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1. LearnLM: Improving Gemini for Learning

Author

LearnLM Team, Modi, Abhinit, Veerubhotla, Aditya Srikanth, Rysbek, Aliya, Huber, Andrea, Wiltshire, Brett, Veprek, Brian, Gillick, Daniel, Kasenberg, Daniel, Ahmed, Derek, Jurenka, Irina, Cohan, James, She, Jennifer, Wilkowski, Julia, Alarakyia, Kaiz, McKee, Kevin R., Wang, Lisa, Kunesch, Markus, Schaekermann, Mike, Pîslar, Miruna, Joshi, Nikhil, Mahmoudieh, Parsa, Jhun, Paul, Wiltberger, Sara, Mohamed, Shakir, Agarwal, Shashank, Phal, Shubham Milind, Lee, Sun Jae, Strinopoulos, Theofilos, Ko, Wei-Jen, Wang, Amy, Anand, Ankit, Bhoopchand, Avishkar, Wild, Dan, Pandya, Divya, Bar, Filip, Graham, Garth, Winnemoeller, Holger, Nagda, Mahvish, Kolhar, Prateek, Schneider, Renee, Zhu, Shaojian, Chan, Stephanie, Yadlowsky, Steve, Sounderajah, Viknesh, and Assael, Yannis

Subjects
Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Today's generative AI systems are tuned to present information by default rather than engage users in service of learning as a human tutor would. To address the wide range of potential education use cases for these systems, we reframe the challenge of injecting pedagogical behavior as one of \textit{pedagogical instruction following}, where training and evaluation examples include system-level instructions describing the specific pedagogy attributes present or desired in subsequent model turns. This framing avoids committing our models to any particular definition of pedagogy, and instead allows teachers or developers to specify desired model behavior. It also clears a path to improving Gemini models for learning -- by enabling the addition of our pedagogical data to post-training mixtures -- alongside their rapidly expanding set of capabilities. Both represent important changes from our initial tech report. We show how training with pedagogical instruction following produces a LearnLM model (available on Google AI Studio) that is preferred substantially by expert raters across a diverse set of learning scenarios, with average preference strengths of 31\% over GPT-4o, 11\% over Claude 3.5, and 13\% over the Gemini 1.5 Pro model LearnLM was based on.

Published
2024

2. Supernovae evidence for foundational change to cosmological models

Author

Seifert, Antonia, Lane, Zachary G., Galoppo, Marco, Ridden-Harper, Ryan, and Wiltshire, David L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We present a new, cosmologically model-independent, statistical analysis of the Pantheon+ type Ia supernovae spectroscopic dataset, improving a standard methodology adopted by Lane et al. We use the Tripp equation for supernova standardisation alone, thereby avoiding any potential correlation in the stretch and colour distributions. We compare the standard homogeneous cosmological model, i.e., $\Lambda$CDM, and the timescape cosmology which invokes backreaction of inhomogeneities. Timescape, while statistically homogeneous and isotropic, departs from average Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker evolution, and replaces dark energy by kinetic gravitational energy and its gradients, in explaining independent cosmological observations. When considering the entire Pantheon+ sample, we find very strong evidence ($\ln B> 5$) in favour of timescape over $\Lambda$CDM. Furthermore, even restricting the sample to redshifts beyond any conventional scale of statistical homogeneity, $z > 0.075$, timescape is preferred over $\Lambda$CDM with $\ln B> 1$. These results provide evidence for a need to revisit the foundations of theoretical and observational cosmology., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; associated RAS press release RAS PR 24/33

Published
2024
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3. Predicting Workload in Virtual Flight Simulations using EEG Features (Including Post-hoc Analysis in Appendix)

Author

Verkennis, Bas, van Weelden, Evy, Marogna, Francesca L., Alimardani, Maryam, Wiltshire, Travis J., and Louwerse, Max M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

Effective cognitive workload management has a major impact on the safety and performance of pilots. Integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) presents an opportunity for real-time workload assessment. Leveraging cognitive workload data from immersive, high-fidelity virtual reality (VR) flight simulations enhances ecological validity and allows for dynamic adjustments to training scenarios based on individual cognitive states. While prior studies have predominantly concentrated on EEG spectral power for workload prediction, delving into inter-brain connectivity may yield deeper insights. This study assessed the predictive value of EEG spectral and connectivity features in distinguishing high vs. low workload periods during simulated flight in VR and Desktop conditions. EEG data were collected from 52 non-pilot participants conducting flight tasks in an aircraft simulation, after which they reported cognitive workload using the NASA Task Load Index. Using an ensemble approach, a stacked classifier was trained to predict workload using two feature sets extracted from the EEG data: 1) spectral features (Baseline model), and 2) a combination of spectral and connectivity features (Connectivity model), both within the alpha, beta, and theta band ranges. Results showed that the performance of the Connectivity model surpassed the Baseline model. Additionally, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) provided insights into the most influential workload-predicting features, highlighting the potential dominance of parietal-directed connectivity in managing cognitive workload during simulated flight. Further research on other connectivity metrics and alternative models (such as deep learning) in a large sample of pilots is essential to validate the possibility of a real-time BCI for the prediction of workload under safety-critical operational conditions.

