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The article makes an attempt to comprehend appearance of the phenomenon of Soviet man in the historical arena, the specifics of its functioning at various stages of the formation and development of Soviet society. It is shown that the consciousness and activity of the Soviet person developed gradually, within the framework of overcoming objective and subjective contradictory circumstances. Particular attention is paid to the Soviet person as a decisive link in the emergence and existence of a social contract as the basis of Soviet society. A brief critical analysis of anti-Soviet concepts is being implemented. A search is being made for an answer to the question why the phenomenon of the Soviet man continues to live in the minds and hearts of Russians three decades after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

На основе определения сущности и содержания прекарной занятости, обоснованного ранее (СоцИс, 2020, № 8), показано ее реальное состояние в России, раскрываются и характеризуются ее основные черты. Анализ опирается на индикаторы (критерии) прекарной занятости и результаты всероссийских исследований, проведенных РГГУ в 2018 и 2019 гг. На этой основе рассматриваются общие и специфические характеристики прекарной занятости в экономике в целом и в трех отраслях (строительство, транспорт, сфера услуг и торговля), где концентрируется наибольший удельный вес вовлеченных в подобные трудовые отношения. Анализируются социально-правовое положение работников, ситуация в организации трудового процесса, материальное обеспечение, социальные гарантии, (со)участие в принятии решений, в первую очередь непосредственно на производстве, а также степень уверенности в своем будущем. Формулируются предложения об учете особенностей прекарной занятости в текущей и перспективной государственной политике.

The article examines the modalities of social development. Reconsidering the history of the evolution of ideas, it can be noted that the development of countries was usually interpreted only in two modalities – evolution and revolution. But the concepts of revolution and evolution – qua states of progress – cannot explain the whole variety of real but unique processes and events, cannot reflect the specifics of the development process in countries of different regions of the world. In the humanities, there is a domination of formal pragmatic ideas that social well-being is determined by the level of the economic and technical base of society, by the total volume of the benefits consumed. However, the state of public consciousness, being a form of the internal state of society, directly affects social well-being. For this reason, the concept of “trauma” is proposed as a term for a specific state, different from a revolutionary or evolutionary one, a state that draws society away from the logic of development and progress. Thus, we should talk about the “trauma society,” which should be understood as the third modality of social development along with evolution and revolution. The trauma state primarily manifests itself in the forms of social self-awareness. Trauma society lacks a clear strategy and understanding of its own prospects. The actions of society are inconsistent in nature and are not able to mobilize resources to overcome destructive processes. Due to that, the traumatic conditions have economic and political consequences. In a trauma society, national specificity is usually either ignored or, contrarily, exaggerated. The degradation of economic and government institutions leads to a merger of power and property. Therefore, the harmonization of public consciousness should be considered as one of the conditions for overcoming the institutional crisis.

Xia Tian,* Meng Liu,* Xiaodong Huang, Qingxi Zhu, Weijie Liu, Wei Chen, Yanli Zou, Yishan Cai, Shasha Huang, Aifang Chen, Ting Zhan, Min Huang, Xiaoli Chen, Zheng Han, Jie Tan Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zheng Han; Jie Tan Email 422435466@qq.com; 549774892@qq.comBackground: Noscapine is an opium alkaloid that has recently been shown to potentiate anti-cancer therapeutic effects by inducing apoptosis in various malignant cells without any detectable toxicity. However, the mechanism by which noscapine induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells remains unclear.Materials and Methods: In this study, we explored the anti-cancer activity of noscapine in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant human colon cancer cell lines HT29/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU and investigated the possible underlying mechanism. The apoptosis and mitochondrial morphology of cells were detected by TUNEL assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined using JC-1. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening was detected by the calcein-AM/cobalt assay. The levels of glucose, lactic, and ATP in cells were evaluated by ELISA kits. Relative protein expression levels were detected by Western blot.Results: We verified that PTEN was involved in noscapine-induced apoptosis in HT29/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU cells. Noscapine greatly increased mitochondrial damage by altering mitochondrial morphology, inducing mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and enabling mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in HT29/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU cells. In addition, noscapine inhibited the Warburg effect by decreasing the levels of glucose, lactic acid, and ATP and inhibiting the protein expression of glucose transporter 1, lactate dehydrogenase-B, hexokinase 2, and pyruvate kinase M2 in HT29/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU cells. However, PTEN interference counteracted the effect of noscapine on mitochondrial damage and the Warburg effect in HT29/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU cells by decreasing the activation of PI3K/mTOR signaling.Conclusion: These results indicated that noscapine induced the apoptosis of HT29/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU human colon cancer cells by regulating mitochondria damage and the Warburg effect via PTEN, and the process is closely related to the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway.Keywords: colon cancer, noscapine, mitochondrial damage, PTEN, PI3K/mTOR

В эссе последовательно разбирается феномен исторической памяти о событиях 1941–1945 гг. Описываются причины высокой оценки роли и значения Великой Отечественной войны, в сравнении с другими событиями XX в., у россиян, независимо от их социального положения, возраста и мировоззренческих установок. Обсуждаются вопросы рождения разных толкований роли СССР в исходе войны, ее интерпретаций и трактовок. Критикуются формализация и бюрократизация памяти о войне. На основе песен и стихов раскрывается глубинная сущность патриотизма советского народа, который противостоял фашизму; отмечается их роль в мобилизации и укреплении веры в победу.

