Search

Globally, urban areas are expanding onto high-quality agricultural soils and natural environments reducing the area available for food production. The Horticultural Belt of La Plata is one of the main horticultural areas in South America. It is a productive territory that lacks clear spatial planning, resulting in serious socio-environmental problems. Our main objectives were to quantify areas with different land-use aptitude across the region, and to identify areas of potential land-use conflict, detecting those areas that should be prioritized in the development of landscape planning policies. We implement the analytical hierarchy process multicriteria analysis method and a weighted linear combination procedure of factors standardization. We observed a strong influence of urbanization in determining land use in those areas where high/very high aptitude for urbanization and for horticulture overlap. Competition for land use between open field horticulture and greenhouses was observed too. Our research reveals the market influence and the current trend towards intensification of land use that usually prevails in planning strategies. We identified elements that could take part of a multifunctional network of green spaces, made them spatially explicit, and defined a core area for the protection of horticultural production. Finally, we propose recommendations for territorial planning aimed at improving the conditions for the development of more sustainable productive landscapes, a problem that predominates across the world.

La recherche-action CISMOP1 vise le développement d'une mobilité décarbonée sur le territoire de Loos-en-Gohelle (bassin minier des Hauts-de-France) s'inscrivant dans la trajectoire citoyenne et énergétique de la ville (TEPOS 2050). Le projet cherche à réduire la fracture sociale et urbaine du territoire et à améliorer la qualité de vie des citoyens, et notamment la qualité de l'air.

International audience; In recent centuries, the mosquito Aedes aegypti has spread into most urban areas throughout the tropics. This species is considered the main vector of the chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses and causes major public health issues. The aim of this study is to investigate the relative influence of biotic and abiotic parameters on immature populations of Ae. aegypti. During a one-year-long field experiment, we monitored 108 macroinvertebrate aquatic communities inhabiting four types of water containers across three different urbanized sites in a Neotropical city. A multimodel inference approach revealed that, in addition to abiotic parameters, biotic interactions with aquatic organisms had an important influence on the abundance of Ae. aegypti and that the urbanized site considered influences the outcomes of the interactions. Controphic species other than mosquitoes aided Ae. aegypti development, suggesting a mechanism of facilitation through a chain of processes. However, the abundance of Ae. aegypti was lowered by competition with native mosquito species in the slightly urbanized area and by predation in more urbanized areas. Competitive displacement and reduction, as well as predation by native aquatic organisms, can be considered a form of ecosystem service. The conservation and/or augmentation of natural enemies should improve the short- and long-term success of incompatible and/or sterile insect techniques, thus opening up perspectives for the future of mosquito management.

IEEE ITSC 2020, 23rd IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Rhodes, GRECE, 20-/09/2020 - 23/09/2020; In order to provide a satisfying quality of service to passengers, companies operating suburban trains seek to implement timetables that perform well despite the occurrence of random disturbances. However, due to some specificities of Mass Transit, the standard approaches for robust train timetabling do not apply in that context. In this paper, we present a data-based stochastic simulation method for assessing the efficiency of train timetables for dense traffic areas. We describe models for the random variabilities that occur daily on such networks, and use them in a stochastic simulation algorithm. Results are presented on a saturated line of Paris suburban network.

ATEC ITS France, 47ème Congrès de la mobilité intelligente, Paris, FRANCE, 22-/01/2020 - 23/01/2020; L'objectif de l'article est de présenter les résultats du projet de recherche-action (avril 2017-septembre 2018) qui visait à construire avec la population et pour la population une transition acceptable vers des mobilités durables réduisant la trop grande dépendance d'un territoire périurbain à l'automobile individuelle et luttant contre l'exclusion sociale. Le territoire d'expérimentation est une commune périurbaine du Bassin minier des Hauts de France, Loos-en-Gohelle.

Une recherche-action, financée par la Conseil Régional des Hauts de France et l'IFSTTAR, a été menée sur un territoire péri-urbain des Hauts de France. Elle a ouvert la voie vers de potentielles pistes de mobilités alternatives à la voiture individuelle co-construites avec les habitants. Ce projet a permis de vérifier que la participation habitante et l'échelle de proximité (commune) constituent un cadre pertinent pour faire progresser le projet d'une mobilité durable, via les changements de comportement. Il a également permis de mettre en évidence que le numérique, dans ce contexte périurbain particulier, n'est pas un facteur pertinent pour améliorer la connaissance de la mobilité et l'adaptation des solutions de mobilité aux besoins exprimés.

In low-density urban areas, technologies are expected to play a significant role in tackling the ongoing mobility transition. A multidisciplinary research project focused on how a smart suburbs project, in Loos-en-Gohelle, France, could be promoted through resident participation. However, both the low level of smartphone ownership and the lack of appetite for technological tools discredited the hypothesis that technologies were essential to a faster mobility transition in this periurban area. This experience raises questions about the feasibility as well as the coherence of an approach that seeks to combine public participation as an ethical commitment to research, with smart territories as a scientific and political project. The inhabitants engaged in the project expressed the need and a certain readiness for change with respect to mobility within the municipal area of Loos-en-Gohelle, but were significantly indifferent to technological solutions.