Published
2024

4. Novel Non-Prehensile Rolling Problem: Modelling and Balance Control of Pendulum-Driven Reconfigurable Disks Motion with Magnetic Coupling in Simulation

Author

Wiltshire, Ollie and Tafrishi, Seyed Amir

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract

This paper presents a novel type of mobile rolling robot designed as a modular platform for non-prehensile manipulation, highlighting the associated control challenges in achieving balancing control of the robotic system. The developed rolling disk modules incorporate an innovative internally actuated magnetic-pendulum coupling mechanism, which introduces a compelling control problem due to the frictional and sliding interactions, as well as the magnetic effects between each module. In this paper, we derive the nonlinear dynamics of the robot using the Euler-Lagrange formulation. Then, through simulation, the motion behavior of the system is studied and analyzed, providing critical insights for future investigations into control methods for complex non-prehensile motion between robotic modules. Also, we study the balancing of this new platform and introduce a new motion pattern of lifting. This research aims to enhance the understanding and implementation of modular self-reconfigurable robots in various scenarios for future applications., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, under-review

Published
2024

5. Design and Motion Analysis of a Reconfigurable Pendulum-Based Rolling Disk Robot with Magnetic Coupling

Author

Wiltshire, Ollie and Tafrishi, Seyed Amir

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract

Reconfigurable robots are at the forefront of robotics innovation due to their unmatched versatility and adaptability in addressing various tasks through collaborative operations. This paper explores the design and implementation of a novel pendulum-based magnetic coupling system within a reconfigurable disk robot. Diverging from traditional designs, this system emphasizes enhancing coupling strength while maintaining the compactness of the outer shell. We employ parametric optimization techniques, including magnetic array simulations, to improve coupling performance. Additionally, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the rolling robot's motion to assess its operational effectiveness in the coupling mechanism. This examination reveals intriguing new motion patterns driven by frictional and sliding effects between the rolling disk modules and the ground. Furthermore, the new setup introduces a novel problem in the area of nonprehensile manipulation., Comment: Accepted to TAROS 2024

Published
2024
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6. Quasilocal Newtonian limit of general relativity and galactic dynamics

Author

Galoppo, Marco, Re, Federico, and Wiltshire, David L.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

A new Newtonian limit of general relativity is established for stationary axisymmetric gravitationally bound differentially rotating matter distributions with internal pressure. The self-consistent coupling of quasilocal gravitational energy and angular momentum leads to a modified Poisson equation. The coupled equations of motion of the effective fluid elements are also modified, with quasilocal angular momentum and frame-dragging leading to novel dynamics. The solutions of the full system reproduce the phenonomenology of collisionless dark matter for disc galaxies. The demonstration that general relativity possesses a new alternative low-energy limit different from the conventional post-Newtonian limit may have major consequences for all gravitational physics on galactic and cosmological scales., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures; v2: Clarifications and appendix added

Published
2024

7. ADHD Remote Technology Study of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Medication Adherence (ART-CARMA)

Author

South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Empatica, Inc., Örebro University, Sweden, Concentris research management gmbh, Attention Deficit Disorder Information and Support Service, The European Association for the Study of Obesity, Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, East London NHS Foundation Trust, and Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust

Published
2024

8. Exact solutions for differentially rotating galaxies in general relativity

Author

Galoppo, Marco and Wiltshire, David L.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

A class of stationary axisymmetric solutions of Einstein's equations for isolated differentially rotating matter sources is presented. The low-energy asymptotic regime is extracted, requiring a self-consistent coupling of quasilocal energy and angular momentum. The Raychaudhuri equation reduces to a balance equation, with two important limits. These limits can be interpreted empirically for rotationally supported configurations such as galaxies. The net energy including quasilocal kinetic contributions vanishes on the inner vortex surface, and the outer rotosurface. These new geometrical objects potentially shed light on virialization. Whether or not abundant collisionless dark matter exists, the new solutions very strongly support previous suggestions that the phenomenology of galactic rotation curves be fundamentally reconsidered, for consistency with general relativity., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures; v2: Clarifications and further implications added

