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AIMS OF THE STUDY: Clinical teaching is essential in preparing trainees for independent practice. To improve teaching quality, clinical teachers should be provided with meaningful and reliable feedback from trainees (bottom-up feedback) based on up-to-date educational concepts. For this purpose, we designed a web-based instrument, "Swiss System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities" (SwissSETQ), building on a well-established tool (SETQsmart) and expanding it with current graduate medical education concepts. This study aimed to validate the new instrument in the field of anaesthesiology training. METHODS: Based on SETQsmart, we developed an online instrument (primarily including 34 items) with generic items to be used in all clinical disciplines. We integrated the recent educational frameworks of CanMEDS 2015 (Canadian Medical Educational Directives for Specialists), and of entrustable professional activities (EPAs). Newly included themes were "Interprofessionalism", "Patient centredness", "Patient safety", "Continuous professional development’, and "Entrustment decisions". We ensured content validity by iterative discussion rounds between medical education specialists and clinical supervisors. Two think-aloud rounds with residents investigated the response process. Subsequently, the instrument was pilot-tested in the anaesthesia departments of four major teaching hospitals in Switzerland, involving 220 trainees and 120 faculty. We assessed the instrument's internal structure (to determine the factorial composition) using exploratory factor analysis, internal statistical consistency (by Cronbach’s alpha as an estimate of reliability, regarding alpha >0.7 as acceptable, >0.8 as good, >0.9 as excellent), and inter-rater reliability (using generalisability theory in order to assess the minimum number of ratings necessary for a valid feedback to one single supervisor). RESULTS: Based on 185 complete ratings for 101 faculty, exploratory factor analysis revealed four facto

Background Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are commonly developed by senior clinicians and education experts. However, if postgraduate training is conceptualised as an educational alliance, the perspective of trainees should be included. This raises the question as to whether the views of trainees and supervisors on entrustability of specific EPAs differ, which we aimed to explore. Methods A working group, including all stakeholders, selected and drafted 16 EPAs with the potential for unsupervised practice within the first year of training. For each EPA, first-year trainees, advanced trainees, and supervisors decided whether it should be possible to attain trust for unsupervised practice by the end of the first year of anaesthesiology training (i.e. whether the respective EPA qualified as a ‘first-year EPA’). Results We surveyed 23 first-year trainees, 47 advanced trainees, and 51 supervisors (overall response rate: 68%). All groups fully agreed upon seven EPAs as ‘first-year EPAs’ and on four EPAs that should not be entrusted within the first year. For all five remaining EPAs, a significantly higher proportion of first-year trainees thought these should be entrusted as first-year EPAs compared with advanced trainees and supervisors. We found no differences between advanced trainees and supervisors. Conclusions The views of first-year trainees, advanced trainees, and supervisors showed high agreement. Differing views of young trainees disappeared after the first year. This finding provides a fruitful basis to involve trainees in negotiations of autonomy.

Lung transplantation is an established therapeutic procedure for end stage lung diseases. Its success may be impaired by perioperative complications. Intraoperative blood loss and the resulting blood transfusion are among the most common complications. The various factors contributing to increased blood loss during lung transplantation are only scarcely investigated and not yet completely understood. This is in sharp contrast to other surgical fields, as in orthopedic surgery, liver transplantation and cardiac surgery the contributors to blood loss are well identified. This narrative review article aims to highlight the acknowledged factors influencing blood loss in lung transplantation (such as double vs. single lung transplant) and to discuss potential factors that may be of interest for further research or helpful to develop strategies targeting risk factors in order to minimize blood loss during lung transplantation and finally improve patient outcome.

Objective: Lung transplantation has become an established treatment option for end-stage pulmonary diseases. However, outcome depends on preoperative condition and co-morbidity. Furthermore, perioperative blood-product use is known to be associated with worse outcome even in transplant surgery. We investigated the impact of poor preoperative right-ventricular function and blood-product use on outcome after lung transplantation. Methods: The medical records of 169 lung-transplant recipients from 1996 to 2006 were examined. Duration of hospital stay, hours on mechanical ventilation, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, perioperative complications, death during hospital stay, and long-term survival were recorded. These outcome parameters were analyzed regarding coherence with right-ventricular function and the perioperative administration of crystalloids, colloids, allogeneic red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets. Results: Patients with poor preoperative right-ventricular function had a significant increase in postoperative hours on ventilation (p=0.005), intensive care stay (p=0.003), and in-hospital death (p=0.012). The hours on ventilation increased also with high intra-operative fluid administration (p=0.026). Blood-product use was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care stay. After multivariate analysis, transfusion of platelets (p=0.022) was an independent prognostic factor for in-hospital death. Hours of mechanical ventilation was the only independent prognostic factor for long-term mortality (p=0.014). Conclusions: Perioperative transfusion of platelets is an independent prognostic factor for perioperative mortality. Furthermore, the study indicated that poor preoperative right-ventricular function might worsen perioperatively after lung transplantation. Therefore, pre-transplant treatment of pulmonary hypertension to protract right-ventricular failure and a restrictive use of allogeneic blood products may be op

BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge on practice patterns in procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA), the use of propofol, and monitoring during flexible bronchoscopy (FB). The purpose of this study was to assess the current practice patterns of FBs and to focus on the use of propofol, the education of the proceduralist, and the involvement of anaesthesiologists during FB. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to 299 pulmonologists. Only respondents who were active physicians in adult respiratory medicine performing FB were subsequently analysed. RESULTS: The response rate was 78 % and 27,149 FB in the previous 12 months were analysed. The overall sedation-related morbidity rate was 0.02 % and mortality was 7/100'000 FB. Sedation was used in 95 % of bronchoscopies. The main drugs used for PSA were propofol (77 %) and midazolam (46 %). In 84 % of PSAs propofol was used without the attendance of an anaesthesiologist. The use of propofol was associated with high volume bronchoscopists (p < 0.010) and career-young pulmonologists (p < 0.001). While monitoring vital parameters has become standard practice, pulmonologists reported a very low rate of systematic basic education and training in the field of PSA (50 %). CONCLUSIONS: In Switzerland, PSA during FB is mostly performed with propofol without the attendance of an anaesthesiologist and the use of this drug is expected to increase in the future. While monitoring standards are very high there is need for policies to improve education, systematic training, and support for pulmonologists for PSA during FB.