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Hepatocellular carcinoma is the predominant histologic variant of hepatic malignancy and has become a major challenge to global health. The increasing incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma has created an urgent need for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. This is despite the impressive results of multiple treatments in the clinic. However, the unique tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma increases the difficulty of treatment and immune tolerance. In recent years, the application of nanoparticles in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has brought new hope for tumor patients. Nano agents target tumor-associated fibroblasts, regulatory T cells, myeloid suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated neutrophils, and immature dendritic cells, reversed the immunosuppressive microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, he purpose of this review is to summarize the advantages of nanotechnology in guiding surgical excision, local ablation, TACE, standard chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, application of nano-vaccines has also continuously enriched the treatment of liver cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential applications of nanotechnology in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma, with the ultimate goal of enhancing therapeutic outcomes and improving the prognosis for patients affected by this malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a major public health issue, with an estimated 20 million new cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2022. Approximately 44.5% of patients experience cancer pain, significantly impacting their quality of life and causing physical and psychological burdens. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, shows potential in managing cancer pain. This review summarizes current research on rTMS for cancer pain, focusing on pain directly caused by tumors, pain from cancer treatments, postoperative pain, and cancer-related symptoms. Additionally, rTMS shows promise in improving cancer-related fatigue, anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction, which can indirectly reduce cancer pain. The analgesic mechanisms of rTMS include inhibiting nociceptive signal transmission in the spinal cord, modulating hemodynamic changes in brain regions, and promoting endogenous opioid release. High-frequency stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) has shown significant analgesic effects, improving patients' emotional and cognitive functions and overall quality of life. rTMS has a favorable safety profile, with most studies reporting no severe adverse events. In conclusion, rTMS holds substantial potential for cancer pain management, offering a non-invasive and multifaceted therapeutic approach. Continued research and clinical application are expected to establish rTMS as an essential component of comprehensive cancer pain treatment strategies, significantly enhancing the overall well-being of patients with cancer., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors (Yanyuan Du, Yaoyuan Li, Jieqing Hu, Ruiying Fang, Yuming Liu, Liu Cai, Ying Song, Susu Ma, Jin Gao, Hanyue Zhang, Baihui Li, Hongtai Xiong, Huibo Yu, Shenglei Yang, Shuduo Zhu, Honggang Zheng) declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Ethical Approval This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)