Published
2024

9. Towards Responsible Development of Generative AI for Education: An Evaluation-Driven Approach

Author

Jurenka, Irina, Kunesch, Markus, McKee, Kevin R., Gillick, Daniel, Zhu, Shaojian, Wiltberger, Sara, Phal, Shubham Milind, Hermann, Katherine, Kasenberg, Daniel, Bhoopchand, Avishkar, Anand, Ankit, Pîslar, Miruna, Chan, Stephanie, Wang, Lisa, She, Jennifer, Mahmoudieh, Parsa, Rysbek, Aliya, Ko, Wei-Jen, Huber, Andrea, Wiltshire, Brett, Elidan, Gal, Rabin, Roni, Rubinovitz, Jasmin, Pitaru, Amit, McAllister, Mac, Wilkowski, Julia, Choi, David, Engelberg, Roee, Hackmon, Lidan, Levin, Adva, Griffin, Rachel, Sears, Michael, Bar, Filip, Mesar, Mia, Jabbour, Mana, Chaudhry, Arslan, Cohan, James, Thiagarajan, Sridhar, Levine, Nir, Brown, Ben, Gorur, Dilan, Grant, Svetlana, Hashimshoni, Rachel, Weidinger, Laura, Hu, Jieru, Chen, Dawn, Dolecki, Kuba, Akbulut, Canfer, Bileschi, Maxwell, Culp, Laura, Dong, Wen-Xin, Marchal, Nahema, Van Deman, Kelsie, Misra, Hema Bajaj, Duah, Michael, Ambar, Moran, Caciularu, Avi, Lefdal, Sandra, Summerfield, Chris, An, James, Kamienny, Pierre-Alexandre, Mohdi, Abhinit, Strinopoulous, Theofilos, Hale, Annie, Anderson, Wayne, Cobo, Luis C., Efron, Niv, Ananda, Muktha, Mohamed, Shakir, Heymans, Maureen, Ghahramani, Zoubin, Matias, Yossi, Gomes, Ben, and Ibrahim, Lila

Subjects
Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

A major challenge facing the world is the provision of equitable and universal access to quality education. Recent advances in generative AI (gen AI) have created excitement about the potential of new technologies to offer a personal tutor for every learner and a teaching assistant for every teacher. The full extent of this dream, however, has not yet materialised. We argue that this is primarily due to the difficulties with verbalising pedagogical intuitions into gen AI prompts and the lack of good evaluation practices, reinforced by the challenges in defining excellent pedagogy. Here we present our work collaborating with learners and educators to translate high level principles from learning science into a pragmatic set of seven diverse educational benchmarks, spanning quantitative, qualitative, automatic and human evaluations; and to develop a new set of fine-tuning datasets to improve the pedagogical capabilities of Gemini, introducing LearnLM-Tutor. Our evaluations show that LearnLM-Tutor is consistently preferred over a prompt tuned Gemini by educators and learners on a number of pedagogical dimensions. We hope that this work can serve as a first step towards developing a comprehensive educational evaluation framework, and that this can enable rapid progress within the AI and EdTech communities towards maximising the positive impact of gen AI in education.

Published
2024

11. Solution to the cosmological constant problem

Author

Wiltshire, David L.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

I propose an observationally and theoretically consistent resolution of the cosmological constant problem: $\Lambda$ is a counterterm -- with a running coupling -- that balances the monopole celestial sky average of the kinetic energy of expansion of inhomogeneously distributed `small' cosmic voids. No other dark energy source is required. This solution relies on the first investigation of void statistics in cosmological simulations in full general relativity (arXiv:2403.15134). Results are consistent with parameters of the Timescape model of cosmological backreaction. Crucially, dynamical spatial curvature arises as time-varying spatial gradients of the kinetic spatial curvature, and depends directly on the void volume fraction. Its monopole average generates the cosmological term. This result potentially resolves the Hubble tension and offers new approaches to tackling other tensions and anomalies., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, Essay for the Gravity Research Foundation 2024

Published
2024

12. First investigation of void statistics in numerical relativity simulations

Author

Williams, Michael J., Macpherson, Hayley J., Wiltshire, David L., and Stevens, Chris

