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As a result of human activity, a large number of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, is released into the atmosphere, which causes a greater greenhouse effect and an increase in the temperature of the surface of the planet and the air in the atmosphere. Ongoing climate change is one of the great challenges facing society, as rising temperatures on the planet greatly affect the functioning of its ecosystems. Extremes arising from climate change, especially temperature rise and lack of precipitation or a change in the annual distribution of precipitation, affect the physiology and phenology of plants. Higher temperatures cause plant growing seasons to shift and lengthen, which has a direct impact on the sequestration of carbon in plant biomass through a biochemical, physiological plant process called photosynthesis. The increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is slowed down by terrestrial forest ecosystems, as they can retain carbon in their tissues, especially in wood, for a relatively long time before it returns to the atmosphere. However, the efficiency of binding carbon into biomass also depends on other physiological processes, e.g., photorespiration, breathing, gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere. Stressors caused by climate change can then limit growth, photosynthesis,...

This thesis deals with the question of the influence of climate on archaeological monuments beneath the pavement of the III. courtyard of Prague Castle. The complex archaeological site is threatened by the effects of several climatic factors, especially water and temperature changes, which cause weathering processes, and the historical building material in this area is subsequently degraded. The theoretical part of this thesis first deals with the study of historical building materials in the excavation area, with a focus on marlstone and clay slate, which are most susceptible to various types of weathering. Subsequently, degradation processes that affect the state of the present material are discussed, particularly processes related to water penetration through the material, chemical weathering caused by salt crystallization, and swelling of clay minerals, a process that often occurs in clay slate. The last chapter of the theoretical part outlines the impact of future climate change on the action of these processes. The practical part of this thesis focuses on research into frost and salt weathering cycles, particularly the determination of the frequency of cycles in one year of continuous measurement. Moisture and temperature values over time from sensors that are evenly distributed throughout...

The thesis deals with the evaluation of environmental impacts of insect farming for food purposes in the Czech Republic. The topic is focused on the impact category of climate change, with emphasis on Global Warming Potential (GWP for short). Environmental impacts are assessed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. This method is based on evaluating the impact that a product has on the environment over its lifetime. This has enabled the method to assess different potential types of impacts. LCA analysis is based on the principle of "cradle to gate". The approach is based from the sourcing of raw materials to the final output gate, represented in the form of a product. One kilogram of insect product is chosen as the pro-product. For the LCA analysis, a model farm of the mealybug (Tenebrio molitor) was established. Data for this work were collected from edible insect farmers in the Czech Republic who were sent a survey. Some data were obtained from the literature. In relation to the obtained data, a calculation of the environmental burden was made. In the thesis it was found that one kilogram of insect product generates a carbon footprint of 11.87 kg CO2-eqv.

Essays on Environmental and Health Economics Olexiy Kyrychenko Abstract In the first chapter, we examine the impact of temperature on manufacturing production in India and the underlying mechanisms. Using plant-level manufacturing data and satellite- based temperature estimates from 1998-2007, we find that the relationship between temperature and output exhibits an inverted U-shape, with especially large losses occurring at extreme cold and hot temperatures. Such nonlinearity provides valuable insight into the potential welfare consequences of climate change. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that a 1řC shift in the annual distribution of daily temperature would lead to net losses in manufacturing output of 1.3% or USD 0.6 billion, equivalent to a 0.5% reduction in India's GDP 2007 through the manufacturing sector alone. The estimated temperature-output relationship is driven by the joint effects of temperature on total factor productivity and capital. This finding has important implications for adaptation. The manufacturing sector can adapt to changing climate by reducing the sensitivity of labor productivity to temperature and by making investments in machinery. Labor-related adjustments can also contribute to adaptation by offsetting direct productivity losses or facilitating labor reallocation....

I used mainly research and compilation methods in the theoretical part of the bachelor thesis. The water scarcity is very actual issue in the era of climate change. Unfortunately, in my opinion it doesn't get that much attention in public space. The first part of thesis summarizes the causes and consequences of water scarcity, there are examples of bad water usage including ways of solution. The goal is popularize the topic of drought and water scarcity and help to implement these attractive topics to the school curriculum. The chapter about water scarcity in the Czechia is mainly focused on drought and measures to eliminate it. We have to realize, that our water comfort is not eternal. Episodes of drought are occured more frequently also in central Europe now. The practical part of thesis contains one-day lesson programme about water scarcity and hydrometeorological extremes for 8th - 9th grade of primary school. Key words: climate change, water scarcity in the world, water consumption, consequences of water scarcity, water scarcity in the Czechia, drought, measures

