, reportaron tener mejor Intercambio de Información. Estos hallazgos coinciden con resultados previos que indican que las usuarias más jóvenes tienen menores razones de probabilidad ajustada de reportar valores altos de calidad de los servicios anticonceptivos en México. Es necesario seguir apoyando a los servicios amigables para adolescentes en México, y los esfuerzos deberían apuntar a eliminar conductas irrespetuosas o coercitivas del personal de salud, tales como presionar o regañar a las usuarias. También es necesario mejorar y garantizar la calidad de la orientación consejería para usuarias en postparto, aquellas que tienen 35 o más años, y aquellas que no tienen hijos.

There is evidence that women in Ethiopia often face disrespect and abuse in health care facilities during childbirth. Disrespect and abuse (D&A) violate women’s right to dignified, respectful health care and decrease their trust in health care facilities. There is a need for more insight into women’s perspectives on D&A during childbirth in different contexts. Therefore, this study aimed to explore women’s perspectives on D&A during childbirth in a teaching hospital in South-West Ethiopia. A qualitative study was conducted from November 2017 to February 2018 using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Postnatal women were purposively chosen and scheduled for interviews six weeks postpartum. Data saturation occurred once 32 women were interviewed, and four focus group discussions were conducted. A thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data using MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. Three main themes emerged from the data: disrespect and abuse, its contributors, and perceived consequences. The subthemes of D&A include neglected care, non-consented care, physical abuse, lack of privacy, loss of autonomy, objectification, lack of companionship, and verbal abuse. The subthemes of contributors include health care provider-related, health care system-related, and women-related contributors. The subthemes of perceived consequences include the fear of using health care facilities. Women in Ethiopia experienced D&A. Health system factors, such as the teaching environment and scarcity of supplies, contribute the most to the identified D&A. Therefore, providers, administrators, training institutions, and researchers must collaborate to address these health system factors to reduce disrespect and abuse during childbirth in teaching hospitals.

Objective: The study aims to assess quality of obstetric and newborn care including respectfulness of the maternity care.Design: The study used explanatory sequential mixed methods design .Setting: This study was conducted in 50 health centres in Addis Ababa city administration January 25 to April 31, 2021.Methods: During the quantitative phase 500 women in postpartum period were interviewed using structured questionnaire. In the second phase in-depth interview was conducted with 20 midwives and 13 health centre managers. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The qualitative data was analysed using Colaizzi's seven step process.Results: Only 24.6% of women had respectful maternity care (RMC). Only 46% of women had effective communication during child birth. Only 9.6% of women had emotional support during child birth. Majority of women were encouraged to mobilize, take food and be on labor position of their choice. However, only 22.4 and 18.8% of women respectively had a companion of choice and any pharmacologic pain relief during child birth. One in seven women (15%) had one form of disrespect and abuse during child birth.Conclusion: Ensuring respectful maternity care needs strong policy direction to health facilities, public education on their right to respectful maternity care, training of care givers and monitoring care through engagement of frontline staff and clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women experience disrespect and abuse during labour and birth all over the world. While the gravity of many forms of disrespect and abuse is evident, some of its more subtle forms may not always be experienced as upsetting by women. This study examines (1) how often women experience disrespect and abuse during labour and birth in the Netherlands and (2) how frequently they consider such experiences upsetting. We also examine (3) which respondent characteristics (age, ethnicity, educational level and parity) are associated with those experiences of disrespect and abuse that are upsetting, and (4) the associations between upsetting experiences of disrespect and abuse, and women's labour and birth experiences. Methods: Women who gave birth up to five years ago were recruited through social media platforms to participate in an online survey. The survey consisted of 37 questions about experiences of disrespect and abuse divided into seven categories, dichotomised in (1) not experienced, or experienced but not considered upsetting (2) experienced and considered upsetting. