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La conservation in situ des plantes cultivées, ou dans les champs des agriculteurs, a joué un rôle mineur dans la conservation des ressources génétiques et on lui a préféré les méthodes ex situ. Bien que l’on pense que la conservation à la ferme intéresse essentiellement les sélectionneurs généticiens, il faut considérer qu’elle a lieu car l’agriculture paysanne est encore liée aux variétés traditionnelles. Dans cet article le cas du maïs au Mexique est analysé selon cette perspective. La conservation de facto (sans intervention de la part des institutions), des variétés traditionnelles de maïs au Mexique est très étendue et dynamique, avec plus de deux millions d´agriculteurs qui sèment du maïs natif sur plus de la moitié des huit millions d´hectares ensemencés annuellement. Pour les petits agriculteurs, le maïs représente plus une sécurité alimentaire qu´une source de revenus commerciaux, car il n´est pas actuellement la source principale de revenus pour la majeure partie d´entre eux. Plusieurs facteurs expliquent la présence de ces variétés traditionnelles de maïs dans le paysage tels que l´altitude, le sol de mauvaise qualité agricole, les systèmes d´échange de semences. Si l´on se réfère à la richesse des races, le centre et l´ouest du Mexique en offrent la plus grande diversité et cette richesse ne s´est pas réduite de façon significative dans les soixante dernières années. Les variétés traditionnelles de maïs ne sont pas statiques et certaines sont en train de changer pour répondre à des demandes spécifiques. On peut interpréter le cas du maïs au Mexique comme celui d´une amélioration évolutive liée à un objectif de sécurité alimentaire, là où les agriculteurs et la sélection naturelle d´une base génétique large produisent la semence indispensable pour des millions d´agriculteurs. In situ conservation of crops, or conservation in farmers’ fields, has been a minor component in the conservation of genetic resources; ex situ methods have been the preferred option. Although conservation in farmers’ fields is thought to be aimed at conserving genes for geneticists, it happens because the well-being of many farmers’ households depends on traditional varieties. A review of the case of corn in Mexico is presented. The de facto conservation, without institutional intervention, of traditional maize varieties in Mexico is extensive and dynamic with more than 2 million farmers planting native varieties, these are planted on more than half of the 8 million hectares planted annually. For small-scale farmers, maize represents food security, more than a business or monetary income, and maize is not currently the main source of income for most of these farmers. Several of the main factors that determine the presence of traditional maize varieties in the landscape are described, among which the altitude, the quality of the agricultural land, the quality of grains and seeds’ flow. Based on maize races richness, central and western Mexico has the greatest diversity, and the richness has not significantly decreased in the last 60 years. Traditional maize varieties are not static and continue to change to meet specific demands. It is possible to interpret the case of maize in Mexico as evolutionary plant breeding within a food security objective, where farmers and natural selection of a broad genetic base continue to produce the seed that is essential for millions of farmers. La conservación in situ de cultivos, o conservación en campos de agricultores, ha sido un componente menor en la conservación de recursos genéticos; los métodos ex situ han sido la opción preferida. Aunque se piensa que la conservación en campos de agricultores es destinada a conservar los genes para los genetistas, ésta sucede porque el bienestar de los hogares de muchos de los agricultores depende de variedades tradicionales. Se presenta una revisión del caso del maíz en México. La conservación de facto, sin intervención institucional, de las variedades tradicionales de maíz en México es extensa y dinámica con más que 2 millones de agricultores sembrando variedades nativas, éstas se siembran en más que la mitad de los 8 millones de hectáreas sembradas anualmente. Para los agricultores de pequeña escala el maíz representa seguridad alimentaria más que un negocio o ingreso monetario y actualmente el maíz no es el ingreso principal de la mayoría de estos agricultores. Se describen varios factores principales que determinan la presencia de las variedades tradicionales de maíz en el paisaje, entre los que destacan la altitud, la calidad de las tierras agrícolas, la calidad del grano y el intercambio de semillas. Con base en la riqueza de razas, el centro y oeste de México tiene la mayor diversidad y la riqueza no se ha reducido significativamente en los últimos 60 años. Las variedades tradicionales de maíz no son estáticas y siguen cambiando para responder a demandas específicas. Es posible interpretar el caso del maíz en México como mejoramiento evolutivo dentro de un objetivo de seguridad alimentaria, donde los agricultores y el mejoramiento evolutivo de una base genética amplia siguen produciendo la semilla indispensable para millones de agricultores.