A growing body of literature suggests that epigenetic variation might contribute to local adaptation of natural plant populations. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, can in fact quickly alter phenotypes in response to environmental changes. Furthermore, these changes can be inherited across several generations (especially clonal), suggesting that DNA methylation may enable heritable phenotypic variation and eventually contribute to adaptation. However, it is still unclear whether epigenetic mechanisms can have an adaptive potential in plants, or in other words, whether they present variation among natural populations, are inherited across generations and have fitness effects. During my PhD project, together with my co-authors, I tested these conditions on several natural populations of two non-model clonal plant species, the wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) and the black poplar (Populus nigra). To do so, I used the current gold standard for DNA methylation analysis (Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing), which allowed me to characterize the genome-wide DNA methylation level of individual plants at the single base-resolution. For both species, I found extensive DNA methylation diversity among populations, which was partially affected by the natural climatic conditions of the populations...

Evolution of climate litigation in European context, abstract This diploma thesis deals with the evolution of climate litigation in the European context. The aim of this paper is to describe and map the institute of climate litigation as a whole, to describe its types based on different standpoints and aspects and to describe the historical development of climate litigation in the world and in Europe. This paper further describes five leading cases of European climate litigation in detail. The cases of Urgenda Foundation v. The Netherlands, Neubauer v. Germany, Notre Affaire à Tous v. France, VZZ Klimaatzaak v. the Kingdom of Belgium, and the case of Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell PLC were thoughtfully chosen based on their connection and the impact they had on climate action in their respective countries. To finish, this thesis aims to find answers to several legal questions concerning climate litigation by comparing those described climate cases. The main methods used in this diploma thesis were the research of legal literature, case law of foreign courts and legal regulations. The conclusions of this paper were gained by analysis of information and subsequent use of different methods of interpretation. This diploma thesis is divided into an introduction and a conclusion and three main chapters, some...

In the last few decades bats are affected by climate change. Changes in average temperatures affect their morphology, phenology, diversity and distribution. Changes in biotopes caused by anthropogenic influences are responsible for the loss of shelters and connectivity of habitats. Empirical data show us that the range expansion of many bat species are gradually shifting to higher latitudes or altitudes. Mathematical models predict that the bat diversity and richness around the world will decline. Some species will shift their ranges and some will shrink their range or even become extinct. Key words: chiroptera, bats, range shift, bioindicators, climate change

The diploma thesis entitled "Geostrategic Importance of Greenland" deals with the current geopolitical position of the island in the context of advancing climate change. This brings Greenland many opportunities, but also threats that could affect its further development. The main aim of the work is therefore to examine how the geographical location of the island in combination with the advancing climate change affects its development, especially towards the future full independence from the Kingdom of Denmark. The work maps the current situation of Greenland in terms of newly emerging opportunities as well as the threats it also faces. Furthermore, the work focuses on the relationship between Greenland and Denmark and tries to describe the strategic importance of the island for Denmark. Although the Arctic is an area where states have cooperated in the past decades, in recent years tensions have been growing in the region between the Russian Federation, which is increasing its military presence there, and Western states represented by the North Atlantic Alliance. In addition, China is trying to penetrate the region, which is not indifferent to the strategic importance of the region, and other non-Arctic actors, led by the European Union, are also turning their attention to the region. The...

This master thesis if focused on the phenomenon of hydrological drought in the Šumava (Bohemian/Black Forrest) region. Hydrological drought is defined on seven hydrological stations (Modrava (CZ), Rejštějn (CZ), Sušice (CZ), Zwiesel (DE), Teisnach (DE), Chamerau (DE), Kalteneck (DE)) during period 1931-1937 and 1949-2014. The aim is in finding suitable hydrological dought indexes and other methods and apply them od the data. Results are compared each other and also are compared with studies that were proceed in non-mountainous region. For hydrological drought evaluation the threshold concept and method according Gumbel 1963 were used and deficite volumes were calculated. Seasonality graphs and graphs for nuber of drought days in hydrological years were constructed, For trends defining, Mann.Kendall and Hisch-Slack tests were used. Hydrological drought sesonality is different on german and czech side, it means effect of exposition towards southwest winds. Hydrological drought is concetrated in autumn at german stations and in winter on czech stations. Number of drought episodes decreases with decreasing elevation. There were found significant decreasing trends in drought episodes occurance in time. Monthly trends aren't so clear. On czech side there is significant decreasing trend in winter months,...