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine associated characteristics with upsetting experiences of disrespect and abuse. A Chi-square test was used to investigate the association between upsetting experiences of disrespect and abuse and overall birth experience. Results: 13,359 respondents started the questionnaire, of whom 12,239 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disrespect and abuse in terms of 'lack of choices' (39.8%) was reported most, followed by 'lack of communication' (29.9%), 'lack of support' (21.3%) and 'harsh or rough treatment/physical violence' (21.1%). Large variation was found in how frequently certain types of disrespect and abuse were considered upsetting, with 36.3% of women experiencing at least one situation of disrespect and abuse as upsetting. Primiparity and a migrant background were risk factors for experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse in all categories. Experiencing more categories of upsetting disrespect and abuse was found to be associated with a more negative birth experience. Conclusions: Disrespectful and abusive experiences during labour and birth are reported regularly in the Netherlands, and are often (but not always) experienced as upsetting. This emphasizes an urgent need to implement respectful maternity care, even in high income countries. Plain language summary: Disrespect and abuse during labour and birth is a globally recognized phenomenon and has been linked to traumatic birth experiences and PTSD. In our study, we investigated how often women experience disrespect and abuse during labour and birth in the Netherlands and what proportion of these experiences was found to be upsetting. We also looked at risk factors for experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse and to what extent upsetting disrespect and abuse influences the overall labour and birth experience. We conducted an online survey, with 12,239 respondents included in the analysis. We found a large variation in how frequently certain types of disrespect and abuse were considered upsetting, with 36.3% of women experiencing at least one situation of disrespect and abuse as upsetting. More subtle forms of disrespect and abuse, such as lack of choice, communication or support, were most prevalent and often considered upsetting. Giving birth for the first time and having a migrant background were risk factors for experiencing upsetting disrespect and abuse. Upsetting disrespect and abuse was found to have a strong impact on the overall labour and birth experience; with every additional experienced category of upsetting disrespect and abuse, the number of (very) positive labour and birth experiences decreases and the number of very negative ones increases. Although disrespect and abuse is a complex issue and its measurement subjective, this study shows that there is still a long way to go before achieving optimal respectful maternity care for all women, even in high income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respectful maternity care (RMC) has been elevated in the global discourse, however, instances of disrespect and abuse remain prevalent. While several studies have highlighted promising approaches to promote RMC, this body of literature is still limited and few approaches have been scaled outside the initial study sites. Building on formative research conducted through a behavioral science lens, we sought to develop and test evidence-based, low-cost solutions to promote RMC which would be well-positioned for scale-up. Our study highlights the effectiveness of the solution package on provider provision of respectful care and client satisfaction, as well as intermediary outcomes and behavioral mechanisms. Methods: A quasi-experimental evaluation, informed by the behavioral design approach, was completed to test the effectiveness of a 5-component solution package in Chipata, Zambia. Quantitative surveys were collected from health facility providers and postpartum clients at baseline and endline in intervention and comparison facilities. Additional qualitative interviews were conducted with health facility providers and postpartum clients at endline. We also conducted interviews with health facility in-charges and observed labor and delivery practices at intervention facilities over the course of implementation. Results: Evidence suggested that at endline, clients at implementation facilities were less likely to experience disrespect and abuse compared to clients at comparison facilities (ß = − 0.15 p = 0.01). Clients at intervention facilities were more likely to request pain management compared to clients at comparison facilities (ß = 0.33, p = 0.003). The solutions were simple for providers to implement and were easily integrated into existing services by providers during labor and delivery. Providers at intervention facilities also described the pain management toolkit as helpful in expanding the types of pain management techniques used during labor. Conclusions: The results of this small-scale study act as a proof of concept, demonstrating that the behavioral design approach can lead to solutions that show potential for impact. In other settings where providers face similar barriers to providing RMC, an adaptation of this solution package might lead to similarly positive results. Given the global scale of disrespectful care, these low-cost solutions hold promise for improving the quality of care women receive during labor and delivery. Plain Language Summary: Instances of disrespect and abuse during childbirth are prevalent around the world, particularly in low-resource settings. Few interventions have been designed and evaluated in these settings and even fewer in Southern Africa. This study aimed to understand the effects of a behaviorally informed intervention on the provision