The international community is trying to fight the current pattern of biodiversity erosion. In recent years, local and indigenous communities have been recognized as models in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Some of them have been recreating, expressing and transmitting knowledge and natural resources management practices for centuries. In 2003, the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (hereinafter “ICH Convention”) was adopted in order to preserve this heritage, which is also on the verge of disappearing due to acculturation, globalization, deforestation, etc. Despite the interdependent relationship which characterizes certain elements of intangible cultural heritage (hereinafter “ICH”) with the natural material elements associated to it, the Convention does not guide its Parties towards the recognition and preservation of this unique relationship. More specifically, it does not guide them towards the conservation and sustainable use of the elements of biodiversity that are necessary to the safeguarding of ICH (considered as a network of life). This is why, some might question the capacity of the ICH Convention to safeguard ICH associated with biodiversity? At a time when species and tradition knowledge and practices are going extinct, it is essential to refine the implementation of the Convention by a revision of its Operational Directives responsible for specifying the commitments of the Parties – and which are regularly amended by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of ICH and the General Assemble of State Parties to the Convention – towards a better suited safeguarding of ICH associated with biodiversity. The ecosystem approach developed for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter “CBD”) – whose objectives are the conservation, sustainable use of biodiversity and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits obtained from the use of natural resources – is the basis for this proposal to revise the Operation Directives of the ICH Convention. This approach allows the sustainable management of ecosystems considered as being networks of life including humans and their biodiversity., La diversité biologique connaît un schéma d'érosion face auquel la communauté internationale tente de lutter. Depuis quelques années, les communautés locales et autochtones sont reconnues comme un modèle de conservation et d'utilisation durable de cette diversité. Elles recréent, expriment et transmettent des connaissances et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles depuis des temps immémoriaux pour certaines. En 2003, la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel (ci-après « Convention PCI ») est adoptée afin de préserver ce patrimoine qui est lui aussi sur le point de disparaître en raison de l'acculturation, la mondialisation, la déforestation, etc. Malgré la relation d’interdépendance qui caractérise certains éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel (ci-après « PCI ») avec les éléments matériels naturels auxquels ils sont associés, la Convention ne guide pas ses Parties vers la reconnaissance et préservation de cette relation. Plus précisément, elle ne guide pas ses Parties vers la conservation et l’utilisation durable de l’ensemble des éléments de la biodiversité nécessaires à la sauvegarde du PCI (réseau de vie). C’est pourquoi, certains pourraient s’interroger sur la capacité de la Convention PCI à sauvegarder le PCI associé à la biodiversité ? A l’heure de l’extinction des espèces et de la raréfaction des connaissances et pratiques « traditionnelles », il apparaît primordial de faire évoluer la mise en œuvre de la Convention par une révision de ses Directives opérationnelles chargées de préciser les engagements des Parties et régulièrement amendées par le Comité intergouvernemental de sauvegarde du PCI et l’Assemblé générale des États parties à la Convention vers une sauvegarde mieux adaptée au PCI associé à la biodiversité. L’approche par écosystème développée sous l’empire de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (ci-après « CDB ») dont les objectifs sont la conservation, l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles sert de base à cette proposition de révision des directives de la Convention PCI. L’approche permet de gérer des écosystèmes considérés comme des réseaux de vie dont les Hommes et la diversité culturelle sont un élément à part entière.

ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, mapas, tablas Se analizaron las características ecosistémicas y culturales de 17 agroecosistemas tradicionales, que cultivan tubérculos andinos, hoy catalogados como especies subutilizadas: Oxalis tuberosa, M; Ullucus tuberosus, C y Tropaelum tuberosum R&P, en los municipios de Turmequé, Ventaquemada y Tibasosa en el Departamento de Boyacá. En el marco de la agroecología como ciencia de la complejidad, y a partir de un enfoque de investigación transdisciplinar que ocupó herramientas cuantitativas y cualitativas, el estudio determinó que los tres tubérculos andinos y su respectiva variabilidad intraespecífica, constituyen componentes protagónicos de agroecosistemas que, a pesar de estar inmersos en una matriz principal de paisaje donde predominan pastos y monocultivos, ubicados en suelos propensos a erosión y baja fertilidad y en el marco de un clima que ha variado en las últimas décadas, aún conservan éstas especies. Estos agroecosistemas de tipo microfundio, se caracterizan por ser agrodiversos, cuyas prácticas de manejo los ubican dentro de un modelo productivo que tiende a la agroecología. En ellos, aunque en medio de entornos ecosistémicos y sociales, que a lo largo del tiempo les han sido adversos, el conocimiento de los agricultores traducido en usos, valoraciones y creencias en torno a las tres especies andinas, han incidido por años en las prácticas y tecnologías asociadas a su manejo, la prevalencia de los procesos de intercambio monetario y no monetario, así como los procesos de organización local que han motivado, no solo su conservación, sino también el rediseño de sus sistemas productivos. En este sentido, se estima que los tubérculos andinos, más allá de un recurso fitogenético per se, son elementos indivisibles de un sistema complejo en el cual, si bien coexisten e inciden las características del paisaje, así como la configuración de los agroecosistemas a los cuáles pertenecen, los elementos culturales hasta ahora escasamente visibilizados, corresponden sin duda a los factores determinantes para su conservación in situ. (Texto tomado de la fuente). This study analyzed the ecosystemic and cultural characteristics of seventeen traditional agro ecosystems, which cultivate Andean tubers, now cataloged as underutilized species: Oxalis tuberosa, M; Ullucus tuberosus, C and Tropaelum tuberosum R & P, in the municipalities of Turmequé, Ventaquemada and Tibasosa in the Department of Boyacá. Within the framework of agro ecology as a science of complexity, and based on a interdisciplinary research approach that occupied quantitative and qualitative tools, the study determined that the three Andean tubers and their respective intraspecific variability are the main components of agro ecosystems that, despite of being immersed in a main matrix of landscape where grasses and monocultures predominate, located in soil prone to erosion and low fertility and in the framework of a climate that has varied in the last decades, they still conserve these species. These microfundio-type agro ecosystems are characterized by being agro-diverse with stratified designs, whose management practices place them within a productive model that tends towards agro ecology. In them, although in the midst of ecosystem and social environments, which over time have been adverse, farmers' knowledge translated into uses, valuations and beliefs around the three Andean species have affected the practices for years. and technologies associated with its management, the prevalence of monetary and non-monetary exchange processes, as well as the processes of local organization that have motivated, not only its conservation, but also the redesign of its productive systems. In this sense, it is estimated that the Andean tubers, beyond a phytogenetic resource per se, are indivisible elements of a complex system in which, although the characteristics of the landscape coexist and influence, as well as the configuration of the agro ecosystems to which they belong, the cultural elements so far scarcely visible, correspond without doubt to the determining factors for their conservation in situ. Incluye anexos Doctorado Doctor en Agroecología Agricultura y medioambiente Desarrollo Rural