Fungi are an essential part of life on Earth. Besides their main role in decomposition of organic matter, they belong among key symbiotic organisms and they take part in providing a range of ecosystem processes important for humankind such as primary production and with that related food availability or soil water regulation. For the study of fungal distribution, we often use a method called DNA metabarcoding which combines the use of specific molecular markers, most commonly universal fungal ITS, and high-throughput sequencing. The importance of the method has been rising in the current time of changing environment and it has helped us observe changes in fungal communities due to global change. It seems that primarily various climatic factors such as warming, changes in rainfall patterns and nitrogen deposition have strongly influenced community and fungal guilds composition. Consequently, these changes may potentially have an impact on ecosystem functioning so that their overall balance can be in threat. Key words: molecular markers, DNA metabarcoding, fungal community, warming, climate change, nitrogen deposition

The effects of climate change and global warming and the conversations surrounding it are becoming increasingly difficult to ignore. The future predictions of the impact of climate change on the planet present daunting challenges for people around the globe, especially for the Mediterranean littoral, which has been labeled as a climate "hot spot". The paper focuses on the effects of climate change on migration patterns in the Mediterranean region to understand what a warmer future in the Mediterranean may look like to develop policies and strategies that may mitigate some of the more negative outcomes. The paper's main objective is to answer the following question; what are the links between migration patterns and climate change in the Mediterranean region? To the question, it is important to first define and place the theoretical framework firmly in the context that the paper is covering, such as the political, economic, social, environmental and demographic factors. Once these factors are defined, they are applied to real-world case studies in the form of North Africa and Syria through Black, Adger, et al.'s framework of drivers of migration through qualitative and quantitative data that comes from secondary resources. After analysing and comparing the two case studies the results showed that...

There are many factors influencing sex ratios in reptile populations and these factors can differ among sex ratios in different developmental stages. The observed ratio is the result of many complex processes. One of the key factors is the mechanism of sex determination. In reptiles we distinguish two mechanisms of sex determination. The first is genotypic sex determination (GSD), where sex is determined during the fusion of gametes. Species with GSD show just little variation in sex ratios after birth or hatching and during adulthood there is a higher mortality rate of the heterogametic sex. Secondarily, there are reptiles possesing environmental sex determination (ESD). The sex of the developing individual of this species is influenced by incubation temperature during the thermosensitive phase of development. Reptiles with ESD show much greater variability in sex ratios after hatching and this variability may persist to adulthood. This thesis focuses mainly on the differences in sex ratios between GSD and ESD species. One of its interests is also the question of vulnerability of reptiles with ESD in terms of skewed sex ratios during contemporary climate change. Key words: sex ratio, reptiles, sex determination, GSD, ESD, climate change

The main object of this bachelor is the assessment of rainfall-runoff processes with a primary focus on the occurrence of extreme hydrological phenomena in the upper basin of the Ostravice river. The first part of the work is devoted to literature research dealing with the issue of extreme hydrological phenomena and their assessment methods, supplemented by research about current findings regarding changes in the rainfall-runoff regime. This part ends with a description of the physical-geographical conditions of the basin, ilustrated by map outputs. In the second practical part, the available data of average daily flows and daily precipitation totals from the ČHMÚ are analyzed in the period 1970-2020. By Pettit's test of homogeneity, the period is divided into two parts (1970-1995 and 1996-2020) to analyze the change in seasonality of the runoff regime and extreme events. Attention is also paid to the change in the ratio of base and direct runoff using the baseflow index and the runoff coefficient. To detect changes in the characteristics of the frequency of occurrence, duration and intensity of extreme events, the threshold value method and the insufficient volume method were used. As a result, a shift in the seasonality of the occurrence of floods to earlier months and a significant increase in...

in English This paper looks into how climate change is being covered by newspaper media in two Global South countries and two Global North countries - India, the Philippines, Denmark and Australia. While there is some literature on who the main sources are in climate change coverage, as well as how frequently climate change is covered in different countries, there is less literature on how climate change is framed, and how this relates to who the main sources are. Analyzing articles from three newspapers in each country, this content analysis gathered data on what sources are being predominantly used in news articles, and further, how these articles are being framed. It was found that climate change has become a highly politicized issue in the media across most of these countries, and that the main voice in how climate change is becoming to be understood is politicians - except for in Denmark. At the same time, it was found that climate change is mainly being framed as an issue in need of action - except for in Australia.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the analysis of long-term changes in precipitation in Europe over the period 1961 - 2011. Emphasis is placed on determining differences in values of trends in precipitation among selected data sources and on analyzing the spatial distribution of annual and seasonal changes in precipitation in Europe, including a discussion of possible causes of differences in these changes in individual areas. Another aim is to illustrate, describe and account for the differences in trend values among different data sources: the ECA&D station database, the interpolation network data sets E-OBS and CRU TS and two reanalyses JRA-55 and NCEP/NCAR. Depending on the amount and quality of data available for the comparison of data sets, changes in precipitation totals were described over a long-term scale in absolute and also, to a lesser degree, in relative values. The first part summarizes the scientific literature dealing with the changes in precipitation characteristics throughout the world and in Europe. There follows a description of the suitability of individual types of data sources for estimating trends in precipitation totals. Scientific articles usually describe long-term changes based on a single data source rather than using a variety of individual types of data sources....