of respectful maternity care. We performed an evaluation of a health facility-based intervention, in Chipata District, Zambia. The study included quantitative and qualitative surveys with health care providers and women who recently delivered, as well as health facility observations and qualitative interviews with health facility supervisors. Our results show that clients who delivered at a facility where our intervention took place had a decreased likelihood of experiencing disrespect and abuse and an increased provision of pain management support. Our findings suggest that facility-based approaches informed by behavioral science have the potential to increase provision of respectful care and decrease the prevalence of mistreatment in low-resource settings. A large-scale evaluation of these interventions across settings could contribute valuable evidence around low-cost solutions to promote respectful maternity care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Respectful maternity care is the universal right of every childbearing woman, which promotes the practices that recognize women’s preferences and women’s and newborns’ needs. The objective of the study was to assess disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in Pokhara. Methods: Postnatal mothers having vaginal institutional delivery were included in the study. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was done to select 231 samples. Face to face interview technique with structured interview schedule was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Most (88.3%) of the mothers were between the age of 20 and 34 years with the mean age of 25.39±4.799 years. More than half of them had spontaneous vaginal delivery with episiotomy and (87%) of mothers had no any complications during childbirth. The overall disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth was (70.1%) and only (29.9%) of the postnatal mothers received respectful and non-abusive care. Regarding types of disrespect and abuse, (34.6%) of them were suffered from physical abuse, (68%) received non-consented care, (22.5%) of them received non-confidential and non-dignified care, (1.3%) experienced discrimination based on specific attributes and (26%) suffered from abandonment or neglect of care. There was no significant association between the prevalence of disrespect and abuse with socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the mothers. The association was found with place of delivery. Conclusion: It is concluded that near to three fourth of the postnatal mothers suffer from disrespect and abuse during facility based child birth in Pokhara. Thus, to increase respectful and non-abusive care during facility based childbirth, practice of respectful maternity care should be promoted including development of clinical guidelines and protocols.

Obstetric violence, including unconsented interventions, coercion and disrespect, violates human rights; impacting the physical and psychosocial health of women. The perspective and experience of midwives related to obstetric violence have been explored in low and middle-income countries, with limited research into the experience of midwives in high income nations. To explore Australian midwives' perspectives of obstetric violence. Thematic analysis of qualitative in-depth interviews with 15 midwives experienced in supporting women during birth. Critical feminist theory underpinned each stage of the research. Interviews with 15 Australian midwives from diverse care settings were analysed thematically. Four key themes were developed from the data: 'the operationalisation of obstetric violence', 'the impact of obstetric violence' ' the historical and situational context' and ' hope for the future '. Midwives considered entrenched patriarchal structures and gender inequity as fundamental to the occurrence of obstetric violence. This societal scaffold is intensified within health care systems where power imbalances facilitate maternal mistreatment through coercion and grooming women for compliance in the antenatal period. Fragmented care models expose women to mistreatment with continuity models being protective only to a point. Midwives experience their own trauma, as a result of what they have witnessed, and due to the lack of support they receive when advocating for women. Obstetric violence occurs in Australian maternity systems with unconsented interventions, overmedicalisation, coercion, and disrespect observed by midwives. Care-related trauma impacts on the mental health of midwives, raising workforce concerns for policy makers, consumer advocates and professional bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The World Health Organization includes women's experiences of care and person-centred outcomes as primary components in their quality-of-care framework for maternal and newborn health. Patients' perceptions of quality of care indicate how well health systems meet patients' expectations, as well as their level of trust in the system. Methods This study was a cross-sectional examination of person-centred maternal care service delivery, from the perspective of women who used the services of the Princess Christian Maternity Hospital in Sierra Leone. The care was measured using the person-centred maternity care survey, which was administered to 100 women at the hospital. Results Person-centred maternal care was found to be lacking in