The graphic documentation of a mosaic preserved in situ is a laborious job. Nowadays, with the advance of new technologies, it is feasible to elaborate a detailed and accurate documentation. To do this, two technologies must be combined: Orthophotography and a Geographic Information System (GIS). The application of these new tools allows qualitative and quantitative studies based on the knowledge of the geographical space. You can make measurements and identify each tessera in its exact location, with geographic coordinates, and, in addition, you can see all the details of the mosaic and the entire room, with a single digital file. With this objective, we have designed and put into practice this new documentation methodology. We have applied this method in the Archaeological Site of Mérida, in Spain. In particular, we have studied one of the most emblematic mosaics of Augusta Emerita: the “mosaico de Otoño”. This pavement is located in the famous “Casa del Anfiteatro”, which stands out for the quality and quantity of its Roman mosaics. The management and conservation of the archaeological site is carried out by the Consorcio of the Monumental Ciudad of Mérida, institution from which we have carried out this investigation. With this work we have obtained the first study on the reintegration of tesserae, getting a map with the old interventions (from Roman times) and modern ones that had not been documented since the discovery in the 60s. Also, from the drawings on the orthophotography, we also get the first results for the analysis of the iconography, identifying the figures and the geometric motifs in their whole. This digital analysis is, in addition, a fundamental document to certify the current state of conservation and keep track of deterioration over time., Yerinde korunan mozaiklerin grafik belgelemesi oldukça zahmetli bir iştir. Günümüzde, yeni teknolojilerin gelişmesine paralel olarak, ayrıntılı ve doğru bir belgelemenin detaylandırılması mümkündür. Detaylı bir belgeleme yapabilmek için ortofotografi ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) teknolojilerinin birlikte kullanılması gerekmektedir. Bu yeni araçların uygulanması, coğrafi alan bilgisine dayalı nitel ve nicel çalışmaların yapılmasına imkan sağlamaktadır. Böylelikle, tek bir dijital dosya üzerinden her bir tesseranın ölçüleri alınabilmekte ve tanımları yapılabilmekte, coğrafi koordinatlar yardımıyla da mozaiğin ve tüm mekânın detayları görülebilmektedir. Bu amaçla, bu yeni dokümantasyon metodolojisi tasarlanmış ve uygulamaya geçirilmiştir. Bu yöntem İspanya'daki Mérida Arkeolojik Sit Alanı'nda uygulanmıştır. Özellikle de, Augusta Emerita'nın en sembolik mozaiklerinden birisi olan “Sonbahar Mozaiği” (Mosaico de Otoño) üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Bu mozaik döşeme, içinde barındırdığı Roma mozaiklerinin hem nitelik hem de nicellik açısından öne çıkan bir niteliğe sahip olan ünlü “Amfitiyatro Evi’nde” (Casa del Anfiteatro) yer almaktadır. Arkeolojik alanın yönetimi ve korunması, bu araştırmayı yürüttüğümüz alandan sorumlu olan Mérida Anıtsal Kent Konsorsiyumu tarafından yürütülmektedir. Bu yöntem sayesinde tesseraların yeniden entegrasyonu ile ilgili ilk çalışma yapılmış, aynı zamanda Roma Dönemi’nden itibaren yapılan eski müdahaleler ve 1960'lardaki keşfinden günümüze kadar yapılmış müdahaleler hakkında bir harita elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ortofotografi çizimleri sayesinde ikonografi analizi yapılabilmiş, figürlerin ve geometrik motiflerin bir bütün olarak tanımlanması ile ilgili ilk sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bütün bunlara ek olarak, böyle bir dijital analizin yapılması mevcut koruma durumunun belgelenmesi ve zaman içindeki bozulmanın takip edilmesi için temel bir belge elde edilmektedir.

