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The relationships that the United States Air Force, or USAF, creates with the companies that produce its technology are vital to its ability to function. The goal of the technical research project is the production of technology that will help preserve Air Force helicopters. The electrodes that will be produced will make the maintenance of the protective coatings on aircrafts easier. The science, technology, and society, or STS, research paper investigates the process by which the USAF obtains its technology. It accomplishes this by identifying the entities that affect the Air Force procurement process and examining how they are socially and technically connected. The STS project is tightly coupled to the technical project because it will use the production of the HH-60W Jolly Green II helicopter as the center of its discussion, which is the same aircraft that the implements produced in the technical project will be designed for. The technical report describes the design and production of electrodes using different materials and shapes. These electrodes will eventually be used by USAF personnel to monitor the corrosion protective coating on the HH-60W helicopter. Four materials were tested to determine their corrosion resistance and wettability in order to evaluate their survivability and testing capability after repeated uses. Electrodes were produced and evaluated for their ability to detect defects in a protective coating and assessed for ease of production and user-friendliness. Nickel proved to be the most corrosion resistant material and was the most consistent in its wettability, while copper became more wettable over time. Brass, copper, and nickel electrodes were able to be produced easily, while stainless steel electrodes were not able to be produced using the methodology that was chosen. Due to its corrosion resistance, ease of production, and sensitivity to defects, nickel electrodes in the Band-Aid and Scythe shapes were determined to be the most useful for corrosion protective coating monitoring. The STS project will construct a model of the sociotechnical relationships that the Air Force forms, and this model will illuminate the actors that affect USAF procurement strategies. This project will use the production history of the HH-60W combat rescue helicopter to build a model in line Actor Network Theory, a sociotechnical framework that was created by researchers at the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation. Actor Network Theory, or ANT, defines pieces of technology as actors that exist in a network of sociotechnical relationships with other actors such as people, organizations, and nonhuman elements. Focusing on a specific aircraft allows for an understanding of a general network around the USAF while also allowing for an in-depth analysis of how this network can affect technology. Throughout the STS research project, the timeline of the Jolly Green II was discussed extensively. Relevant actors that appeared in the timeline were identified, and their connections within the network were explored. The network around the HH-60W includes the USAF, the company that designed and produced it, other companies in the defense industry, the US federal government, the international environment, and other military aircrafts. All of these actors could be connected not only with the Jolly Green II, but with each other. Everything that the USAF procures is connected to several other entities both socially and technically. Understanding the types of products that the Air Force requests and uses gives insight into the organization’s practices and future goals, and looking at these innovations from a social context gives a similar opportunity for comprehension. Air Force technology is not separable from the social environment that it is created in, and a true appreciation of USAF operations cannot be complete without a sociotechnical lens.

Electroless nickel-based coatings are frequently used in the field of coatings to improve the surface properties of materials such as wear, hardness, and corrosion. In this study, Ni-W-P alloy and Ni-W-P/Al2O3 composites were coated on the aluminum substrate by electroless technique. Composite coatings were carried out after suspending process of alumina (Al2O3) particles at different concentrations in the electroless bath. The characterizations of the coatings were studied to be able to reach optimum particle concentration. Aluminum oxide particles (average particle size 300 nm) with different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 g/L) were added to the bath to determine the concentration effect. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses were performed to examine the microstructure images of the composite coatings. x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the coating layers' phase structures. The hardness of the coatings was determined by applying the hardness test on a microscopic scale. CSM tribometer was used to establish the wear and friction properties of the coatings. Galvanometer was used to determine corrosion resistance. After the studies, hardness values of coatings were successfully increased from 552 to 700 HV depending on the amount of particles in the coating layer. The friction coefficient was also improved by decreasing that from 0.45 to 0.1 µ grades with the contribution of Al2O3 particle reinforcement to Ni-W-P coating. The wear rate of the coatings decreased from 5.96 × 10 −5 to 3.16 × 10−5 mm3/Nm) with the increase of Al2O3 particles in the composite coating which indicates approximately two times improvement in the wear resistance. The corrosion resistance of composite coatings also increased, and an improvement in corrosion rate was achieved from 392 value to 063µm/year value with increasing particle concentration. © 2023, ASM International.

