1. WHO draft guidelines on dietary saturated and trans fatty acids: time for a new approach?
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Arne Astrup, Marie-Caroline Michalski, Frans J. Kok, Philippe Legrand, Ronald M. Krauss, Marcia C de Oliveira Otto, Sabita S. Soedamah-Muthu, Renata Micha, Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, Jean Michel Lecerf, Michelle C. McKinley, Dariush Mozaffarian, Hanne Christine Bertram, Emma L. Feeney, Jean-Philippe Bonjour, Ian Givens, Benoît Lamarche, Manohar L. Garg, Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition (CarMeN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Medical and Clinical Psychology, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dutch Dairy Organisation and Global Dairy Platform, and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
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l'Economie Laitiere (CNIEL) ,Federation Francaise ,Canola Council of Canada ,publication of results. J-ML: Works for the Centre National Interprofessionnel de ,Dairy Management. BL: chair of nutrition at Laval University ,Disease ,in the process related to data analysis and interpretation ,La Banque Royale du Canada ,law.invention ,Arla Foods Amba ,EMF ,consultancies for CNIEL (French Dairy Interbranch Sector) and for different food ,0302 clinical medicine ,member of scientific advisory board of Agence pour la Recherche et l'Information ,Medicine ,Food science ,travel expenses for presentations given at conferences organised by the Dairy ,questions ,America's Test Kitchen ,Human Nutrition & Health ,ddc:616 ,expenses and honorariums in connection with meetings and lectures from Danone ,Fatty Acids ,Humane Voeding & Gezondheid ,Council and the European Milk Forum. MLG: None. IG: Estonian BioCompetance Centre ,Lactalis Alliance 4 ,European Natural Soyfoods Association ,General Medicine ,ASSOCIATION ,Trans Fatty Acids ,Nutritional Biology ,3. Good health ,Provigo-Loblaws. None of these organisations are involved in the research ,Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S ,and Arla Food for Health (a ,a dairy ,CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE ,technology centre part financed by Enterprise Ireland and partly by dairy ,programme supported by the Dairy Farmers of Canada ,all outside the submitted work. SSS-M: received funding ,exploring the effects of dairy fats and cheese consumption on human health. The ,medicine.medical_specialty ,the Natural Sciences and Engineering ,Merck Frosst ,Omada Health ,student's internship project was partly funded by the Dutch Dairy Organisation ,education ,honorariums in connection with meetings and lectures from the Dairy Council ,Federation. FJK: None. RMK: Grant funding from Almond Board of California and ,Guidelines as Topic ,and ,and from Unilever ,World Health Organization ,European Milk Foundation for projects conducted at the University of Copenhagen ,and Global Dairy Platform ,Observatoire CNIEL des Habitudes ,and Danone ,03 medical and health sciences ,Political science ,Humans ,conducted by BL and his team. BL has received funding in the past five years from ,en Fruits et Legumes ,METAANALYSIS ,VLAG ,Acasti Pharma ,Global Nutrition ,Wereldvoeding ,personal fees from GOED ,Dairy Interbranch Sector) ,Dairy Research Institute and Dairy Australia for ,Global Dairy Platform and the International Dairy ,MORTALITY ,Australia ,and is co-supervisor of a PhD student seconded from Institut des Corps ,the Canadian Institutes for Health Research ,LESAFFRE ,a meta-analysis on cheese and blood lipids (2012) and a meta-analysis of dairy ,and personal fees from World Bank ,PREVENTION ,Communications ,and DayTwo ,have received travel expenses and ,Global Dairy Platform ,products and cardiometabolic disease ,Dutch Dairy Association ,interests and declare the following: AA: has received financial support from ,Disease risk ,Prize from the Dutch Dairy Association's (NZO) Utrecht Group. In 2017 ,by private endowments from Pfizer ,the Danish Dairy Research Foundation ,Institut Olga Triballat. PL: None. MM: Receipt of honorarium and ,CHOCOLATE CONSUMPTION ,All cause mortality ,and chapter ,and dairy companies ,from the Global Dairy Platform ,interest). DM: Research funding from the National Institutes of