Dans un contexte de pénurie imminente de combustibles fossiles, il est légitime de s'interroger sur la viabilité des territoires périurbains dans l'hypothèse où la voiture particulière deviendrait un mode trop coûteux. L'objet de cet article est d'apporter une contribution aux réflexions sur les possibilités de mutation de ces territoires habituellement considérés comme totalement dépendants du mode automobile. À cette fin, trois communautés de communes du périurbain francilien sont analysées sous l'angle de leur « offre » (ensemble de caractéristiques pouvant être mises au service du développement durable) aux personnes qui les pratiquent au quotidien. C'est donc le potentiel à permettre des pratiques énergétiquement sobres de ces territoires (pratiques excluant ou limitant notablement l'usage de l'automobile) qu'il s'agit de mettre en évidence, sans se prononcer sur la manière dont ce potentiel est - ou n'est pas - exploité par leurs habitants. Fondée essentiellement sur l'observation in situ, la méthode d'analyse privilégie le contact direct avec le terrain en vue de son auscultation selon une grille de lecture s'inspirant à la fois des trois principes du Transit Oriented Development (TOD, qui renvoie à un urbanisme de la proximité s'appuyant sur une combinaison de transport collectif et de modes actifs) et d'une méthode originale d'aide au diagnostic spatial des lieux du mouvement. À l'issue d'une mise en évidence des atouts et des faiblesses des territoires étudiés à l'aune des exigences du TOD, une réflexion est proposée sur les mesures concrètes qui pourraient être mises en oeuvre, dans chaque cas, pour tirer parti de ces atouts - et atténuer ces faiblesses - afin de rendre de tels territoires moins dépendants de l'automobile.

International audience; Research projects carried out by the Angers School of Agriculture (ESA) have analysed the range of ways in which farmers in the Grand Ouest area of France think about and "implement" grasslands. Several groups of factors help shape foraging approaches: pedoclimatic conditions, the professional environment, and the presence of communication networks in which grassland-related issues are discussed. There were clear differences in how farmers viewed grasslands, and these perspectives were rooted in grassland services (e.g., animal performance, economic value, agricultural value, and environmental value). As a result, farmers displayed a range of approaches that place more or less emphasis on grasslands. These approaches can change over time as farmers engage in discussions with their peers and with stakeholders outside the field of agriculture. We provide some recommendations for promoting certain foraging practices.; En réalisant une synthèse de différents projets de recherche menés par l’ESA d’Angers autour de la question des prairies en élevage au cours des 10 dernières années, nous cherchons à comprendre la diversité des manières de penser et de faire les prairies chez les éleveurs du Grand Ouest de la France. Basée sur un regard croisé de sociologues et de zootechniciens, notre analyse met en évidence que le contexte de production constitue un premier élément de compréhension des pratiques de gestion des prairies dans les exploitations d’élevage. Ainsi, plusieurs groupes de facteurs contribuent à définir un cadre de développement des logiques fourragères : i) les conditions pédoclimatiques, ii) l’ambiance professionnelle et iii) l’existence de réseaux de dialogues intégrant des enjeux sur les prairies entre agriculteurs et d’autres acteurs. A partir de la diversité des contextes de production, nous relevons différentes conceptions des éleveurs associées à la prairie portant sur les services rendus par celles-ci : zootechniques, économiques, agronomiques, écologiques et environnementaux. L’articulation de ces conceptions dessine une palette de logiques fourragères donnant une place plus ou moins centrale aux prairies dans les élevages. Enfin, nous montrons que ces logiques sont susceptibles d’évoluer dans le temps au travers des mises en débats entre pairs et avec des acteurs non agricoles. Ceci conduit à discuter des formes d’accompagnement des éleveurs dans l’évolution de leurs logiques et pratiques fourragères, et enfin à formuler des recommandations pour favoriser le maintien des prairies.

Notre contribution cherche à mettre au jour la complexité qu'implique l'accompagnement d'une triple transition : 1) écologique, 2) démocratico-scientifique, 3) numérique. Notre parti pris a consisté à prendre au sérieux les compétences habitantes dans une démarche de recherche-action où le chercheur apprend en animant. Cette approche a permis d'observer un certain nombre de résultats et d'effets sur le territoire concernant les changements de pratiques dans le champ des mobilités durables. Toutefois, tant le manque d'équipement que le manque d'appétit pour les outils technologiques ont discrédité l'hypothèse que ceux-ci étaient indispensables à l'accélération de la transition mobilitaire. La transition s'est amorcée davantage grâce aux outils de l'innovation sociale et organisationnelle, proposant des services alternatifs qui reposent sur des ressources facilement accessibles (solidarité, pragmatisme, présentiel), et mobilisent une pluralité d'acteurs auparavant éloignés de la gestion urbaine. L'autre enjeu de notre contribution est de rendre compte de notre expérience du point de vue de la collaboration entre chercheurs issus des sciences sociales et des sciences de l'ingénieur. L'analyse des usages et des besoins de mobilité sur le territoire a révélé un faible appétit pour les nouvelles technologies. Enfin, nous sommes à ce jour confortés dans l'idée que cerner les besoins réels de l'habitant, utiliser les outils qui sont en adéquation avec ses pratiques quotidiennes - high tech or not - et l'inclure dans l'ensemble des phases de réflexions et d'action, est un gage de viabilité et de durabilité des solutions émergentes. Ainsi, nous ne pouvons pas sous-estimer le fait que cette approche ne permet pas de promouvoir des solutions nouvelles basées sur les technologies et qu'elle s'inscrit en marge des processus habituels d'innovation, notamment ceux basés sur la concurrence, la confidentialité ou encore la disruption. Pour analyser nos urbanités complexes, liquides (Bauman, 2000), où les individus adoptent toujours plus d'outils technologiques au quotidien, l'interdisciplinarité semble la seule voie scientifique censée. Toutefois, notre expérience nous amène à questionner la faisabilité autant que la cohérence d'une approche qui mêlerait la participation du public comme engagement éthique de la recherche (Dewey et Rogers, 2012) et l'avènement des territoires intelligents comme projet scientifique et politique, tant l'expression des besoins, ici en termes de mobilité et sur le territoire de la commune de Loos-en-Gohelle, s'expriment à rebours du champ technologique.