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We apply and extend standard tools for void statistics to cosmological simulations that solve Einstein's equations with numerical relativity (NR). We obtain a simulated void catalogue without Newtonian approximations, using a new watershed void finder which operates on fluid-based NR simulations produced with the Einstein Toolkit. We compare and contrast measures of void size and void fraction, and compare radial stacked density profiles to empirically-derived Hamaus-Sutter-Wandelt (HSW) density profiles and profiles based on distance to void boundaries. We recover statistics roughly consistent with Newtonian N-body simulations where such a comparison is meaningful. We study variation of dynamical spatial curvature and local expansion explicitly demonstrating the spatial fluctuations of these quantities in void regions. We find that voids in our simulations expand ~10-30% faster than the global average and the spatial curvature density parameter in the centre of voids reaches ~60-80%., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures; v2: Clarifications and references added, matches published version in MNRAS

Published
2024
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13. Revisiting the effect of lens mass models in cosmological applications of strong gravitational lensing

Author

Harvey-Hawes, Christopher and Wiltshire, David L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

Strong gravitational lens system catalogues are typically used to constrain a combination of cosmological and empirical power-law lens mass model parameters, often introducing additional empirical parameters and constraints from high resolution imagery. We investigate these lens models using Bayesian methods through a novel alternative that treats spatial curvature via the non-FLRW timescape cosmology. We apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods using the catalogue of 161 lens systems of Chen et al (arXiv:1809.09845) in order to constrain both lens and cosmological parameters for: (i) the standard $\Lambda$CDM model with zero spatial curvature; and (ii) the timescape model. We then generate large mock data sets to further investigate the choice of cosmology on fitting simple power-law lens models. In agreement with previous results, we find that in combination with single isothermal sphere parameters, models with zero FLRW spatial curvature fit better as the free parameter approaches an unphysical empty universe, $\Omega_{\mathrm M0}\to0$. By contrast, the timescape cosmology is found to prefer parameter values in which its cosmological parameter, the present void fraction, is driven to $f_{\mathrm v0}\to0.73$ and closely matches values that best fit independent cosmological data sets: supernovae Ia distances and the cosmic microwave background. This conclusion holds for a large range of seed values $f_{\mathrm v0}\in\{0.1,0.9\}$, and for timescape fits to both timescape and FLRW mocks. Regardless of cosmology, unphysical estimates of the distance ratios given from power-law lens models result in poor goodness of fit. With larger datasets soon available, separation of cosmology and lens models must be addressed., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures; v2: Corrected MCMC analysis, main results and conclusions unchanged, agrees with final version in MNRAS

Published
2024
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17. Cosmological foundations revisited with Pantheon+

Author

Lane, Zachary G., Seifert, Antonia, Ridden-Harper, Ryan, and Wiltshire, David L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We reanalyse the Pantheon+ supernova catalogue to compare a cosmology with non-FLRW evolution, the timescape cosmology, with the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. To this end, we analyse the Pantheon+ for a geometric comparison between the two models. We construct a covariance matrix to be as independent of cosmology as possible, including independence from the FLRW geometry and peculiar velocity with respect to FLRW average evolution. This framework goes far beyond most other definitions of model independence. We introduce new statistics to refine Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) light-curve analysis. In addition to conventional galaxy correlation functions used to define the scale of statistical homogeneity we introduce empirical statistics which enables refined analysis of the distribution biases of SNe Ia light-curve parameters $\beta c$ and $\alpha x_1$. For lower redshifts, the Bayesian analysis highlights important features attributable to the increased number of low-redshift supernovae, the artefacts of model-dependent light-curve fitting and the cosmic structure through which we observe supernovae. This indicates the need for cosmology-independent data reduction to conduct a stronger investigation of the emergence of statistical homogeneity and to compare alternative cosmologies in light of recent challenges to the standard model. Dark energy is generally invoked as a place-holder for new physics. For the first time, we find evidence that the timescape cosmology may provide a better overall fit than $\Lambda$CDM and that its phenomenology may help disentangle other astrophysical puzzles. Our from-first-principles reanalysis of Pantheon+ supports future deeper studies between the interplay of matter and nonlinear spacetime geometry in a data-driven setting., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables; v2: additional analyses performed, agrees with final version in MNRAS

Published
2023
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18. Protocol for combined N-of-1 trials to assess cerebellar neurostimulation for movement disorders in children and young adults with dyskinetic cerebral palsy.