The legal principle of sustainable development in response to the climate change Abstract The ongoing climate change is a serious global problem of today's world. The impacts of this change on the environment and humankind together with the climatic sources of law on the international, EU and national level, were the objects of research of the first half of the introductory part of this master's thesis. The second half of the first part of the text introduces sustainable development as a sui generis solution, both as a general concept and as a legal principle according to the valid Czech law. Subsequently, the second part of the thesis conducts analysis of selected climate-sustainable institutes that respected the principles of sustainable development from the perspective of three different European countries. These specific approaches, which were demonstrated with the selected countries, subsequently serve as an inspiration for the synthesis in the final part of the thesis. In it, a recapitulation of the selected current climatic threats was undertaken, to which the author offers a solution through specific sustainable ways of functioning in the world's major socio-economic sectors. Subsequently, a similar analysis was performed on selected socio-economic sectors of the Czech Republic, which the author...

The present diploma thesis is focusing on understanding the opinions of the selected representatives within the energy sector, with regard to traditional energy on the issue of climate change, as well as on researching the possible change in their attitudes due to climate change, and on mapping accepted or intended measures related to climate change and energy. Traditional energy is already going through some significant transformation and the opinions of employees within this sector can contribute to a better understanding of the perception of climate change in relation to energy. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis approaches the issue of climate change in relation to energy, and also with regard to the situation in the Czech Republic or in the European Union. Furthermore, the issue of coal power plants and heating plants in the Czech Republic, as well as their role in climate change and energy, is also analysed. This part of the thesis deals more closely with the problem of climate change in the Czech Republic. As for the second part, it is devoted to the concept of nature perception according to Phil Macnaghten and John Urry in their work, named Contested Natures, which is also appended by the approach of Jan Krajhanzl from a psychological view linked to the relationship between nature...

The final thesis deals with the issue of hydrological drought in the context of climate change. The basins of the Blšanka River and the Loděnice River have been suffering from water shortages in recent years, therefore they have been selected for the purposes of this final thesis. The thesis summarizes the basic principles used to estimate climate change on the water resources with emphasis on the occurrence of hydrological drought. At the same time, individual components and processes of hydrological modelling conditioning the formation of affected time series in the near (2020-2050) and far future (2070-2100) are described. A total of sixteen simulations created from the seven global climate models (GCM) of the CMIP5 project and three climate scenarios (RCP; Representative Concentration Pathways) are used. The time series of precipitation and air temperature, which have been influenced by the climate change, were derived by an advanced delta method that counts also with the change of variability. The conceptual hydrological model BILAN is used to simulate changes, due to its availability from the T. G. M. Research Institute of Water Management and its wide use in Czech conditions. The parameters of the BILAN model are calibrated based on the observed time series of both selected river basins....

This master thesis focuses on an analysis of surface water chemistry, long-term trends and the impact of drought on changes in concentrations of selected parameters in the upper Svatava, Rolava and Načetínský potok basins located in the Ore Mountains. Research on water quality in mountain spring areas is important, the consequences of various changes can be easily observed there. This work analyses the changes in surface water chemistry and discusses their possible causes, especially the impact of peat bogs and dry episodes. The parameters of water temperature, conductivity, pH, BOD5, COD, TOC, concentration of nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, phosphates, sodium, potassium, calcium and iron were investigated for the period 1993-2018. The available data are analysed using evaluation methods according to ČSN 75 7221 as well as box plots, Pearson correlation coefficient, PCA analysis and Mann-Kendall test. The greatest anthropogenic influence exhibited in Svatava, almost all concentrations reached their highest values there. In the Rolava and Načetínský potok basins, the influence of peatlands manifested itself by increasing the concentrations of iron, TOC and COD. The results of trends showed an increase both in pH and in surface water temperature related to an increase in air temperature, on the...