XXVIII Congreso LatinoAmericano de Hydráulica, Buenos Aires, ARG, 18-/09/2018 - 21/09/2018; International audience

International audience; Living on low incomes and in a car-dependent area is often interpreted as a double burden for households, even if the two characteristics are often interdependent. While their capacity for mobility is lower, low-income households in outer suburban areas are nonetheless mobile. Their capacities in this domain should not be underestimated or overlooked. They can command a set of alternative practices or expedients to deal with car-related economic stress by a set of resources derived essentially from spatial proximity. This article aims to present and analyse the diversity of these expedients for the case of outer suburban areas around Paris and Dijon. The analysis of mobility adjustments by low-income households is based on interviews of 45 households in 2011. Our results show that mobility expedients make it possible for low-income households to continue to reside in car-dependent areas by reducing their trips and by using local resources and networks to lower the costs of their car dependency. The contribution of our work is to show the intensity of these practices, which create a structured and collectively or socially built alternative system to solo car use.

International audience; To address sustainability challenges of agroecosystems located in Mediterranean urban regions, this paper focuses on the multidisciplinary subject of urban agricultural systems. To better understand the diversity and dynamics of peri-urban agro-ecosystems and the main drivers of their sustainability, we compare six case studies located in Southern Europe (Montpellier, France; Pisa, Italy; Lisbon, Portugal; Athens, Greece) and the Maghreb (Constantine, Algeria; Meknes, Morocco). The research is based on fieldwork in each urban region (qualitative analysis) and literature analysis aimed to position each case study in its national and Mediterranean contexts. The comparison between local contexts indicates large discrepancies in the integration of environmental focus among the respective urban planning objectives. Generally, urbanization tends to accentuate agricultural diversity. The different forms of peri-urban agriculture evolve despite their persistent decline, and they also show a capacity to resist and even new growth in response to urban demand.

Dans la banlieue de Dakar où l'urbanisation de certains quartiers s'est faite dans l'urgence lors de la vague d'exode rural des années de sécheresse, la remise en eau des bas-fonds crée des conditions d'insalubrité qui conduisent à s'interroger sur l'usage actuellement fait de la notion de résilience. Est-il réellement du devoir (du pouvoir) des populations de s'adapter aux conditions d'insalubrité dans lesquelles l'État les a plongées et maintenues depuis cinquante ans ? Des réponses sont proposées ici.

National audience

National audience

There is a substantial body of literature addressing urban agriculture (UA) and its diversity. But the reasons for this diversity and the perseverance of UA in today’s cities are complex, and few studies have been conducted on a regional scale that focuses on the UA dynamics involved. We took this approach in a multi-scale and space-time analysis of UA in the African city of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). In order to identify determinants of the transformations in agriculture within the city and its urban fringe we analyzed interactions from two main perspectives: (i) between urban and agricultural dynamics in both the city and on a regional scale, and (ii) between land status and actor strategies at the intra-urban scale. The analysis is centered on three areas of urban fringe that have been subjected to various land use changes over time and illustrate the different ways that farmers have adapted to urbanization. On a regional scale, results show how agricultural and regional market dynamics foment UA development by providing commercial outlets and producing agricultural inputs. At the local (city) scale, results show how and why different forms of UA have emerged in specific locations that reflect the socio-economic profile of farmers (ranging from autochthonous urban farmers to relatively wealthy urban dwellers), their access to resources, the possibility of intensifying farming activities, and the formal or informal land negotiations and transactions between the various categories of actors. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical implications of this research and its relevance to public policy. Our analysis underlines the pertinence of comprehensive and qualitative approaches for analyzing the complexity of UA dynamics and enhancing the position of agriculture in land planning for geographically-specific urban contexts.