Author

San Luciano, M, Oehrn, C, Wang, S, Tolmie, J, Wiltshire, A, Graff, R, Zhu, J, and Starr, P

Subjects
Cerebellum, Children, Deep brain stimulation, Dentate nucleus, Dyskinetic cerebral palsy, Electrophysiology, Young adults, Humans, Cerebral Palsy, Deep Brain Stimulation, Child, Adolescent, Young Adult, Movement Disorders, Cerebellum, Male, Female, Adult
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Movement and tone disorders in children and young adults with cerebral palsy are a great source of disability. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of basal ganglia targets has a major role in the treatment of isolated dystonias, but its efficacy in dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP) is lower, due to structural basal ganglia and thalamic damage and lack of improvement of comorbid choreoathetosis and spasticity. The cerebellum is an attractive target for DBS in DCP since it is frequently spared from hypoxic ischemic damage, it has a significant role in dystonia network models, and small studies have shown promise of dentate stimulation in improving CP-related movement and tone disorders. METHODS: Ten children and young adults with DCP and disabling movement disorders with or without spasticity will undergo bilateral DBS in the dorsal dentate nucleus, with the most distal contact ending in the superior cerebellar peduncle. We will implant Medtronic Percept, a bidirectional neurostimulator that can sense and store brain activity and deliver DBS therapy. The efficacy of cerebellar DBS in improving quality of life and motor outcomes will be tested by a series of N-of-1 clinical trials. Each N-of-1 trial will consist of three blocks, each consisting of one month of effective stimulation and one month of sham stimulation in a random order with weekly motor and quality of life scales as primary and secondary outcomes. In addition, we will characterize abnormal patterns of cerebellar oscillatory activity measured by local field potentials from the intracranial electrodes related to clinical assessments and wearable monitors. Pre- and 12-month postoperative volumetric structural and functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging will be used to identify candidate imaging markers of baseline disease severity and response to DBS. DISCUSSION: Our goal is to test a cerebellar neuromodulation therapy that produces meaningful changes in function and well-being for people with CP, obtain a mechanistic understanding of the underlying brain network disorder, and identify physiological and imaging-based predictors of outcomes useful in planning further studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06122675, first registered November 7, 2023.

Published
2024

21. Alpha-glucans from bacterial necromass indicate an intra-population loop within the marine carbon cycle

Author

Beidler, Irena, Steinke, Nicola, Schulze, Tim, Sidhu, Chandni, Bartosik, Daniel, Zühlke, Marie-Katherin, Martin, Laura Torres, Krull, Joris, Dutschei, Theresa, Ferrero-Bordera, Borja, Rielicke, Julia, Kale, Vaikhari, Sura, Thomas, Trautwein-Schult, Anke, Kirstein, Inga V., Wiltshire, Karen H., Teeling, Hanno, Becher, Dörte, Bengtsson, Mia Maria, Hehemann, Jan-Hendrik, Bornscheuer, Uwe. T., Amann, Rudolf I., and Schweder, Thomas

Published
2024
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26. Synthesis of the land carbon fluxes of the Amazon region between 2010 and 2020

Author

Rosan, Thais M., Sitch, Stephen, O’Sullivan, Michael, Basso, Luana S., Wilson, Chris, Silva, Camila, Gloor, Emanuel, Fawcett, Dominic, Heinrich, Viola, Souza, Jefferson G., Bezerra, Francisco Gilney Silva, von Randow, Celso, Mercado, Lina M., Gatti, Luciana, Wiltshire, Andy, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Williams, Mathew, Smallman, Luke, Knauer, Jürgen, Arora, Vivek, Kennedy, Daniel, Tian, Hanqin, Yuan, Wenping, Jain, Atul K., Falk, Stefanie, Poulter, Benjamin, Arneth, Almut, Sun, Qing, Zaehle, Sönke, Walker, Anthony P., Kato, Etsushi, Yue, Xu, Bastos, Ana, Ciais, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Albergel, Clement, and Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.

Published
2024
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28. Differentiating Workload using Pilot's Stick Input in a Virtual Reality Flight Task

Author

van Weelden, Evy, van Beek, Carl W. E., Alimardani, Maryam, Wiltshire, Travis J., Ledegang, Wietse D., Groen, Eric L., and Louwerse, Max M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

High-risk operational tasks such as those in aviation require training environments that are realistic and capable of inducing high levels of workload. Virtual Reality (VR) offers a simulated 3D environment for immersive, safe and valid training of pilots. An added advantage of such training environments is that they can be personalized to enhance learning, e.g., by adapting the simulation to the user's workload in real-time. The question remains how to reliably and robustly measure a pilot's workload during the training. In this study, six novice military pilots (average of 34.33 flight hours) conducted a speed change maneuver in a VR flight simulator. In half of the runs an auditory 2-back task was added as a secondary task. This led to trials of low and high workload which we compared using the pilot's control input in longitudinal (i.e., pitch) and lateral (i.e., roll) directions. We extracted Pilot Inceptor Workload (PIW) from the stick data and conducted a binary logistic regression to determine whether PIW is predictive of task-induced workload. The results show that inputs on the stick along its longitudinal direction were predictive of workload (low vs. high) when performing a speed change maneuver. Given that PIW may be a task-specific measure, future work may consider (neuro)physiological predictors. Nonetheless, the current paper provides evidence that measuring PIW in a VR flight simulator yields real-time and non-invasive means to determine workload.