During the last two centuries a significant change of lichen communities has happened in the Czech Republic. Important factors which had influencing the lichen biota in the past and recently are summarized in this bachelor thesis. Acid rain caused by high imissions of SO2 a NOx was the most important factors of change of species and remaining acidification of substrates is still influencing lichen communities. Until the end of 80's of 20th century acid rain was a dominant factor influencing lichens. Afterwards, thanks to drop of its intensity in 90's of 20th eutrophication and availability of nitrogen in landscape became dominant influencing factors. All these factors mainly affected the communities of macrolichens, and especially cyanolichens to such an extent that some species in the Czech Republic became extinct. Recently the increasing availability of nutrients has been supporting the spread of nitrophilous species. Due to decrease of SO2 emissions to values from the end of 19th century some areas have been recolonized and some endangered species have returned. The transformation of lichen communities has also been significantly affected by forest management and land use. Based on changing climate and change of natural habitats a further decline mainly of suboceanic species is expected. A more...

The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of EU policies in tackling global warming. The study focuses on greenhouse gas emissions in EU member states. The first part of thesis represents the theoretical background on what climate change is and what actions EU takes in order to slow down global warming by reducing GHG emissions. The study further analysis the performance of GHG emissions in Italy, Spain, Germany and United Kingdom using statistical data from OECD Stat database. The analysed data is interpreted according to the climate change policies implemented in each country. Based on comparative analysis findings, the study evaluates the effectiveness of EU CC policies and defines successful GHG emissions reduction measures.

The main focus of the present diploma thesis are the energy policies of Germany and the United Kingdom. In the thesis, a comparative analysis of both countries' policies is carried out, focusing on their progress towards a low carbon energy sector and on the fullfillment of their respective climate pledges, such as the share of renewable sources of electricity and total emissions. The scope of the thesis is narrowed down to include above all the electricity sector and the technologies that help to reduce the energy intensity of the energy sector. The central part of the text is descriptive, comparing both the general outlines of the respective policies and the policy instruments used. The thesis largely follows the logic of comparing the different approaches to the main energy sources (nuclear, renewable, natural gas) and in part also deals with other important phenomena: CCS and EU ETS. The choice of relevant indicators and the evaluation of trends is an integral part of the thesis. The secondary goal is to attempt an evaluation of the individual instruments and policies. Among the conclusions, the following stands out: 1/ the relative success of the German nuclear phaseout as concerns supply security and the simultaneous risks it brings concerning the total emissions from energy; 2/ the relative...

The diploma thesis is focused on an environmental policy upheld by the coalition of ČSSD, ANO and KDU-ČSL in 2013-2017. The researched topic is the reaction to the ongoing global climate change manifesting itself in the context of the Czech Republic in the form of drought. The thesis analyzes the electoral programs of political subjects and the subsequent governmental policy of the coalition in the sense of policy - politics. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the extent to which the given political subjects dealt with the examined environmental issues in their electoral programs, in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in 2013 and the scope of a solution to the problem of global climate change and the drought phenomenon of the political parties within the common government policy. Part of the thesis is also an attempt to include political subjects in the classification scheme of localism - globalism. .

The global climate is a complex and constantly changing system. However, during the last decades, unprecedented changes have occurred. In this thesis, the response of two tree species – Norway spruce and sessile oak to the expected rise of CO2 concentration in atmosphere and interactions with nitrogen and water availability were studied. For this purpose, an experiment simulating these effects was conducted in experimental glassdomes located in experimental station Bílý Kříž (Bekydy Mountains). It included planting tree saplings in two glassdomes with different CO2 concentrations – ambient (approx. 400 ppm) and elevated (approx. 700 ppm), manipulated water availability during July and beginning of August (regular watering vs drought stress), and nitrogen fertilization (fertilized and non-fertilized) treatments. Physiological measurements (light-saturated CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll index) and elemental analyses (carbon : nitrogen ratio) were conducted at the end of the drought stress period. An increase in CO2 assimilation under elevated CO2 concentration was observed in the sessile oak saplings, whereas the Norway spruce has shown no response or even a decline. Both species have shown an increase in the water use efficiency, especially in the water-limited treatment. However, an increase in transpiration and stomatal conductance was indicated in the case of the sessile oak, while Norway spruce has shown a decline in both parameters. The elemental stoichiometry (C:N) response to an elevated CO2 concentration of the tree species has been insignificant, except for the increase in C:N ratio in the sessile oak in both nitrogen-fertilized treatments and in Norway spruce only under lower nitrogen and sufficient water availability. The results have shown that for each tree species different responses to climate change can be expected, which is most likely affected by its ecological requirements. Therefore, in the case of forest management planning, it is important to take these requirements, as well as possible future changes in climate, into consideration.