International audience; In France, the conservation of geological heritage has a complex history that dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Two regulatory tools, “Site Classé”, established in 1906, and Natural Reserves, created in 1976, have served to protect geological sites in the past. Nonetheless, these tools are long to implement vis-à-vis to the rapid destruction of geological objects in the French territory. Due to this juridical void, the state created in 2015 two prefectural decrees for the protection of geological sites of interest. These tools allow the Prefect to: (i) determine a departmental list of geological sites of importance; (ii) define appropriate regulations for their conservation through the Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope (APPG). Their decentralised legal proceedings appear to be easy to administer, as they only require the advice of regional and departmental commissions as well as some local stakeholders. Our article reports the first enactment of the APPG in France, in a peri-urban to urban area, the Yvelines department. By relying on the programmes of Strategy of Creation of Protected metropolitan Areas (SCAP) and the National Inventory of the Geological Heritage (INPG), two geological sites of international value threatened by anthropic activities were selected for the APPG: the Lutetian fossil sites of Grignon and the Ferme de l’Orme. If successfully enacted, the APPG could prove advantageous because it is a tool adapted to the protection of geological objects and to its socio-economic and environmental context. However, after almost two years, the proceedings of the APPG have not been finalised. Optional yet beneficial steps, as well as unforeseen requests, delayed the process considerably. Given that the APPG do not confer protection to the geological sites during this period, their efficacy must be questioned in a fast-evolving region where land pressure is high and geological sites disappear quickly. However, the French juridical system has improved in the recent years in that it encourages Earth Sciences specialists to form part of local consultative instances (CSRPN, CDNPS) and thereby influence the decisions concerning the protection of these highly threatened sites.; En France, la préservation du patrimoine géologique est une histoire complexe débutant au milieu du 19e siècle. Deux outils réglementaires, l’outil « Site Classé » instauré en 1930 et les « Réserves naturelles » créées en 1976, ont servi à protéger les sites géologiques par le passé. Néanmoins ces outils, longs à mettre en place, peuvent être inadaptés face à la destruction rapide des richesses géologiques de notre territoire. Devant cette lacune juridique, l’État a créé en 2015, deux arrêtés préfectoraux relatifs à la protection des sites d’intérêts géologiques. Ces outils permettent au Préfet de : (i) déterminer une liste départementale des sites géologiques considérés comme majeurs ; (ii) définir une réglementation nécessaire à leur conservation grâce à l’Arrêté Préfectoral de Protection du Géotope (APPG). Leur procédure d’instruction décentralisée semble rapide à administrer car elle requiert de simples avis de conseils régionaux et départementaux ainsi que de quelques acteurs locaux. Notre article rapporte la première application de l’APPG en France, dans un département situé en milieu urbain à péri-urbain, les Yvelines. Grâce aux programmes de Stratégie de Création d’Aires protégées (SCAP) et à l’Inventaire National du Patrimoine Géologique (INPG), deux sites de valeur internationale fortement menacés par l’Homme ont été sélectionnés pour l’APPG : les gisements lutétiens de Grignon et de la Ferme de l’Orme. Cette étude reconnaît les avantages qu’apporte cet outil en permettant une protection adaptée aux objets géologiques et à leurs contextes socio-économique et environnemental. Cependant, après deux ans, l’instruction de l’APPG n’a toujours pas abouti. Des étapes facultatives et inattendues mais néanmoins nécessaires ont ralenti considérablement les démarches administratives. Cet outil ne permettant pas de mesures conservatoires, son efficacité peut être questionnée dans une région en constante évolution où la pression foncière reste élevée et où les sites géologiques disparaissent rapidement. Cependant, le système juridique français s’est amélioré ces dernières années en encourageant les spécialistes des sciences de la Terre à participer aux instances de consultations locales (CSRPN, CDNPS) afin d’influencer les décisions concernant la protection de ces sites particulièrement menacés.

National audience

International audience; The return of agriculture as a subject of debate in the realm of urban sustainable development is a recent phenomenon. Its presence is anchored in the recognition of the multifunctional role of agriculture and its importance in the conception and success of a more sustainable city. This study proposes a conceptual framework to analyse the socio-spatial integration between cities and agriculture in Mediterranean countries. The concept of integration is seen as a temporal process that articulates the actors, the spaces, and the resources linked by a project. Using a collection of local projects that explore the interactive dynamics of urban and agricultural relationships, the authors propose a conceptual framework, which reveals four aspects of socio-spatial integration. The first aspect encompasses socio-spatial integration through agricultural practices within the city. The second aspect includes integration processes through a pivotal actor playing as an interface between agriculture and the city. The third aspect concerns the flows and mobilities of resources and actors between cities and agricultural countryside. The fourth aspect deals with planning processes where the construction of networks of actors, spaces and resources are significant. These categories highlight the multidimensional processes of integration and the differentiated effects. The analysis is based on case studies situated in France, Italy, Portugal, Algeria, and Morocco.

SUMMARYRapid population growth and economic change on the tropical islands of Mauritius have led to one of the highest rates of urban build-out in the world. Pressure on many of the island's natural features and resources increasingly risks further degradation to the environmental services that they provide to the country. Fourteen types of marine and terrestrial environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) are critical to the nation's sustainable development. Twelve of these ESA types are currently at risk of degradation, owing to their spatial proximity to built-up areas (BUAs) and current use designation. There was a bimodal distribution in proximity; eight of the 12 ESA types analysed had an area-weighted modal peak < 500 m from the nearest BUA, and four ESAs had a modal peak 2–3 km from the nearest BUA. Six coastal and marine ESAs had limited protection from urban expansion and over-use. The Mauritian experience reflects trends that are emerging across many tropical developing countries, where the bulk of future global growth in urban area is expected to occur. The approach detailed in this case study is replicable and may be useful in assessing degradation risk as a result of urban expansion in other island countries.