Health and the ,and Atrium Innovations. All support is investigator ,NIH/NHLBI R01 HL130735 ,Foods amba ,Saturated fat ,Denmark ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Clinic Foundation ,Council for Northern Ireland and the European Milk Forum. RM: reports grants from ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,research laboratory received funding from CNIEL (French ,NUTRIENTS ,Alimentaires ,Polyunsaturated fat ,Yoplait ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,ELF: has received research funding from Food for Health Ireland ,Bunge ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Amarin ,and Global Dairy Platform. HCSB: through employment at Aarhus ,with no influence of the organisations in defining the research ,Nutricia Research ,RISK ,Danish Dairy Foundation ,has received financial support for research activities from Arla ,18 COUNTRIES ,companies in Ireland. ELF has received speaking expenses from the National Dairy ,consortium between Arla Foods amba ,Nutrition Impact ,and mortality (2015). She received The Wiebe Visser International Dairy Nutrition ,of Healthy Dairy Products ,outside the submitted work. M-CM: Paid ,Biomarker (medicine) ,consultant to the Dairy Council on fats in dairy ,University and University of Copenhagen). J-PB: None. LCPdeG: None. MCdeOO: None ,Pollock ,LIPIDS ,Elysium Health (with stock options) ,royalties from UpToDate ,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Growing Forward ,Diet ,Dairy ,Aarhus ,Internal medicine ,Research Council of Canada ,Life Science ,Gates Foundation ,Arla Foods ,European Milk Foundation (EMF) sponsored the Expert Symposium on the Dairy Matrix ,Gras (ITERG). Member of the scientific committee of ITERG (non-financial ,initiated ,Sodiaal-Candia R&D ,Flax Council of Canada ,University ,Cleveland ,business.industry ,the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ,Research ,Cholesterol lowering ,Syndifrais ,which is supported ,Dow Agrosciences) ,scientific advisory board ,Danone ,Dairy Research Institute ,Indigo Agriculture ,business ,organised by AA and co-chaired by AA and IG. AA has received travel ,des Industriels Charcutiers Traiteurs - Abstract
While revising this Analysis article (BMJ 2019;366:l4137, doi:10.1136/bmj.l4137) the authors mistakenly included a section on the reanalysis of the Minnesota Coronary Experiment. The authors had originally agreed among themselves not to include the section in the final manuscript for two reasons. First, the key message of the article is to move from recommendations of single nutrients into food based recommendations because saturated fat is a heterogeneous group of fatty acids with divergent health effects, and the effect is furthermore dependent on the food matrix they exist in. For that reason, the authors felt the section was redundant. Second, for a discussion of the health effects of polyunsaturated fat, the authors did not feel that the section provided a balanced and complete analysis of the issue. Soon after publication the authors contacted The BMJ to notify the journal of the mistake and request correction of the article by removing the following paragraphs, which does not substantially change the message or argument of the Analysis: “Reanalysis of the Minnesota Coronary Experiment (a double blind randomised controlled trial that tested whether replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat reduced coronary heart disease and death) also supports the claim that serum cholesterol is not a valid surrogate biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk when making dietary changes.10 Despite the finding that the polyunsaturated fat diet produced a 13% greater reduction in serum cholesterol than the saturated fat diet, there was no reduction in cardiovascular disease endpoints.10 “The reanalysis found a 22% higher mortality for each 0.78 mmol/L reduction in serum cholesterol caused by the polyunsaturated diet.10 A meta-analysis found that cholesterol lowering using polyunsaturated fat diets did not show any evidence of benefit on mortality from coronary heart disease (1.13, 0.83 to 1.54) or all cause mortality (1.07, 0.90 to 1.27).10” These paragraphs have been removed from the article online.
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- 2019