patient--provider interactions, especially in the areas of communication, autonomy and dignity and respect. conclusions This study provides evidence regarding the extent to which person-centred maternity care is delivered at the Princess Christian Maternity Hospital. The findings could be used to target interventions to improve patient satisfaction and quality of care at the Princess Christian Maternity Hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abusive and disrespectful treatment of women during childbirth is a critical global issue that threatens women's sexual rights and reproductive rights and access to quality maternal care. This phenomenon has been documented in Colombia. However, little emphasis has been placed on identifying the drivers of and potential interventions against disrespect and abuse against particularly vulnerable populations in the country, including internally displaced indigenous women.Methods: This report is a sub-analysis of a larger project. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with indigenous (Embera) women with childbirth experience (n = 10), maternal healthcare workers (n = 6), and community stakeholders (n = 5) in Medellín, Colombia. Qualitative analysis techniques, consisting of inductive and deductive approaches, were used to identify and characterize the drivers of disrespect and abuse against indigenous women during childbirth and points for intervention. Existing frameworks were adapted to thematically organize drivers and potential solutions into four interrelated subsystems: individual and community factors, clinician factors, facility factors, and national health system factors.Results: Participants highlighted disrespect and abuse as stemming from (within the individual and community level) its normalization, lack of autonomy and empowerment among indigenous women, lacking antenatal care, (within the clinician level) prejudice, linguistic or cultural barriers to communication, lack of understanding of indigenous culture, medical culture and training, burnout and demoralization, (within the facility level) inadequate infrastructure, space, and human resources, and (within the national systems level) lack of clear policies and the devaluing of respectful maternity care. They called for interventions specific to these drivers, grounded in dignity and respect for indigenous culture.Conclusion: This paper expands upon the growing literature on global mistreatment during childbirth by highlighting drivers of mistreatment and identifying points for intervention in a previously unstudied population. Our data show that indigenous women are especially vulnerable to mistreatment due to cultural and linguistic barriers and prejudice. Broad and meaningful action is urgently needed to realize these women's rights to respectful maternity care. Interventions must be multifaceted and locally specific, taking into account the needs and wants of the women they serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Rwanda has made great progress in improving reproductive, maternal, and newborn health (RMNH) care; however, barriers to ensuring timely and full RMNH service utilization persist, including women’s limited decision-making power and poor-quality care. This study sought to better understand whether and how gender and power dynamics between providers and clients affect their perceptions and experiences of quality care during antenatal care, labor and childbirth. Methods This mixed methods study included a self-administered survey with 151 RMNH providers with questions on attitudes about gender roles, RMNH care, provider-client relations, labor and childbirth, which took place between January to February 2018. Two separate factor analyses were conducted on provider responses to create a Gender Attitudes Scale and an RMNH Quality of Care Scale. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted in February 2019 with RMNH providers, female and male clients, explored attitudes about gender norms, provision and quality of RMNH care, provider-client interactions and power dynamics, and men’s involvement. Data were analyzed thematically. Results Inequitable gender norms and attitudes – among both RMNH care providers and clients – impact the quality of RMNH care. The qualitative results illustrate how gender norms and attitudes influence the provision of care and provider-client interactions, in addition to the impact of men’s involvement on the quality of care. Complementing this finding, the survey found a relationship between health providers’ gender attitudes and their attitudes towards quality RMNH care: gender equitable attitudes were associated with greater support for respectful, quality RMNH care. Conclusions Our findings suggest that gender attitudes and power dynamics between providers and their clients, and between female clients and their partners, can negatively impact the utilization and provision of quality RMNH care. There is a need for capacity building efforts to challenge health providers’ inequitable gender attitudes and practices and equip them to be aware of gender and power dynamics between themselves and their clients. These efforts can be made alongside community interventions to transform harmful gender norms, including those that increase women’s agency and autonomy over their bodies and their health care, promote uptake of health services, and improve couple power dynamics.