Trees outside forests (ToF) is often a misunderstood category. This is the case in Brazil as shown by the lack of data on ToF reported until now by the country. In this article, ToF are understood in relation to the FAO definition of forest because it is the definition used in Brazil for the National Forest Inventory. I provide a definition of ToF, detail the main sets as inferred from this definition, propose to focus on a category of ToF as an efficient and realistic first step towards the assessment of ToF countrywide, and I illustrate the diversity of ToF-based systems in Brazil, from relatively isolated trees in agroforestry fields to dense mixed tree formations that cannot be distinguished from forests on satellite images. A recent publication has placed Brazil as the world leader in terms of the total biomass carbon stored by one ToF set, trees on agricultural land. This result could stimulate the desire for Brazil to better assess not only trees on agricultural land but also trees on urban land, the two major sets of trees outside forests. The present paper can help those who will undertake this challenging and exciting task. Árvores fora das florestas (AFF/Trees outside Forests - ToF) é um conceito frequentemente mal compreendido. Esse é o caso no Brasil, como demonstra a falta de dados do país sobre AFF, até o momento. Neste artigo, AFF é entendida conforme a definição de floresta da FAO, porque é a mesma utilizada pelo Brasil, no contexto do Inventário Florestal Nacional. Este artigo propõe uma definição de AFF e detalha seus principais agrupamentos, determinados a partir dessa definição; propõe também concentrar-se em um agrupamento de AFFs como um primeiro passo - eficiente e realista - para a avaliação de AFFs em todo o país. Além disso, é ilustrada a diversidade dos sistemas que envolvem AFF no Brasil, desde árvores relativamente isoladas em sistemas agroflorestais a densas formações de árvores heterogêneas que não podem ser distinguidas das florestas nas imagens de satélite. Uma publicação recente colocou o Brasil como líder mundial em termos de carbono total de biomassa armazenado por um conjunto de AFFs em áreas agrícolas. Esse resultado poderia estimular o país a reportar não apenas as árvores em áreas agrícolas, mas também as árvores em áreas urbanas, os dois principais agrupamentos de árvores fora da floresta. Espera-se que o presente artigo contribua com aqueles que empreenderão essa tarefa desafiadora e excitante.

International audience; Au Vietnam, les politiques publiques tendent à soutenir le développement des exploitations laitières de grande taille familiales (> 30 vaches) ou industrielles (> 500 vaches). Cependant, malgré un essor récent de ces grandes fermes, les exploitations familiales de très petite taille continuent à jouer un rôle impor­tant dans la production nationale de lait. Pour contribuer à la réflexion sur les modèles de fermes à promouvoir, notre étude propose de caractériser la diver­sité des exploitations laitières présentes dans le district de Ba Vi en zone périur­baine de Hanoi et d’évaluer leur durabilité. Au total 160 exploitations laitières ont été sélectionnées pour représenter la diversité des fermes présentes dans la zone. Des informations ont été recueillies lors d’entretiens directifs avec les éleveurs sur les divers types de capitaux disponibles sur l’exploitation, sur les pratiques d’élevage et de commercialisation du lait, et sur leurs performances économiques, environnementales et sociales. Une analyse factorielle multiple, suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont permis de réaliser une typologie des exploitations. En plus d’une ferme industrielle présente dans le district, cinq types d’exploitations laitières familiales ont été identifiés, qui se différenciaient surtout par le nombre et le type d’activités agricoles et non-agri­coles, la taille du troupeau laitier, et l’intensification de la production laitière. Les indicateurs de performances des exploitations spécialisées ont révélé une rentabilité économique plus élevée que dans les exploitations plus diversifiées. Cependant, les exploitations mixtes avaient également des atouts sur les plans économique (souplesse d’adaptation), environnemental (autonomie fourragère) et social (emploi, charge de travail), qui étaient liés à la diversité de leurs acti­vités agricoles et non-agricoles. Si les politiques publiques tendent à soutenir le développement des fermes spécialisées et des grandes fermes, les programmes d’appui doivent également concerner les petites exploitations associant activi­tés agricoles et non-agricoles, car elles ont aussi un rôle majeur à jouer dans le développement durable de la production laitière nationale.

Trace elements in soils and vegetables from market gardens of (peri)urban areas in Marrakech city. 9. International Congress on Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Mining and Military Areas (SUITMA)

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; International audience; The Yzeron periurban catchment (150 km2) is prone to flash floods leading to overflow in the downstream part of the catchment. A prevention and management plan has been approved and the set-up of a flood forecasting system is planned. The present study presents a comparison of several solutions for flood forecasting in the catchment. It is based on an extensive data collection (rain gauges, radar/rain gauge reanalyses, discharge and water level data) from this experimental catchment. A set of rainfall-runoff events leading to floods (problematic and non-problematic floods) was extracted and formed the basis for the definition of a first forecasting method. It is based on data analysis and the identification of explaining factors amongst the following: rainfall amount, intensity, antecedent rainfall, initial discharge. Several statistical methods including Factorial Analysis of Mixed Data and Classification and Regression Tree were used for this purpose. They showed that several classes of problematic floods can be identified. The first one is related to wet conditions characterized with high initial discharge and antecedent rainfall. The second class is driven by rainfall amount, initial discharge and rainfall intensity. Thresholds of these variables can be identified to provide a first warning. The second forecasting method assessed in the study is the system that will be operational in France in 2017, based on the AIGA method (Javelle et al., 2016). For this purpose, 18-year discharge simulation using the hydrological model of the AIGA method, forced using radar/rain gauges reanalysis were available at 44 locations within the catchment. The dates for which quantiles of a given return period were overtopped were identified and compared with the list of problematic events. The AIGA method was found relevant in identifying the most problematic events, but the lead time needs further investigation in order to assess the usefulness for population warning.