Published
2023

29. Multi-level Team Coordination Dynamics during Simulation-Based Medical Team Training

Author

van Eijndhoven, Kyana, Wiltshire, Travis J., Gevers, Josette M.P., Hałgas, Elwira A., and Fransen, Annemarie

Subjects
Psychology, Cognitive Humanities, Complex systems, Dynamical Systems, Group Behaviour, Human Factors
Abstract

Team coordination is essential for effective performance during critical, stressful events. To better understand processes and states involved at multiple levels of team coordination, we assessed the correspondence between low- and high-level coordination in teams participating in simulation-based medical team training. We computed a measure of low-level team coordination with Multidimensional Recurrence Quantification Analysis, applied to arm movement, heart rate, and skin conductance data. High-level team coordination was captured by annotating video recordings for explicit and implicit, information and action coordination. Three linear mixed-effects model were run, each predicting a type of low-level coordination, based on high-level coordination annotations, accounting for multiple observations per team. Our findings showed that, compared to periods without annotated coordination, explicit- and implicit- information coordination corresponded to significantly different low-level team coordination across each of the studied modalities. Further research is required to assess additional factors related to the temporal variability observed in low-level coordination.

Published
2024

30. Protocol for a prospective, multicenter, parallel-group, open-label randomized controlled trial comparing standard care with Closed lOoP In chiLdren and yOuth with Type 1 diabetes and high-risk glycemic control: the CO-PILOT trial

Author

Boucsein, Alisa, Zhou, Yongwen, Haszard, Jillian J., Jefferies, Craig A., Wiltshire, Esko J., Styles, Sara E., Crocket, Hamish R., Galland, Barbara C., Pasha, Maheen, Petrovski, Goran, Paul, Ryan G., de Bock, Martin I., and Wheeler, Benjamin J.

Published
2024
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31. Analyses of sea surface chlorophyll a trends and variability from 1998 to 2020 in the German Bight (North Sea)

Author

F. D. L. L. D. Amorim, A. Balkoni, V. Sidorenko, and K. H. Wiltshire

Subjects
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Satellite remote sensing of ocean colour properties allows observation of the ocean with high temporal and spatial coverage, facilitating the better assessment of changes in marine primary production. Ocean productivity is often assessed using satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentrations, a commonly used proxy for phytoplankton concentration. We used the Copernicus GlobColour remote sensing chlorophyll a surface concentration to investigate seasonal and non-seasonal variability, temporal trends, and changes in spring bloom chlorophyll a magnitude. Complementary, we analysed the chlorophyll a relationship with sea surface temperature and mixed-layer depth in the German Bight from 1998 to 2020. Empirical orthogonal functions were employed in order to investigate dominant spatial and temporal patterns (modes) related to the main processes of chlorophyll a variability. Multi covariance analysis was used to extract the dominant structures that maximize the covariance between chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature mixed-layer depth fields. High levels of chlorophyll a were found near the coast, showing a decreasing gradient towards offshore waters. A significant chlorophyll a positive trend was observed close to the Elbe estuary and adjacent area, while 55 % of the German Bight was characterized by a significant chlorophyll a negative trend. The chlorophyll a non-seasonal variability showed that the first four modes explained around 45 %, with the first and second modes related to inter- and intra-annual variability, respectively, observed in the temporal principal components spectral analyses. Monthly chlorophyll a concentration anomalies co-varied by 45 % with sea surface temperature anomalies and 23 % with mixed-layer depth anomalies. The monthly averages of chlorophyll a anomaly fields were suitable to investigate long-term trends and variability. The rising water temperature, combined with its indirect effects on other variables, can partially explain the observed trends in chlorophyll a.