The development of civilization at the present stage faced with a phenomenon that is still poorly studied and little known, which we call trauma society. The fact is that meaningful, prominent and significant events are taking place in the world, which cannot be defined and qualified in the previous terms – evolution and revolution, which describe and reflect the current changes. At present, there are 53 States that, according to the world Bank, have been or are in a state of chaotic, unbalanced and turbulent development for a long period of time. Countries that are stagnating in their development for a long time or are in a state of recession and are losing previously achieved milestones are considered to be trauma societies. Special attention is paid to Russia, which, according to the author, can be attributed to traumatizes societies, since in its development, having rejected the socialist past, it did not reach the boundaries from which it began its journey. At the same time, the transformations that have been taking place for more than a quarter of a century form a mosaic in which it is difficult/impossible to distinguish between evolutionary and revolutionary trends. In this regard, an analysis of the obstacles that have not been overcome for the implementation of a truly democratic, effectively functioning society is given. The analysis of the state of trauma societies carried out in the scientific and expert community, based on the practice of successfully developing countries, allows us to determine ways out of the state of traumatized society.

The article proposes to implement a special theoretical and methodological analysis, which is still little used in empirical research on various forms and types of professional activity. This analysis does not coincide with the officially existing classification, which includes and characterizes 450 professions (or 9 enlarged professional groups). The proposed approach is based on the classification of professions on the basis of their socio-technological measurement, which involves the use of such indicators as the subject of labor, the content and nature of labor, the conditions, means and methods for its implementation, taking into account the influence of the external environment and assessing the achieved indicators. Based on this approach, the article characterizes four groups of professions: man-technology, man-nature. man-man, man-creativity. This approach allows one to more deeply describe and understand the meaning of the profession, to reveal its essence and quality, to enrich ideas about the potential of each profession. And what is especially important - such an approach will make it possible to more clearly and substantively decide for each of these groups of professions, based on their general and special characteristics - how to really participate in solving such an important socio-economic task of the ongoing technological revolution - the growth of labor productivity, the rationalization of employment, increase in production efficiency.

В интервью Ж.Т. Тощенко – главный редактор журнала «Социологические исследования» (1995–2017) – вспоминает ключевые моменты редакционной работы: как проходили заседания редколлегии, каким образом велась работа с авторами, выстраивались отношения с учредителем (АН СССР (РАН)), какой была редакционная политика журнала, и конечно, тех людей, с которыми проходило сотрудничество. Размышляет и о роли социологии в обществе, о приоритетных темах, о проблемах, с которыми сталкиваются исследователи и преподаватели социологии. А те принципы, которыми Ж.Т. Тощенко руководствовался в журнале, могут послужить примером добросовестной редакторской работы.

The article discusses theoretical, methodological foundations of the precariat, understandings of this phenomenon in Russian and foreign literature, reasons for its appearance in the modern history. The initial positions of the preparation of the first special study of the precariat in the Russia are described, the methodological grounds for its implementation are revealed: the definition of the social problem in the sphere of labor relations, the formulation of the hypotheses of the study,the substantiation of the research model associated with the definition of the structure (composition) of the precariat, its representation in various spheres of society. Special consideration was given to the methodological tools of its study – sampling, survey methods, justification of methods of analysis of empirical information. Based on the data of an all-Russian study, the main and special features of the precariat were identified, its place and relationship with other social groups and primarily with the middle classes were shown. A debatable question is discussed – whether the precariat can be called a class and what are its main criteria in this case. Assumptions are made about its role in the course of fundamental social changes in the economy and politics, social consequences of its existence. An attempt was made to determine its role in defending its own interests, as well as the prospects for its further development and functioning.

The article deals with the emergence of a new social class, precariat, explains the causes that brought it into being, its structure and key characteristics. It traces the maturing of the idea of precariat in scientific thought, in world and Russian social practice. The main features of this class are revealed and a comparison is made with other social groups. The article reveals the specificities of this class, its place and role in contemporary divisionof labour, its position in the labour market and the first sprouts of its self-awarenessas “a class for itself.” The consequences of the existence and functioning of the precariat are discussed.

Helicteres angustifolia has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. It has multiple pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumor effects. Its main active chemicals include betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, helicteric acid, helicterilic acid, and other triterpenoid sapions. It is worth noting that the acylation of triterpenoids, such as helicteric acid and helicterilic acid, are characteristic components of Helicteres and are relatively rare among other plants. However, reliance on natural plants as the only sources of these restricts the potential use of H. angustifolia. Therefore, engineering of its metabolic pathway is of high research value for enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Unfortunately, little is known of the biosynthesis of acylated triterpenoids, hindering its further investigation. Here, the RNAs of different groups treated by metabolic stimulation were sequenced with an Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform, resulting in 121 gigabases of data. A total of 424,824 unigenes were obtained after the trimming and assembly of the raw data, and 22,430 unigenes were determined to be differentially expressed. In addition, three oxidized squalene cyclases (OSCs) and four Cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) were screened, of which one OSC (HaOSC1) and one CYP450 (HaCYPi3) achieved functional verification, suggesting that they could catalyze the production of lupeol and oleanolic acid, respectively. At the same time, we also screened two triterpenoid acetyl transferases (TATs) and one triterpenoid benzoyl transferase (TBT), as subsequent structural modificatory genes, their preliminary study laid a foundation for the acylation of triterpenoids. In a nutshell, these results shed light on the regulation of acylated triterpenoids biosynthesis.