L'usage des produits phytosanitaires en agriculture et particulièrement en viticulture est devenu un sujet sociétal prégnant. Les questions de santé humaine et de qualité environnementale sont au coeur des débats, ce d'autant plus que le vignoble se situe dans un périmètre proche de riverains. Les professionnels viticoles conscients de ces enjeux redoublent d'efforts pour réduire les quantités épandues (herbicides, fongicides, insecticides). Malgré des résultats actuels très insuffisants du Plan Ecophyto, l'adaptation des pratiques de production ne cesse d'évoluer (désherbage mécanique, outils d'aide à la décision dans l'optimisation des traitements, utilisation de pulvérisateurs performants par leurs systèmes antidérive, usages de molécules plus respectueuses de l'environnement et de l'humain, mise en oeuvre des techniques de biocontrôle,...). La recherche travaille à l'élaboration de cépages résistants aux principaux fléaux du vignoble : mildiou et oïdium. Cet atelier terrain dans le Bordelais réunissant professionnels praticiens, conseillers, enseignants, scientifiques, a pu permettre de faire le point sur la plupart de ces sujets et de favoriser des débats très constructifs entre tous les participants.

International audience; The book gives an overview of frameworks, methods, and case studies for the analysis of the relations between agriculture and the city, in Europe and the Mediterranean. Its origin is the DAUME Project (Sustainability of urban agriculture in the Mediterranean) and the 5th annual Conference of the Sustainable Food Planning group of AESOP, held in Montpellier (France) in 2013. The book provides a set of approaches of the sustainability of urban food systems from an actors’ perspective. The Part I presents systemic approaches of agricultural-urban interactions at the city-region scales in France, Egypt, Italy and Morocco. Local food issues, agriculture-urban relations, short food chains and urban livestock are taken as examples to develop systemic approaches showing both integrative and dualism processes linking agriculture and the city. The Part II deals with methods and tools for urban planning and local development, in order to design and assess sustainable food systems. At the city-region scale, chapters show how to estimate relevant boundaries of a sustainable foodshed, to design tools including local food supply In urban planning, and to evaluate contributions of local projects to global sustainability. The Part III inventories the recent changes in urban agriculture and the new forms of governance which are emerging in European cities (Athens, Berlin, Lisboa, Montpellier, Paris and Zurich). Referring to urban agriculture, chapters show how sustainable pathways can be fostered by a wide range of multiscale grassroots initiatives (farms, gardens, buildings, urban green areas …) embedded in transitioning trends of sustainable development.

International audience; This book gives an overview of frameworks, methods, and case studies useful for the analysis of the relations between agriculture and the city, in Europe and the Mediterranean. Its originality lies in the analysis of urban food systems sustainability from an actors’ perspective. All the chapters consider the key role of actors in the definition of innovations and pathways, which enhance sustainability, seen as an ongoing process. Part 1 presents systemic approaches of agricultural-urban interactions at the city-region scale in France, Egypt, Italy and Morocco. Part 2 deals with methods and tools for urban planning and local development, utilized to design and assess sustainable food systems. The Part 3 inventories the recent changes in urban agriculture and the new forms of governance which are emerging in European cities (Athens, Berlin, Lisbon, Montpellier, Paris and Zurich). These results are useful for students, academics and activists involved in local policies and projects.

Séminaire annuel du Réseau de recherche sur le foncier rural méditerranéen FONCIMED, 2016/09/29-2016/10/01, Bragança (Portugal); International audience; Du 29 septembre au premier octobre s’est tenu à l’Institut Polytechnique de Bragança le séminaire annuel du réseau FONCIMED (co-animé par le CIHEAM-IAMM et l’INRA) de chercheurs et de praticiens du foncier rural méditerranéen. Le thème de ce séminaire portait sur la Gouvernance responsable des régimes fonciers, appliquée en particulier aux territoires indivis, aux zones péri-urbaines et touristiques, ou à forts enjeux environnementaux. Les communications issues d’une trentaine d’intervenants répartis en trois sessions permettent de tirer un certain nombre d’enseignements pour une meilleure prise en compte de la question foncière dans les politiques de développement et d’environnement, et notamment dans leur dimension territoriale. Ces communications sont basées sur des enquêtes réalisées dans différents territoires méditerranéens. Six pays - l’Algérie, la Grèce, la France, le Maroc, le Portugal et la Tunisie - étaient représentés.

International audience; Flowpaths are significantly affected by land use change and engineered elements across urban catchments. Conventional GIS-based tools for extracting drainage networks were not developed for urban terrains. This work presents Geo-PUMMA, a GIS toolbox to generate vectorial meshes for terrain representation in distributed hydrological modeling, and to extract drainage patterns in urban and peri-urban catchments. Geo-PUMMA generates well-shaped Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) and Urban Hydrological Elements (UHEs). The toolbox was used in peri-urban catchments of Chile and France to generate three model meshes with different levels of treatment, and extract and compare their corresponding drainage networks. A recommended mesh is identified, which replicates the main morphological and hydrological features of the reference drainage network, and is able to preserve features at small to medium spatial scales (~ 80 - 150 m). Overall Geo-PUMMA can be used to represent the terrain in distributed hydrological modeling applied to urban and peri-urban scales.

