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Digital technologies, including Virtual Learning Environment (VL) and Social Media (SM), are well adopted in the Higher Education (HE) setting, yet little is known about the role these tools play in supporting students' achievement of HE goals. This research is the first to examine student efficiency by uncovering the direct links between HE inputs and outputs in consideration of technology use. Building on service productivity theory, a two-phase approach is adopted to empirically examine if VL and SM use enhances students' efficiency in HE goals attainment. The first phase identified a range of HE inputs and outputs perceived by HE students via structured interviews. Through questionnaires, the second phase revealed how technology use changed the input-output transformation. Our findings suggest that students are better off without relying on digital technologies. While VL can enhance students' HE goals achievement with additional inputs, students who use SM are the least efficient. This encourages further work to devise more diligent use of VL and SM under the HE setting. • Students are the most efficient in achieving HE goal without digital technologies. • VL supports students' HE goal achievement but requires additional resources. • Students who use SM are the least efficient in achieving HE goals. • HE institutions should not over-privilege digital tools especially post-COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of remanufacturing has been increasing since stricter regulations on protecting the environment were enforced. Remanufacturing is considered as the main means of retaining value from used products and components in order to drive a circular economy. However, it is more complex than traditional manufacturing due to the uncertainties associated with the quality, quantities and return timing of used products and components. Over the past few years, various methods of optimising remanufacturing outcomes have been developed to make decisions such as identifying the best End-Of-Life (EOL) options, acquiring the right amounts of cores, deciding the most suitable disassembly level, applying suitable cleaning techniques, and considering product commonality across different product families. A decision being made at one remanufacturing activity will greatly affect the decisions at subsequent activities, which will affect remanufacturing outcomes, i.e. productivity, economic performance effectiveness, and the proportion of core that can be salvaged. Therefore, a holistic way of integrating different decisions over multiple remanufacturing activities is needed to improve remanufacturing outcomes, which is a major knowledge gap. This paper reviews current remanufacturing practice in order to highlight both the challenges and opportunities, and more importantly, offers useful insights on how such a knowledge gap can be bridged. • Integrated decision making (IDM) over multiple remanufacturing activities is a gap. • Models considering economic, engineering and environmental objectives are lacking. • Metaheuristics and non-linear programming are recommended optimising methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]