Laser clad coatings consisting of a Ni-based matrix and tungsten carbide (WC) hard phases are used for heavy wear protection of components in many industries. Matrix composition and WC type can be chosen to give these composites resistance to erosive/abrasive wear, as well as to the impacts of particles and corrosion. Maintaining ductility in the matrix is important, so that it can absorb impact energy and minimize cracking, thus avoiding penetration of corrosive media through cracks and subsequent corrosion in the substrate-cladding interface. Claddings were tested for their impact resistance by means of a single impact with a hard, spherical indenter. The depth of impact craters was measured, and the cracking behavior was analyzed. Corrosion resistance of Ni/WC composites, a HVOF WC/CoCr coating and a hard chrome reference coating were tested by electrochemical corrosion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and by exposure for up to 1000 h in a salt spray test. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

In this study, Ni-based Inconel 718 coatings were additively manufactured on the surface of AISI H13 work tool steel by electro-spark deposition (ESD). Some of the electro-spark deposited samples were boronized at 1000 ? for 5 h to evaluate the effects of boronizing on microstructure, high-temperature wear, and corrosion resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 2D pro-filometry, wear and electrochemical corrosion testing was used to characterize the surfaces, microstructures, microhardness, some mechanical properties, high-temperature wear, and corrosion resistance of the applied coatings. Wear tests were performed at room temperature and 650 ?, and corrosion tests were performed in 3.5% NaCl at room temperature, considering the applications of AISI H13 and Inconel 718 alloys. The characterization studies showed evidence of microcracking and oxidation in the as-deposited Inconel 178 coatings. In the boronized Inconel 718 coatings, the oxides and microcracks were slightly reduced. The hardness of the boronized Inconel 718 coating was increased to about four times the hardness of the as-deposited Inconel 718 coating, and this significantly improved its wear resistance. The highest wear resistance was achieved with the boronized coating, while the best corrosion resistance was obtained with the as-deposited coating. The improvements in wear resistance provided by boronizing have the potential for expanding the applications of Inconel 718 coatings in machine components.

Corrosion behaviour of stainless steel 347 was investigated in a molten nitrate salt (60 wt% NaNO3 + 40 wt% KNO3) immersion at 565 °C for up to 3000 h. A growth of stratified oxide layers consisting of NaFeO2, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 was observed on the stainless steel surface with a constant gravimetric corrosion rate of ~ 0.4 µm/year. The feasibility of using Ni3Al coatings deposited by means of air plasma spray for suppression of corrosion was investigated. Ni3Al coatings were observed to undergo a fast oxidation with a corrosion rate of ~ 2.7 µm/year in the first 500 h, and subsequently stabilise between 500 and 3000 h with no observable changes in microstructure, composition and weight at a corrosion rate of ~ 0.02 µm/year. The results presented in this study strongly suggest that Ni3Al coating suppresses the formation of oxide layers on the surface of stainless steel substrates and can be used as protection against corrosion in the presence of molten nitrate salts, which is of relevance to thermal energy storage applications.

Zinc (Zn) and zinc–nickel (Zn–Ni) electrodeposition has been widely used in many industries, such as automotive and aerospace, for corrosion protection of steel components owing to their excellent corrosion resistance. Conventional zinc and zinc–nickel electrodeposition is performed in different types of aqueous baths (acid and alkaline). Such electrolytes suffer from certain drawbacks such as hydrogen gas evolution, low coulombic efficiencies, and environmental toxicity. Electrodeposition of Zn and Zn–Ni alloys from ionic liquids has gained significant attention in aerospace and automotive sectors owing to the different environments they provide for electrodeposition. This paper reviews the progress in deposition of zinc and zinc-nickel alloys in non-aqueous systems, especially ionic liquids. In addition, the challenges and technological developments associated with the Zn and Zn–Ni deposition on different substrates and the factors that need to be considered while electroplating at an industrial scale are discussed.