International audience; Growing urbanization and related anthropogenic processes have a high potential to influence hydrological process dynamics. Periurban catchments, at the edge of large cities, are especially affected by fast anthropogenic modifications. Spatialized hydrological modeling tools, simulating the entire hydrological cycle and able to take into account the important heterogeneity of periurban watersheds can be used to assess the impact of storm water management practices and land cover change scenario on their hydrology. Such a model, the hourly distributed J2000P model was developed for this purpose (Labbas et al., La Houille Blanche, 2015). The model was set up and evaluated in the Yzeron experimental catchment (130 km2), in the vicinity of Lyon city, France, where rain water is mainly drained by combined sewer networks that can overflow into natural rivers through Sewer Overflow Devices (SODs) when the sewer network becomes saturated. Such overflow results in a high degree of pollution of natural rivers when they occur. The model simulates hydrological processes in rural and urban areas and takes into account the sewer networks, connections to these networks and overflows from SODs. Comparison with observed data from the experimental catchments was encouraging. To assess the relative impact of land use change and rain water management changes on the hydrological responses, several land use change scenario, deduced from territorial geo-prospective (Dodane et al., CyberGeo, 2015) and rain water management scenario were combined and compared in 2030. The results show a probable larger impact of rain water management choice than of land cover change on this response. Such modelling tools can help stakeholders in designing sustainable urbanization and rain water management plans.

The rapid increase in population of Egypt’s Nile Valley and Delta is leading to massive urbanisation and uncontrolled conversion of agricultural land. Food security appears to be a daily challenge in cities all over the country. Greater Cairo is home to approximately 20 million inhabitants. Most of the city’s expansion is occurring on arable land, absorbing outlying farm systems and questioning their sustainability. In an exploratory study of dairy farming systems in urban and peri-urban areas of the capital, four main types have been identified by their capacity to integrate crop and livestock production, and by their structural characteristics. These farming systems are facing several primary constraints: limited space and access to fodder, increases in feed concentrate prices, and manure management. Despite this difficult context, they are maintaining their activity by serving the community and taking advantage of its proximity: They are incorporating adaptive strategies for feeding systems, breeding systems, and inputs sourcing, and providing employment, food security, and waste recycling. These strategies appear to be initiated mainly at the scale of family farming systems. Although these systems are evolving rapidly, their future survival remains questionable in a context of the evolving demands of one of the world’s largest megalopolises.

International audience

A growing population, urbanisation, and the economics of agricultural development are among the principal issues that Morocco faces. These issues come with important consequences, such as a strong demand for housing and changes in land tenure. National public policies address these issues sectorally through regional and local actions. This research project examines the relationships between questions of environment, urban development, sustainable agriculture, and local and national logics. We studied these relationships through a systemic representation aimed at a better understanding of the operative elements, as well as the state of individual and collective action in Meknes. As the sixth largest urban centre in Morocco, Meknes illustrates the difficulties of merging growth in agricultural production and urbanisation. Urban planning in the region has favoured the development of real estate and the application of a law designed to convert collective lands to private ownership, creating significant changes in land use, often at the expense of agriculture. A systemic approach helps us identify the externalities that influence public policies and local actions, and underlines the need for a multi-level examination of the relationships between cities and agriculture.

Novatech 2016, LYON, FRANCE, 28-/06/2016 - 01/07/2016; Hydrological processes in urban and peri-urban areas are significantly affected by artificial elements like channels, pipes, streets and storm water networks. We present Geo-PUMMA, a set of GIS tools programmed in Python for GRASS that uses irregular vectorial meshes to explicitly represent the components of the peri-urban terrain. Geo-PUMMA gathers spatial information maps (e.g. cadastral, soil types, geology and digital elevation models) to produce Hydrological Response Units (HRU) and Urban Hydrological Elements (UHEs), and to improve the mesh for a better representation of water pathways. Geo-PUMMA also allows the extraction of basin morphologic properties such as the width-function, the area-function and the imperviousness-function. Geo-PUMMA was applied to two peri-urban catchments: the Mercier catchment (10% urbanized) located near Lyon, France, and the El Guindo catchment (40% urbanized) located in the Andean piedmont in the Maipo River, Chile. The comparison of width and area functions between the initial and recommended meshes shows that the drainage network representation is particularly improved at small to medium spatial scales (i.e. 120-150 m for the El Guindo catchment and 80-150 m for the Mercier catchment).; Les processus hydrologiques dans les zones urbaines et péri-urbaines sont significativement affectés par des éléments artificiels comme les canaux, les tuyaux, les rues et les réseaux d'eau pluviale. Nous présentons Geo-PUMMA, un ensemble d'outils SIG en Python pour GRASS qui représentent explicitement les différentes composantes des zones périurbaines par un maillage vectoriel irrégulier. Geo-PUMMA rassemble informations spatialisées telles que le cadastre, les types de sols, la géologie et des modèles numériques de terrain. Geo-PUMMA fournit des Unités de Réponse Hydrologique (HRUs) et des Eléments Hydrologiques Urbains (UHEs) et permet d'améliorer le maillage initial pour une meilleure représentation des chemins de l'eau. Geo-PUMMA permet également l'extraction de propriétés morphologiques du bassin telles que la fonction largeur, aire drainée ou d'imperméabilisation. Geo-PUMMA est appliqué à deux bassins péri-urbains: le Mercier (10% d'urbanisation) situé près de Lyon, France, et El Guindo (40% d'urbanisation) situé dans la région du piémont andin, Chili. La comparaison des fonctions largeur et aire drainée entre les maillages initiaux et finaux montre une amélioration de la représentation de réseau de drainage à petite et moyenne échelle (120-150 m pour El Guindo et 80-150 m pour le Mercier).