Published
2024
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32. Affordability, negative experiences, perceived racism, and health care system distrust among black American women aged 45 and over

Author

Jacqueline Wiltshire, Carla Jackie Sampson, Echu Liu, Myra Michelle DeBose, Paul I Musey, and Keith Elder

Subjects
healthcare affordability, negative experiences, racism, healthcare system, distrust, african american women, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Black Americans (AA) face a confluence of challenges when seeking care including unaffordable costs, negative experiences with providers, racism, and distrust in the healthcare system. This study utilized linear regressions and mediation analysis to explore the interconnectedness of these challenges within a community-based sample of 313 AA women aged 45 and older. Approximately 23% of participants reported affordability problems, while 44% had a negative experience with a provider. In the initial linear regression model excluding perceived racism, higher levels of distrust were observed among women reporting affordability problems (β = 2.66; p = 0.003) or negative experiences with a healthcare provider (β = 3.02; p =

Published
2024
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33. FAIR-EuMon: a FAIR-enabling resource for biodiversity monitoring schemes

Author

Juliana Menger, Barbara Magagna, Klaus Henle, Alexander Harpke, Mark Frenzel, Johannes Rick, Karen Wiltshire, and Annegret Grimm-Seyfarth

Subjects
research data management, metadata form, FAIR, bio, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Within the scope of the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration (HMC), the ADVANCE project – Advanced metadata standards for biodiversity survey and monitoring data: supporting of research and conservation – aimed at supporting rich metadata generation with interoperable metadata standards and semantic artefacts that facilitate data access, integration and reuse across terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms. HMC's mission is to facilitate the discovery, access, machine-readability, and reuse of research data across and beyond the Helmholtz Association.We revised, adapted and expanded existing metadata schemas, vocabularies and thesauri to build a FAIR metadata schema and a metadata entry form built on it for users to provide their metadata instances focused on biodiversity monitoring data. The schema is FAIR because it is both machine-interpretable and follows domain-relevant community standards. This report provides a general overview of the project results and instructions on how to access, re-use and complete the metadata form.

Published
2024
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34. Understanding How Language Revitalisation Works: A Realist Synthesis

Author

Brandon Wiltshire, Steven Bird, and Rebecca Hardwick

Abstract

Indigenous communities, linguists, teachers, and language activists have been developing methods to revitalise endangered languages over several decades. Not only are these methods diverse, they are usually implemented in various ways according to local needs and aspirations. Language revitalisation methods focus on proficiency, but there is also interest in strengthening identity, resilience, and wellbeing. Aside from a handful of successes, programs may not be achieving desired outcomes. One could try to evaluate specific programs. However, we believe that a necessary first step is to examine published literature of revitalisation efforts to develop initial understandings of how they work. In particular, we seek to understand how revitalisation efforts tap into the speech community, how local participation affects outcomes, and how this involvement is supported and sustained by external programs, with a focus on language revitalisation efforts in Australia. We conduct a realist synthesis, and through analysis of 125 pieces of literature, we identify 13 initial theories. In analysing these theories, we identify two major gaps in our understanding of language revitalisation: how revitalisation programs work to strengthen communities and promote commitment. We propose these as significant, under-theorised elements of successful revitalisation which can guide exploration at the level of individual programs.

Published
2024
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35. Joe Wicks, Lifestyle Capitalism and the Social Construction of PE (with Joe)

Author

H. Bowles, B. C. Clift, and G. Wiltshire

Abstract

In Spring 2020, the UK Government announced the cessation of in-person teaching for the vast majority of school-aged children in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prompting an accelerated shift towards digital learning across the curriculum, this announcement was accompanied by a rise in market-based solutions to address the problem of keeping young people active, 'healthy' and 'positive' whilst at home. The most prominent of these was offered by Joe Wicks, who broadcasted "PE with Joe" live globally via "YouTube" for five days per week for eighteen weeks. The aim of this paper is to critically explore some of the contextual factors that enabled Joe Wicks to create and legitimise a public health intervention under the title of physical education, and henceforth position himself (whether intentionally or not) as an authoritative agent for change within the discipline. After outlining who Joe Wicks is, we unpack the discursive framing of "PE with Joe" in order to locate Wicks' intervention amid the perennial politics of physical education. We then consider the meaning of "PE with Joe" and why Joe Wicks' involvement in physical education matters, reflecting upon the effects of Joe Wicks on the future of physical education practice and research. Among our conclusions is that the COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity for Joe Wicks -- here positioned and understood as a branded, celebrity lifestyle enterprise -- to manoeuvre himself (and his products) from the periphery to the centre of physical education's public imagery and discourse. Furthermore, we argue that exploring the ways in which Wicks' presence in the physical education space has been received, embraced, modified, challenged and resisted is vital in discerning "PE with Joe's" actual or perceived effects on the social construction of physical education, and the educational engagements of young people in physical activity in the post-COVID-19 landscape.