Over the last decades, the Indian government has adopted several strategies and programmes to encourage institutional childbirth and reduce maternal mortality. However, ensuring institutional delivery does not of itself ensure safe and dignified delivery and there are frequently episodes of violence during childbirth. Obstetric violence has long-term adverse effects on the health and well-being of women. The present study attempts to understand the nature of obstetric violence and the organisational contexts in which patterns of violent behaviours and actions emerge and are reproduced, contributing to obstetric violence. A database search for literature was conducted on PubMed and studies on women's experience during childbirth in health facilities in India were selected, based on the inclusion criteria. The present review's findings show that the most prevalent form of obstetric violence is verbal abuse followed by physical abuse and other dehumanising behaviour. Women from lower castes, Muslim communities, and low-income families were shown to be more likely to encounter dehumanising and neglectful behaviour from care providers in public health facilities. Obstetric violence during childbirth arises from encounters between care providers and women at an individual level, health system failures, and an abusive institutional atmosphere and culture. The abusive environment in health facilities fosters fear about facility care among women, contributes to worsened health outcomes, and deters women from further utilisation of health care services. Therefore, along with expanding institutional births and access to emergency obstetric care, measures should be taken to ensure dignified and caring treatment of women during childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Facility-based childbirth has increased globally. Unfortunately, there have also been reports of women experiencing disrespect and abuse by healthcare providers during childbirth. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of self-reported disrespect and abuse (D&A) by healthcare providers of women during childbirth in health facilities in Tanzania, and to clarify the factors related to D&A. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in public health facilities of three regions in Tanzania from September 2016 to October 2016. Nurses and midwives who had ever conducted deliveries completed a 22-item section about D&A and three sections about working conditions and environment. A model for predicting D&A based on several factors such as their characteristics, working conditions, and working environment was developed by conducting multiple regression analysis. Results Thirty public health facilities in three regions within Tanzania were selected to reflect different levels of hospitals. Among 456 participants (nurses, midwives, and nursing assistants), 439 were included in the analysis. Average number of self-reported D&A out of 22 items was five, and nearly all participants (96.1%) reported enacting one form of D&A at the least and two forms of D&A at the most. About 25–44% of D&A items were in the forms related to women’s experiences with childbirth psychologically. Moreover, at least 10–30% of the participants enacted some form of D&A which could directly affect the well-being of mothers and babies. D&A scores increased with an increase in ‘working hours per week’ and ‘taking a break during evening shifts’. D&A scores decreased with an increase in the scores of the ‘two components of the Index of Working Satisfaction (professional status and interaction between nurses)’, and ‘any type of supervision for new nurse-midwives’. Conclusion Most studies about D&A of healthcare providers previously focused on the reports of women. To our knowledge, this is the first report that focused on D&A reported by healthcare providers. Working conditions and systems including personal relationships with colleagues were both positively and negatively related to D&A of healthcare providers rather than the provider’s individual and facility structural characteristics.

Abstract Background Recently, a growing body of literature has established that disrespect and abuse during delivery is prevalent around the world. This complex issue has not been well studied through the lens of behavioral science, which could shed light on the psychological dimensions of health worker behavior and how their micro-level context may be triggering abuse. Our research focuses on the behavioral drivers of disrespect and abuse in Zambia to develop solutions with health workers and women that improve the experience of care during delivery. Methods A qualitative study based on the behavioral design methodology was conducted in Chipata District, Eastern Province. Study participants included postpartum women, providers (staff who attend deliveries), supervisors and mentors, health volunteers, and birth companions. Observations were conducted of client-provider interactions on labor wards at two urban health centers and a district hospital. In-depth interviews were audio recorded and English interpretation from these recordings was transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis and findings were synthesized following the behavioral design methodology. Results Five key behavioral barriers were identified: 1) providers do not consider the decision to provide respectful care because they believe they are doing what they are expected to do, 2) providers do not consider the decision to provide respectful care explicitly since abuse and violence are normalized and therefore the default, 3) providers may decide that the costs of providing respectful care outweigh the gains, 4) providers believe they do not need to provide respectful care, and 5) providers may change their mind about the quality of care they will provide when they believe that disrespectful care will assist their clinical objectives. We identified features of providers’ context – the environment in which they live and work, and their past experiences – which contribute to each barrier, including supervisory systems, visual cues, social constructs, clinical processes, and other features. Conclusions Client experience of disrespectful care during labor and delivery in Chipata, Zambia is prevalent. Providers experience several behavioral barriers to providing respectful maternity care. Each of these barriers is triggered by one or more addressable features in a provider’s environment. By applying the behavioral design methodology to the challenge of respectful maternity care, we have identified specific and concrete contextual cues that targeted solutions could address in order to facilitate respectful maternity care.