International audience; In Indonesia, because of the rapidly growing demand for dairy products, the development of milk production in rural communities can play a strong role in reducing poverty. However, the development of smallholder dairy production requires adequate support from the government, development organizations, and private firms. To assess the needs and situations of poor dairy farmers, we conducted a study in Ciater sub-district in West Java Province to compare the current situation with the situation that prevailed 4 years ago, i.e., before the implementation of a dairy development project. Data were collected from 61 farms in June 2014. The average number of cows on the farms surveyed was three to four, and each relied on cultivating an average of 0.4 ha of forage. Results showed that thanks to the project activities, milk productivity per cow and net income from milk production increased by 25 % between 2010 and 2014. These results underline the importance of providing training and technical support for the development of the livelihoods of dairy smallholders.

The “Green Belt” public policy aims to rebuilt or maintain ecological continuities in order to preserve biodiversity. The implementation of this policy at the farms' level raises the issue of farmers' ability to preserve and maintain the semi-natural landscape features which can form this green network. The objective of this article is to understand how the land use issues influence the farmer's practices and perceptions concerning semi-natural features which could be parts of existing or new ecological corridors. Our work was based on an enquiry among farmers located in a valley of French Alps. We showed that the land use issue (e.g. spatial patterns or land tenure) is a key driver of farmers' practices concerning management and upkeep of semi-natural features. On a wider scale, the local background of peri-urbanization and its consequences on agricultural land (e.g. pressure on land use or urban development projects at the expense of agricultural land) can influence what farmers think about ecological continuities and biodiversity preservation. Finally the article concludes that public decision makers would do well to take better account of farm land use when implementing the Green Belt policy at the farm's level, within territorial governance which should integrate both land use and environmental issues.; Le dispositif de la Trame verte vise à reconstituer ou maintenir des continuités écologiques dans un objectif de préservation de la biodiversité. Sa mise en oeuvre interpelle tout particulièrement les pratiques agricoles dans leur entretien de l'espace et des éléments paysagers pouvant participer à cette trame écologique. Sur la base d'enquêtes réalisées auprès d'agriculteurs d'une vallée alpine française, cet article montre comment la question foncière influence non seulement les pratiques et les attitudes des agriculteurs, mais aussi leur vision de la politique publique Trame verte et le rôle que peut y jouer l'agriculture.

This thesis includes four parts to characterize Buffalo milk and veal chains at different chain levels, the objectives of the first part were to identify the diversity of different chains and more deeply to determine main actors along the milk value chains in three villages to understand how these chains work. Also, milk analysis was applied to study the effect of location on milk composition, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). Field visits and interview are used to collect data. Milk samples were collected from farmers through 2013/14. Results indicated that there were a short chain and a long chain. Short chain achieved higher profit for farmers and reasonable price for consumers compared to long chain. While long chain provide s a lot of jobs. MUN, SCC and milk composition could be used as diagnostic tools for different regions to identify the most priority services and extension needs at village level. The aim of the 2nd part was to suggest a methodology to characterize the diversity of dairy farming systems in Egypt to understand the traditional dairy sector. Data were collected from 65 farmers in three villages through three consecutive seasons. Based on multiple factorial and cluster analyses, six farmer s' group were identified. Milk production was a major activity in very small land farms, the sustainability of this sector facing the lack of technical support and lack of pricing system for milk and feedstuffs, more governmental and NGOs projects needed to supply farmers with high quality forage seeds, high producing animals and veterinary services. So, considering the diversity of farming systems, one agricultural policy will not fit all farmers' categories taking into account the region and the season. The objective of the 3rd part was to apply a SWOT analysis on a traditional milk chain, particularly buffalo skimmed milk chain around greater Cairo, which considered as one of the main dairy markets in Egypt. Main stakeholders of the chain were farmers, milk collection points, milk collection center, and dairy processing units. SWOT analysis allowed highlighting the major role of social network to explain the flexibility and adaptation of this sector to the major constraints in linked with international competitiveness and national constraints, mainly on land access. These elements could help decision makers and developers to prioritize sustainable development activities in link with agriculture global agenda. The aim of fourth part was to characterize the veal supply chain using survey analysis for different actors along the chain and to understand the preference of some meat consumers to veal meat through comparing meat quality parameters of buffalo meat categories in Egyptian market including meat quality analysis of veal, fattening males and culled females. Survey analysis results indicated that 65 % of Egyptian farmers sold veal as early as possible. About 61 % of these farmers sold their animals for economic reasons, 14 % for technical reasons and 25 % for both reasons. Fat content and cholesterol levels were lower in veal meat compared with fattening calves or culled females; the same trend was observed for shear force value s and cooking loss percentage. These results explained why the veal meat is regularly consumed by elders, sick peoples and employees with limited physic al activities, veal showed high tenderness and more attractive color, in contrast veal contained lower fat and cholesterol levels.