Climate change is envisaged to impact the lives of all people on earth in a tremendous fashion regardless of their place of stay, profession or personality. The vagaries of climate change are expected to throw their weight on water balance thereby leading to food insecurity among smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe especially those in Mount Darwin District, the case study of this research work. As such, previous development gains by most African countries are thought to be reversed in the face of climate-related ramifications. My diploma thesis is a culmination of a deeply felt desire to raise awareness on the already existing and potential future impacts of climate change among smallholder farmers in the district as mentioned before. As such, the first chapter provides a situational analysis of climate change and how it has affected agricultural production generally in Zimbabwe. Moving on, the second chapter attempts to review climate change related literature, detailing how greenhouse gases are emitted into the air, how they lead to global warming and subsequently to climate change and so on. Furthermore, the methods of research are interrogated in chapter 3 demonstrating sampling procedures and data collection methods whilst the analysis and interpretation of data is examined in chapter 4. Major findings, recommendations and conclusions of this work are dealt with in the last chapter. Finally, appendices 1 and 2 represent the research instruments that were employed in the form of questionnaires in the data collection processes.

Thesis analyse long-term effect of elevated CO2 on biomass of Norway spruce, depending on type of mixture (individual, group, monoculture) with European beech. Planting was realized to 2 glass domes (GD) on locality Biely Kríž in Moravian-Silesian Beskids. In first GD, concentration of CO2 was ambient (AC, ± 350 ppm) and in second GD elevated (EC, ± 700 ppm). After 8 years of cultivation, monoculture of Norway spruce achieved biggest average total biomass in conditions of EC and AC. However only single mixture had bigger average total biomass in conditions of EC compared to AC. In the group mixture and monoculture, average total biomass even insignificant decreased. This phenomenon called down-regulation of photosynthesis probably happened due to low nitrogen supply. Single mixture of spruce, with specie which has different architecture of root system could be appropriate adaptation measure on acidic stands.

Diploma thesis is focused on changes of organic carbon (OC) in surface waters in headwater areas. Thesis is in its theoretical part focused on the literature study of currently published research results of the issue. The important part is finding the possible causes of OC variability, especially landcover and soil environment. The practical part is devoted to research in experimental basins of KFGG, namely in the upper Vydra, Blanice and Rolava. The aim of this work is to clarify the relationships between organic matter concentrations and discharge rates regarding to hydrological extremes. Furthermore, the influence of river basin size and various landcover and variability of concentrations and relationship with other indicators of biogeochemism is studied. The relationship between OC and discharge rate is positive and in most river basins strong or very strong. The weakest relationship was monitored on the profiles with the highest proportion of peatlands in the river basin. In these catchments, the highest average concentrations of OC were determined in autumn, in catchments with the lower proportion of peatlands it is in summer. Analysis of rainfall-runoff events confirmed the positive relationship of OC and discharge. The lag time of the maximum OC concentration beyond the maximum discharge...

Česká republika se podobně jako ostatní země světa potýká s jednotlivými projevy změny klimatu. Změna klimatu je komplexní fenomén, jehož projevy ovlivňují téměř všechny hospodářské oblasti, lidskou společnost i ekosystémy. Reálný efekt daného projevu změny klimatu přitom záleží nejen na místně specifické intenzitě samotného projevu, ale také na tom, zda jsou v zasaženém systému přítomny prvky, které jsou tímto projevem negativně ovlivněny. Reálné efekty daného projevu a jejich závažnost jsou určeny také schopností dotčeného systému dopad projevu předvídat (být na něj připraven), reagovat na něj a přizpůsobit se nastalé změně, případně schopností tlumit negativní dopady a způsobené škody nahradit.

The main aim of the study is to analyse households' adaptation measures to the climate change and its impacts in Sri Lanka such as extreme weather events - especially floods, landslides, heavy rains, droughts or water deficiency. Another objective of this study is to identify how locals perceive climate change impacts, what they think the specific causes are, what the implications and consequences are and what are their impacts on their households in selected regions in Sri Lanka. I also tried to identify which changes of climate they personally observe (if any) and what they think about it. The case study is based on my research, which I realized in July - September 2016 in Sri Lanka. I focused on two neighbour districts: one of them is Anuradhapura district, which is on the northwest of the island and it is in the dry climatic zone of the island. The second district is Matale, which is located in highlands and there is more humidity. I examined the perception of local residents to changes in the climate, which is, whether they realize that changes are caused by the global climate change and that the situation will deteriorate further, or whether they have another explanation. In connection with this, I also examined whether they have any plans or predictions of the future and how they adapt for...