Over the last decades, the Indian government has adopted several strategies and programmes to encourage institutional childbirth and reduce maternal mortality. However, ensuring institutional delivery does not of itself ensure safe and dignified delivery and there are frequently episodes of violence during childbirth. Obstetric violence has long-term adverse effects on the health and well-being of women. The present study attempts to understand the nature of obstetric violence and the organisational contexts in which patterns of violent behaviours and actions emerge and are reproduced, contributing to obstetric violence. A database search for literature was conducted on PubMed and studies on women’s experience during childbirth in health facilities in India were selected, based on the inclusion criteria. The present review’s findings show that the most prevalent form of obstetric violence is verbal abuse followed by physical abuse and other dehumanising behaviour. Women from lower castes, Muslim communities, and low-income families were shown to be more likely to encounter dehumanising and neglectful behaviour from care providers in public health facilities. Obstetric violence during childbirth arises from encounters between care providers and women at an individual level, health system failures, and an abusive institutional atmosphere and culture. The abusive environment in health facilities fosters fear about facility care among women, contributes to worsened health outcomes, and deters women from further utilisation of health care services. Therefore, along with expanding institutional births and access to emergency obstetric care, measures should be taken to ensure dignified and caring treatment of women during childbirth.

Background: Obstetric Violence (OV) is a public health matter that affects women and their children with an incidence rate between 18.3–75.1% globally. The delivery institution of public and private sectors represents a potential factor contributing to OV. This study aimed to assess OV existence among sample of pregnant Jordanian women and its risk factors domains between public and private hospitals. Methodology: This is a case-control study including 259 recently delivered mothers from Al-Karak Public and Educational Hospital and The Islamic Private Hospital. A designated questionnaire including demographic variables and OV domains was used for data collection. Results: A significant difference was seen between patients delivering in the public sector compared to patients delivering the private sector in education level, occupation, monthly income, delivery supervision and overall satisfaction. Patients delivering in the private sector showed a significantly less physical abuse by the medical staff compared to patients delivering in the public sector, and patients delivering in a private room also showed a significantly less OV and risk of physical abuse compared to patients delivering in shared room. In public settings, medications information was lesser versus the private ones, additionally, there is significant association between performing episiotomy, physical abuse by staff and the delivery in shared rooms in private settings. Conclusion: This study showed that OV was less susceptible during childbirth in private settings compared to public settings. Educational status, low monthly income, occupation are risk factors for OV; also, features of disrespect and abuse like obtaining consent for episiotomy performance, delivery provision updates, care perception based on payment ability and medication information were reported.

Respectful care during childbirth is a universal right for each woman in every health system, and mistreatment of women during childbirth is a major breach of this right. This study aimed to explore the views of Palestinian women and healthcare providers regarding factors contributing to the mistreatment of women during childbirth at childbirth facilities in the West Bank, Palestine. A qualitative study was conducted in the West Bank, Palestine, from February 2019 to April 2019. In-depth interviews were conducted with six Palestinian women and five healthcare providers. Consent was obtained individually from each participant, and the interviews ranged from 40 to 50 min. Data collection was continued until thematic saturation was reached. Open-ended questions were asked during interviews. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data collected from the interviews. Four themes were identified with regards to the women and healthcare providers' views about factors contributing to the mistreatment of women during childbirth in the West Bank, Palestine: limitation in childbirth facilities, factors within the healthcare providers, the women themselves, and barriers within the community. Mistreatment of women during childbirth may occur due to the limitations of resources and staff in childbirth facilities. Some women also justified the mistreatment, and certain characteristics of the women were believed to be the factors for mistreatment. As the first known study of its kind in West Bank, the identified contributing factors especially the limitations of resources and staff are essential to provide good quality and respectful care at childbirth facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]