A agrobiodiversidade é a parcela da biodiversidade constituída por um conjunto de organismos e ecossistemas que apresentam fortes relações com os seres humanos, podendo ser domesticados, semidomesticados, cultivados ou manejados pelo homem. Essa diversidade, conservada há séculos pelo uso (conservação in situ ou conservação on farm) pelos pequenos agricultores em todas as regiões do planeta, encontra-se ameaçada. De um lado, a agricultura industrial ou química através de suas práticas, ricas em insumos químicos, provoca muitas externalidades negativas, até recentemente pouco consideradas. De outro lado, as mudanças climáticas, igualmente, produzem efeitos adversos à diversidade genética. No entanto, as preocupações com a produção de alimentos de alta qualidade biológica em sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis remontam ainda o início do século XX. Dentre os vários sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis ou alternativos, a agroecologia apresenta vários atributos favoráveis: não faz uso de insumos químicos, é sustentável em todas as suas dimensões, faz uso de grande diversidade genética no cultivo, é socioeconômico-associada, estimula as relações de vizinhança e produz alimentos com alta qualidade biológica e nutricional. No âmbito da agroecologia e não da agricultura industrial ou química, há inúmeras oportunidades para a C&T desenvolver pesquisas participativas, contextualizadas, que podem empoderar tanto a agricultura familiar quanto as comunidades tradicionais no aperfeiçoamento dos processos e princípios agroecológicos utilizados. Assim, muitas das externalidades negativas atualmente inadmissíveis poderiam ser evitadas. Agrobiodiversity is the portion of biodiversity consisting of a set of organisms and ecosystems that has strong relationships with humans, being domesticated, semi-domesticated, cultivated or managed by human beings. This diversity, which has been preserved by the practices (in situ on-farm conservation) of smallholder farmers in all regions of the world, is under threat. On one hand, industrial or chemical agriculture, because their practices are rich in external chemical inputs, causes many negative externalities that have not been considered much until recently. On the other hand, climate changes also produce adverse effects on the genetic diversity. However, since the beginning of the twentieth century concerns about the production of high quality organic foods in sustainable agricultural systems have been affirmed. Among several alternative or sustainable farming systems, agroecology comes with many favorable features: it makes no use of agrochemicals, it is environmentally sustainable, it makes use of high genetic diversity in cropping, it is socio-economically associated, it stimulates neighborhood relations, and it has food products of high biological quality. In the context of agroecology, but not in industrial or chemical agriculture, there are numerous opportunities for science and technology to develop participatory research, contextualized, that can empower family farming as well traditional communities in improving agroecological principles and processes. Thus, many of the currently unacceptable negative externalities could be avoided.

En Ecuador y Colombia hay comunidades indígenas y campesinas que aún cultivan tres tubérculos andinos: Ullucus tuberosum, Oxalis tuberosa y Tropaelum tuberosum. Este documento, apoyado en el análisis etnoecológico del conocimiento agrícola local, explica mediante las prácticas de cultivo y creencias asociadas con estas especies, las determinantes para su conservación in situ en ambos países. Se muestra cómo las legislaciones vigentes, las instituciones, la migración y los usos del suelo, infΊuyen de forma directa en sus áreas de siembra y técnicas de cultivo. Sin embargo, se destaca la persistencia de las creencias en torno a sus usos, vigente gracias a la memoria prevalente de la población adulta. In Ecuador and Colombia there are indigenous and peasant communities that still grow three Andean tubers: Ullucus tuberosum, Oxalis tuberosa and Tropaelum tuberosum. This paper, supported by a local ethnoecological analysis of the agricultural knowledge, explains the determinants for preservation in situ in both countries by means of cultural practices and beliefs associated with these species. It shows how existing laws, institutions, migration and land uses direct^ affect their planting areas and cultivation techniques. However, the persistence of beliefs about its uses stands out due to the prevalent memory of the adult population. À l'Equateur et en Colombie il y a des communautés indigènes et paysans qui cultivent encore trois (3) tubercules andins : Ullucus tuberosum, Oxalis tuberosa et Tropaelum tuberosum. Ce document, fondé sur l'anayse ethnologique de la connaissance agricole locale, explique à travers des pratiques de culture et des crcuyances liées à ces espèces, les déterminants pour leur conservation in situ, dans les deux pays. Il montre comment les législations en vigueur, les institutions, la migration et l'utilisation du sol, influencent directement leurs champs ensemencés et leurs techniques de culture. Cependant, la persistance des créances autour de leurs usages est encore mise en valeur grâce à la grande mémoire de la population adulte.