In this study, titanium carbide (TiC) coatings were grown on the surface of a spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) via thermo-reactive diffusion (TRD) using powder-pack processing at 800 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C for 4 h. The TiC coatings obtained on the SGI were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface profilometry, microhardness, VDI adhesion testing, wear testing, and electrochemical corrosion testing. Depending on the TRD temperature, continuous, crack-free, and smooth TiC coatings of 5–11 μm thickness and 27.96–32.45 GPa hardness were obtained on the surface. The high chemical stability, high hardness, and good adhesion strength of TiC coatings resulted in a reduced friction, high wear resistance, and superior corrosion resistance compared to the untreated sample. Delamination and oxidation assisted abrasive wear transformed into oxidation-assisted adhesive wear in the coated samples. Galvanic corrosion was dominant in untreated SGI, while homogeneous corrosion occurred in the coated samples. TiC coatings grown using TRD have the potential to be used in engineering components exposed to tribo-corrosive conditions.

WOS: 000446711300053, The corrosion resistances of three different thermochemical coatings (grown using titanizing, boriding, and borotitanizing treatments) applied to STKM-13A steel surfaces were investigated. The coatings were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, 2D profilometry, and microhardness experiments. The corrosion tests were conducted using both electrochemical and static immersion methods, in 3.5 pct NaCl and 40 pct HF acid solutions, respectively. The corrosion resistance of STKM-13A steel was enhanced after the coating process. The specimens were exposed to more corrosion in the HF solution than in the NaCl solution. The best corrosion resistance was obtained in the borotitanized and borided specimens immersed in the NaCl and HF solutions, respectively. The borided STKM-13A steel sample showed even less cumulative weight loss than Inconel 625 in the static immersion HF acid solution test. This suggests potential use of the borided STKM-13A steel in the uranium production units of nuclear power plants as an alternative to more costly alternatives such as Monel, Inconel, and Hastelloy. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2018

AISI 900 series stainless steels are considered as low-cost alternatives to nickel-based superalloys used for highly corrosive environments. However, in terms of mechanical properties, they have average strength and hardness similar to other austenitic stainless steel grades and this often limits their use. If a 900 series alloy were to be used under tribocorrosive conditions, its surface properties would have to be improved by a wear and corrosion resistant coating. In this study, AISI 904L steel was pack boronized in a solid medium at temperatures of 900, 1000 and 1100 °C for 2, 4 and 6 h with nano-sized boronizing powders. The grown boride layers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, 2D profilometry, microhardness measurements, ball-on-disk type wear tests and electrochemical corrosion tests. Characterization studies revealed a complex boride layer consisting of FeB, Fe2B, CrB, Cr3B4, Ni3B and Mo2B phases with 2366–2396 HV hardness. Wear tests showed that the abrasive wear resistance of the AISI 904L steel was improved by up to 40 times. The corrosion resistance of boronized AISI 904L was inferior to untreated AISI 904L in 3.5% NaCl, but comparable to AISI 316L.