CENIA, česká informační agentura životního prostředí ve spolupráci s Centrem pro otázky životního prostředí Univerzity Karlovy vytvořila návrh systému sledování zranitelnosti České republiky vůči projevům změny klimatu, tzv. indikátory zranitelnosti. Zranitelnost ČR vůči projevům změny klimatu je dle vyhodnocení, zpracovaného v průběhu roku 2017 k výchozímu roku 2014, velmi vysoká. Jeden z nejdůležitějších prvků zranitelnosti ČR je hospodaření s vodou v české krajině, která není v dostatečné míře schopná zadržovat vodu, což přispívá na jedné straně k velmi vysoké zranitelnosti suchem a na straně druhé povodněmi. Špatný management vody v krajině a v sídlech je umocněn měnícími se srážkovými a teplotními vzorci, které mají dopady na další oblasti – obyvatelstvo, lesnictví, zemědělství, urbánní prostředí, energetiku a další. Sada indikátorů zranitelnosti je součástí Národního akčního plánu adaptace na změnu klimatu (NAP adaptace, 2017), který je implementačním dokumentem Strategie přizpůsobení se změně klimatu v podmínkách ČR (Adaptační strategie ČR, 2016).

The bachelor thesis “The influence of climate on the terms of phenological phases of selected plant species in South Moravia“ is focused on phenological phases dates of selected plant species of South Moravia, specifically the phenological phase of apricot (Prunus armeniaca). Phenophases were elaborated by computer model PhenoClim which allowed us to calculate the values of biological zeroes and sum od effective tem-peratures. Phenological and meteorogical data which are necessary for evaulation were available from various experimental stations, especially from the region of south Moravia. The main result of the study was the determination of the smallest variation in the measurement and thus the most probable start day of the individual phase. It mean we can find star day of phenological phase with a specific days variation. The work thesis include also elaboration of historical phenological data for the loca-tion of South Moravia and also field-monitoring of phenological phases on the Pálava in the season 2017/2018.

Climate change is currently one of the most discussed and burdensome global problems. One of its impacts is drought. The drought is already noticeable in the Czech Republic and its effects are supposed to increase. Hradec Králové and Pardubice Regions are also dealing with this danger. One of the possible measures to provide sufficient water for this area in the future is a construction of a new dam. However, the Pěčín dam creates many contradictory reactions. Most criticized is its location. The dam affects not only the first and second zone of the Protected Landscape Area, but also one of the Sites of Community Importance. This thesis summarizes important information about the intended project and its alternatives and evaluates their pros and cons. The thesis is based on qualitative research. The research was conducted with semi-structured interviews with interested specialists from two opinion sites - for and against the intent. The conclusion of this thesis is that there is no need to build a dam or any other alternative in the present, because there is enough water in the examined area. According to the analysis, it is even possible that the predicted future deficit will not even occur. If the deficit occurs after all, it is necessary to proceed with the evaluation of the alternatives and to...

CENIA, česká informační agentura životního prostředí ve spolupráci s Centrem pro otázky životního prostředí Univerzity Karlovy vytvořila návrh systému sledování zranitelnosti České republiky vůči projevům změny klimatu, tzv. indikátory zranitelnosti. Zranitelnost ČR vůči projevům změny klimatu je dle vyhodnocení, zpracovaného v průběhu roku 2017 k výchozímu roku 2014, velmi vysoká. Jeden z nejdůležitějších prvků zranitelnosti ČR je hospodaření s vodou v české krajině, která není v dostatečné míře schopná zadržovat vodu, což přispívá na jedné straně k velmi vysoké zranitelnosti suchem a na straně druhé povodněmi. Špatný management vody v krajině a v sídlech je umocněn měnícími se srážkovými a teplotními vzorci, které mají dopady na další oblasti – obyvatelstvo, lesnictví, zemědělství, urbánní prostředí, energetiku a další. Sada indikátorů zranitelnosti je součástí Národního akčního plánu adaptace na změnu klimatu (NAP adaptace, 2017), který je implementačním dokumentem Strategie přizpůsobení se změně klimatu v podmínkách ČR (Adaptační strategie ČR, 2016).

Understanding the response of species to climate change and their ability to adapt is the key to describe the future development of plant communities. The aim of the study is to determinate intraspecific variability in germination of Festuca rubra from different original climates in response to novel climatic regimes. This study also observes if different climatic regimes lead to selection of different genotypes. Festuca rubra is a widespread clonal grass occurring in the Northern hemisphere. The plant material comes from 11 localities distributed along a climatic grid of factorially crossed temperature and precipitation situated in western Norway. The project was carried out in growth chambers, where the germination of seeds was monitored in two different temperature conditions and in two moisture treatments. Germinated seeds were planted into pots remaining in the same treatment where they germinated. Seedlings from one Petri dish grew together in one pot. One population, from the coldest and the driest original locality, growing in the warm-wet and cold-wet treatments was genetically analysed using microsatellites. Germination of the species was higher and faster in warm than in cold conditions, showing that germination of the species is enhanced by higher temperature. Germination was higher in...

