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In the thirtieth disputation of the Leiden Synopsis (1622), Johannes Polyander elucidates what he considers to be the Reformed doctrine of vocatio. In his explanation of this doctrine, Polyander makes surprising statements concerning the internal call. He teaches that not only the external call, but also the internal call can come to the reprobate. It does not do so all the time, but it does so sometimes, especially in the sphere of the covenant. Yet, when it does, that internal call is ineffectual. This doctrine of an ineffectual internal call is not found in the Canons of Dordt (1618–19), nor in disputations held before the cycle of disputations that became the Leiden Synopsis. Was Polyander's view a compromise with Arminianism? Or was Polyander actually defending Dordt's doctrine? This article builds on Henk van Den Belt's cursory conclusion to this question by providing proof that Polyander was in fact defending Dordt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest between the Germanic Cherusci chieftain Arminius, or Hermann, and the Roman armies under Varus (9 AD) had served as an analogy for German–French hereditary enmity since the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). This analogy was particularly popular during the Napoleonic Wars as it symbolized the unity, independence, and identity of German lands that were previously united during the Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806). Little is known about the reception of the Hermann narrative in the Austrian Hereditary Lands (more or less present-day Austria) of the Habsburg Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Austria, Hermann also served as a symbol of the Austrian lands belonging to the German nation and as an expression of Habsburg hegemony over German lands. This article examines this specific narrative by analyzing its reception in Austrian newspapers, belles lettres, and paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to recall the figure of a Warsaw-based scholar who engaged with ancient history in its many aspects, exploring the language and literature as well as history in the broad sense, approached in the light of the ancient military and Roman law; a teacher of classics and an active contributor to Polish social and political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johanna Franul von Weissenthurn’s Herrmann (1817) takes up a topic fraught with significance for the portrayal of gender roles and national identity: the figure of Hermann, or Arminius, the first-century leader of the Germanic Cherusci tribe. Weissenthurn is writing in the early nineteenth century, a period in which conceptions of gender roles and conceptions of national identity are in flux. Her text places itself in dialogue with a long tradition of dramatic production surrounding this important historical figure, stretching backt to Johann Elias Schlegel’s Herrmann (1743). An examination of Weissenthurn’s historical drama within the context of the literary tradition on Arminius, particularly in connection with Schlegel’s play, will bring to light the ways in with her text articulates conceptions of gender and national identity. It will be shown that each of these two Herrmann dramas are products of their own time. While Schlegel had portrayed strong female characters and admirable Germanic figures as part of his project to use national history as literary material, Weissenthurn’s play, seventy-four years later, promotes Pan-German nationalism and subscribes to the medical- biological concept of gender dimorphism, depicting the genders as complementary but very different in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers one of the moments of Roman-Germanic relations in the era of the early principality - the battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, where the forces of the governor of the province “Magna Germania” Quintilius Varus clashed with the Cherusci leader Arminius. The battle for many centuries ahead determined Roman-Germanic relations and put an end to Roman encroachments on the land of Magna Germania. Also, on the basis of the study, an attempt was made to combine the data of ancient sources with modern archaeological finds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uprising led by Arminius in 9 CE, otherwise known as the clades Variana, resulted in the destruction of three crack Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest and changed Roman foreign policy beyond the Rhine. The event demonstrates the maximum res Arminult an insurgency can accomplish with few resources. Even in an age of limited communications, without explosives or modern weapons, an insurgent group could still have a dramatic effect on a world power. Now that archaeologists have excavated the actual battle site, we are in a position to see how Arminius executed one of the most successful insurgencies in the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctrinal system of Protestantism has its roots in the religious movements which stirred controversies during the Papal schism (14th15th centuries). A fundamental change of perspective viewed in relation to the traditional Catholic system has begun in the British Isles and was initiated by the rector of Lutterworth, John Wycliffe. The present paper outlines similarities / differences between Wycliffe's theology and the conceptual frame of Calvinism (the so called TULIP). Wycliffe's doctrine has echoes in Calvin's and Arminius' doctrine and, through their mediation, Wycliffe, known as the "Morning Star of the Reformation" exerted a wider influence on the Protestant movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clades Variana was a major Roman defeat, occurring over three days of fighting in AD 9. Three Roman legions and several units of auxiliaries were destroyed, and their commander, Publius Quinctilius Varus, died at the climax of the fighting. Suetonius said that the army paid the price for its general's temeritas and neglegentia , and many other commentators, both ancient and modern, have condemned Varus as a general ever since. This paper re-evaluates Varus' competence as a general by re-examining the extensive literary and archaeological evidence for the clades, with reference to comparative literary evidence that shows how Roman generals usually reacted in comparable situations. It will be argued that Varus' aggressive march towards a rumoured rebellion with a large baggage train, his re-organisation of the baggage train, his change of course westwards, and even his fatal advance into the defile at Kalkriese, were logical decisions in the context of standard Roman military responses to crisis. It is shown that Varus was hamstrung by intelligence and logistical limitations that were not peculiar to him but were systemic to the Roman army at the time. Varus' generalship is thus contextualised as relatively competent, although uninspired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest became one of the most dramatic events of Antiquity, inspiring many founding myths, and a series of nationalistic and patriotic emotions. Today, however, we know the German victory over Rome can be understood in at least two ways: first, from a historical point of view; and second, from a mythical one. By examining the relationship between historical and imagined past --and the latter's importance for the formation of modern nation states--,this paper seeks to analyze the reception of the Battle of Teutoburg during the German Unification period, in order to understand the mythification processes of the German victory over the Roman Empire, and Arminius' image as a national hero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to comprehend how much Augustine of Hippo's doctrine influenced the reformers Calvin and Arminius in the construction of their convictions regarding the role of the human will in the relationship of human beings with the Supreme Good. I employed the most important texts of the abovementioned thinkers in my research. In the end, I demonstrated that Calvin took to, in part, the teachings of Augustine; while Arminius followed a different course, developing a contrary view, without, however, attacking the Augustinian conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]