The utilization of Mg alloys for biomedical applications is so far underexplored due to the accelerated corrosion hampering patient recovery post implantation. Here, we explore the effectiveness of corrosion reduction of an AZ31 alloy in Simulated Body Fluid when coated with a 40 nm sputtered TiO2 layer and compare it to a similar coating made by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Potentiodynamic polarization and hydrogen evolution experiments were performed on coated samples having different surface roughness and 3D topologies. Interestingly, ALD layers reduce corrosion current density by 94% on Ra = 118.6 ± 5.1 nm and 93% on Ra = 4794.3 ± 49.4 nm, whereas sputtered only by 84% on Ra = 118.6 ± 5.1 nm and 60% on Ra = 4794.3 ± 49.4 nm. Particularly on 3D aspects, the ALD coatings are superior, where a scaffold of 85% porosity with 1 mm pore sizes released 68% lower hydrogen compared to the sputtered counterparts. We relate these observations to the higher surface integrity, adhesion strength and lower line-of-sight restrictions of ALD compared to sputter deposition. The results can be interesting for researchers and practitioners aiming to make Mg alloys more commonplace as temporary metallic implant materials. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Electropolymerization of polypyrrole coatings in the presence and absence of sodium nitrate was applied on rheo-cast Al-4.5% Si alloy and pure aluminum. The results showed that the eutectic silicon phase and intermetallic particles in the alloy’s microstructure increase the electrodeposition rate in comparison to the pure aluminum substrate. The electrochemical and microstructural studies show that the polypyrrole coatings are able to protect the surface due to the barrier properties and the passivation protection provided by the reduction of the conductive polymer. The coating electrodeposited from sodium nitrate-containing electrolyte presented improved protection for longer immersion time. Localized formation of a thick oxide layer as a result of the drastic galvanic coupling at the polypyrrole/aluminum interface leads to blister formation and failure of the coating. It was revealed that the coating could be deposited into the porosities produced by the casting related defects, but in most cases, this affects the corrosion protection leading to imminent failure.

High-temperature corrosion of critical components such as water walls and superheater tubes in biomass/waste-fired boilers is a major challenge. A dense and defect-free thermal spray coating has been shown to be promising to achieve a high electrical/thermal efficiency in power plants. The field of thermal spraying and quality of coatings have been progressively evolving; therefore, a critical assessment of our understanding of the efficacy of coatings in increasingly aggressive operating environments of the power plants can be highly educative. The effects of composition and microstructure on high-temperature corrosion behavior of the coatings were discussed in the first part of the review. The present paper that is the second part of the review covers the emerging research field of performance assessment of thermal spray coatings in harsh corrosion-prone environments and provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying high-temperature corrosion mechanisms that lead to the damage of exposed coatings. The application of contemporary analytical methods for better understanding of the behavior of corrosion-resistant coatings is also discussed. A discussion based on an exhaustive review of the literature provides an unbiased commentary on the advanced accomplishments and some outstanding issues in the field that warrant further research. An assessment of the current status of the field, the gaps in the scientific understanding, and the research needs for the expansion of thermal spray coatings for high-temperature corrosion applications is also provided.

—The aggregation and sedimentation of ultradispersed diamonds (UDDs) in a citrate copper-plating electrolyte (CCPE) used to fabricate composite electrochemical coatings are investigated. The sedimentation and aggregation stability is investigated in order to select the UDD concentration in the CCPE. This is necessary to fabricate composite copper coatings with improved operational characteristics (increased hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance), as well as impart them new properties (antifriction and catalytic). The UDD content in the electrolyte varies in limits from 0.2 to 2.0 g/L. The size distribution of the UDD particles in the electrolyte immediately after the suspension preparation and after the 10-day holding is determined using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffraction analyzer. The aggregation and sedimentation stability of the UDD suspension in the CCPE is investigated by the gravimetric method with the continuous weighing of a quartz small cap immersed into this suspension. The quartz cap is associated with a Sartorius R200D analytical balance with the help of a quartz wire. The experimentally determined time dependence of the weight of settling UDD particles is Q = f(t). The relative size distribution of the particles is determined from this dependence. It is established that the sedimentation stability is substantially affected by the aggregation of the particles, the intensity of which increases with an increase in the UDD concentration. The results satisfying the requirements on the aggregation and sedimentation stability are found for the UDD suspension in the CCPE with a concentration of 1.0 g/L. In this case, the high content of the dispersed phase is combined with aggregation and sedimentation stability, which makes it possible to fabricate copper composite coatings with improved operational properties. © 2019, Allerton Press, Inc.