This Master's Thesis called "Climate expertise and security politics: the case of the Czech Republic" deals with engagement of climatologists in politics and society. Nowadays, certain actors (politicians, activists, celebrities, etc.) perceive climate change as dangerous threat to humanity, and so, they try to securitize this issue. They endeavor to inform ordinary people and make politicians to adopt extraordinary measures. Among these securitizing actors, we could find several climatologists who can fulfil role of security experts. However, such a trend is not present in the Czech Republic. Czech climatologists are not so active publicly and in politics compared to their foreign colleagues. This Thesis would like to analyze what are structural conditions of this trend. It is focused on various influential elements - society, politics, media and scientific field itself. It is based on concept of co-production that is about mutual relationship between these elements. It shows that society, politics and media are rather discouraging Czech scientists from engagement. However, also scientific community as such is not coherent, but there are several different epistemic communities. This Thesis would also like to connect science with Security Studies, mainly securitization theory and security...

Mankind has come to the point where it is fully dependent on energy. Primarily, this means the universally convertable electricity and also the thermal energy. The most widespread technologies for production of the above energies are unfortunately based on fossil fuels which, when combusted, produce greenhouse gases. Even though this is not the sole source of these substances, it belongs among the largest ones. The heightened concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere causes climate change which endangers the environment of the whole planet. To make this process stop or at least slow down, it is imperative to implement a wide range of measures to limit the greenhous gases production. Even though such measures will need to be carried out technically, their basis lies in law. The dissertation thesis "Energy and Environment from the Viewpoint of Law" deals with relationships between energy and environment (mostly energetics) and tools of law which can be releavant in this field. They can be found across different levels from international through European to national - Czech - level. From the perspective of applied tools, they incorporate conceptual, administrative and economical approaches. The roles of the respective means is such that the conceptual determine future progress,...

This bachelor thesis is focused on phenological phases (so-called phenophases) terms of wildly growing species and controlled ecosystems. The entire thesis is elaborated as literature review based on available Czech, Slovak and international scientific literature. The first part is describing the fundaments of the phenological observations and the temporal shift in the onsets of phenophases in the Czech Republic. The second part is focused mainly on phenological shifts at the European level with respect to climate change characterized by increasing temperature trends. In the case of agricultural (so-called controlled) ecosystems, the work is focused on (in our conditions) the most commonly cultivated crops, i.e. winter wheat and spring barley. The wildly growing species in this work were selected to represent deciduous trees that are the most common in European temperate forests, i.e. common oak, European beech, European white birch and European alder.

The Earth's climate system has recently experienced substantial warming which likely impacts temperature-limited communities close to their distribution margins. The alpine treeline ecotone represents upper distributional limit of montane/subalpine forests. This biogeographic boundary relies mainly on decreasing temperature with increasing elevation. Surprisingly the response of treeline ecotone to ongoing warming has varied a lot and the reasons of this variability are poorly understood. The aim of this dissertation thesis is the assessment of growth trends and tree ring response of Norway spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.) to climatic oscillations at treelines and montane forests of East-Central Europe. This dissertation deals with both inter-regional and intra-regional (aspect, elevation) variability of tree growth. The presented results are based on an extensive data set of growth curves for almost 1400 trees. All study sites revealed close relationship between tree ring widths and growing season temperatures as well as the temperatures of October preceding to ring formation season. The main site-dependent differences in growth trends and temperature responses were attributed to elevation, the effect of aspect was relatively less significant. At treelines between the Krkonoše Mts. and Nízké Tatry...

LONG-TERM CHANGES IN CLOUDINESS AND SUNSHINE DURATION IN EUROPE Abstract The aim of this paper is to study long-term changes of two climatological parameters known as sunshine duration (SD) and cloudiness (CC) using several stations data located in Europe in the period 1965 - 2016. This paper is devided into two main parts. First part is paying attention to the literary research, which firstly introduce the chosen climatical variables (SD and CC) and then introduce the issue of the already known long term changes of this variables. Second part of this work is based on practical research. This paper uses a statistical linear regression to find out the seasonal and annual trends in sunshine duration and cloudiness. Data series were obtained from database ECA&D in total from 48 european climatic stations. Klíčová slova: cloud cover, sunshine duration, climate change, trends, Europe