The present study investigates the initial corrosion behaviour of HVAF-sprayed NiCr, NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings in two different environments, O 2 + H 2 O and O 2 + H 2 O + KCl at 600 °C for up to 168 h in order to evaluate the possibility of utilizing such coatings in biomass- and waste-fired boilers. SEM/EDX analysis showed that all coatings displayed a protective behaviour in O 2 + H 2 O. Upon addition of KCl (O 2 + H 2 O + KCl), the corrosion behaviour of the NiCr coating drastically changed as it formed a thick oxide layer and displayed major chlorine diffusion down to the substrate. The NiCrAlY coating displayed a significantly better corrosion resistance with only minor oxide formation. The NiAl coating exhibited a protective behaviour similar to when exposed in the absence of KCl indicating that a thin protective oxide has formed on the coating surface. The performance of the NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings is promising for future studies with long-term exposures in more corrosive environments such as in a biomass- and waste-fired boiler. © 2019, The Author(s).

Fatigue crack formation is the most important factor affecting the damage in parts under subjected to the repeated stresses. In this context, intensive researches are continuing on the protective hard coatings in the aviation and automotive sectors in order to increase the fatigue life especially in aluminum alloy parts. Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) based coatings are widely used in many industrial applications due to high corrosion resistance, high hardness and high surface resistance. In this study, fatigue crack propagation on 7075–T651 alloy with chromium oxide coating by thermal spraying method was investigated. Test results show that the crack propagation is slowed down by the chromium oxide based coating and increase the surface resistance of the aluminum alloy. © 2019 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Zeolites are crystalline nanoporous aluminosilicates. Thanks to their intrinsically nanoporous structure they are widely used as molecular sieves, for exchanging ions, or, also thanks to the high surface area of these structures, for catalytic applications. Furthermore, thanks to their thermal and chemical stability, in recent years zeolite coatings have been evaluated for application as anti-corrosion coatings. The non-toxicity of this class of coatings makes it possible that they will be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chromate-based coatings. This article provides a brief review of the anti-corrosion performance of zeolite coatings, applied by direct synthesis technique to several metals and alloys, as discussed in the literature. After a short description of the microstructure and properties of zeolites, the discussion addresses the research activities related to this topic, as reported in the literature. Comparative analysis of literature results supported the dry-gel conversion method as a promising approach that combines a simplified synthesis procedure with anti-corrosion coating performance. Based on these considerations, an evaluation of future trends is discussed along with the final remarks.

In this paper, we demonstrated for the first time the growth of 3D networks of graphene nano-flakes across porous stainless steel substrates of micron sized metal fibres, and its anti-corrosión properties. The controlled formation of graphene-grade coatings in the form of single sheets to complex and homogeneously distributed 2–4 lm long nano-pillars is demonstrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The morphology and stability of these structures are shown to be particularly related to the temperature and feed gas flow rate during the growth. The number of layers across the graphene materials was calculated from the Raman spectra and is shown to range between 3 and more than 15 depending on the growth conditions and to be particularly related to the time and flow rate of the experiment. The presence of the graphene was shown to massively enhance the specific surface area of the material and to contribute to the increased corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of the material without compromising the properties or structure of the native stainless steel materials. This new approach opens up a new route to the facile fabrication of advanced surface coatings with potential applications in developing new thermal exchangers, separation and bio-compatible materials. Australian Department of Industry

Two different types of boron-doped graphene/copper interfaces synthesized using two different flow rates of Ar through the bubbler containing the boron source were studied. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and optically stimulated electron emission (OSEE) measurements have demonstrated that boron-doped graphene coating provides a high corrosion resistivity of Cu-substrate with the light traces of the oxidation of carbon cover. The density functional theory calculations suggest that for the case of substitutional (graphitic) boron-defect only the oxidation near boron impurity is energetically favorable and creation of the vacancies that can induce the oxidation of copper substrate is energetically unfavorable. In the case of non-graphitic boron defects oxidation of the area, a nearby impurity is metastable that not only prevent oxidation but makes boron-doped graphene. Modeling of oxygen reduction reaction demonstrates high catalytic performance of these materials., 15 pages, 8 figures, to appear in Appl. Surf. Sci