Published
2024
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36. Social Class and the Cultivation of Capital: Undergraduate PE Students' Socialisation in Sport and Physical Activity

Author

Michael Roy Hobson, Rachel Sandford, Julie Stirrup, and Gareth Wiltshire

Abstract

Social class inequalities in accessing sport persist across the western world as a result of financial, social and cultural factors. Research to date largely explores how inequalities impact both accessing and practicing sport and physical activity - identifying patterns and differences between social classes but failing to identify the long-term implications such as how students exchange these as official qualifications and knowledge in Physical Education (PE) degrees. In this paper, we use Bourdieu's concepts of capital, and to a lesser extent habitus and field to theorise about sport as sites of socialisation that shapes the composition and volume of capital students enter PE degrees with. To date, research suggests the role socialisation and informal learning plays in shaping PE students' development of valued dispositions, but often overlooks the intersecting impact of social class. We draw on data from seventeen undergraduate students, studying a non-teacher training PE degree, in the UK. The data presented is selected from interviews exploring how the fields of family, school, extra-curricular sport and the geo-demography of the area they grew up in shaped their access to and practice of Sport/PA. Furthermore, it indicates class differences exist in both the key sites and agents of socialisation. We suggest this has ramifications, in relation to the volume and composition of capital PE students enter Higher Education (HE) with, highlighting the importance for PE staff in HE to be aware of this. Consequently, we demonstrate prior socialisation contributes to students' differing experiences of PE degrees, potentially shaping inequalities resulting from their capacity to exchange capital when studying PE at university. This paper encourages PE staff in universities to question the assumption parity of entry qualification results in all students entering HE with same access to knowledge and experiences valued in PE degrees.

Published
2024
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37. Early Childhood Education Teacher Workforce: Stress in Relation to Identity and Choices

Author

Cynthia A. Wiltshire

Abstract

The early childhood education teacher workforce is consistently relied upon to bolster children's academic and socioemotional development in preparation for kindergarten and long-term outcomes. This is especially true of children who, historically overlooked and marginalized, are labeled "at risk." While research has focused on pervasive stressors as obstacles to these classroom professionals (e.g., teacher/teaching stress, curricular mandates, quality assessments, COVID-19), there is less research on stress in relation to the formation of teacher identity; specifically, how stress contributes to and detracts from the formation of a teacher's micro-identity, and how negative impacts of stress to the micro-identity may contribute to teachers' decisions to leave the field. Although once considered to be one of the fastest growing industries, The Great Resignation, as it has come to be known, estimates up to 25-30% of the workforce leave annually. To better understand the choices teachers make to leave the profession, the current study examined the influence of stress on teachers' microidentity by centering the voices of six Head Start teachers. Implementing a qualitative design, this investigation asked (a) Who are the Head Start teachers in the workforce today? (b) What are the particular stressors with which they contend? (c) How does the micro-identity of these teachers change as a result of stress, and what are the potential choices that follow? Results and findings indicated that Head Start teachers experience (1) stress as reality, (2) stress-shaped identities, and (3) identity-mediated choice. Implications and insights are discussed.

Published
2024
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38. Climate change impacts on a sedimentary coast—a regional synthesis from genes to ecosystems

Author

Buschbaum, Christian, Shama, L. N. S., Amorim, F. L. L., Brand, S., Broquard, C. M. A., Camillini, N., Cornelius, A., Dolch, T., Dummermuth, A., Feldner, J., Guignard, M. S., Habedank, J., Hoffmann, J. J. L., Horn, S., Konyssova, G., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Lauerburg, R., Mehler, K., Odongo, V., Petri, M., Reents, S., Rick, J. J., Rubinetti, S., Salahi, M., Sander, L., Sidorenko, V., Spence-Jones, H. C., van Beusekom, J. E. E., Waser, A. M., Wegner, K. M., and Wiltshire, K. H.

Published
2024
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39. Clinical predictors of 3-month isoniazid rifapentine (3HP)-related adverse drug reactions (ADR) during tuberculosis preventive therapy (PAnDoRA-3HP study): an observational study protocol

Author

Turyahabwe Stavia, Barbara Castelnuovo, Christine Sekaggya-Wiltshire, Kelly E Dooley, Grace Banturaki, Irene Mbabazi, Ruth Mirembe Nabisere, Lucy Alinaitwe, Brian Otaalo, Florence Aber, Juliet Nampala, Rogers Owori, Josephine Bayigga, Jonathan Mayito, Eva Agnes Odongpiny Laker, Moorine Penninah Sekadde, Jotam Pasipanodya, and Stella Zawedde‐Muyanja

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death globally. Despite WHO recommendations for TB preventive therapy (TPT), challenges persist, including incompletion of treatment and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). There is limited data on the 3-month isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics and their relation with ADRs. Our study aims to describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomics of 3HP used for TPT, the ADRs and their association with completion rates, and TPT outcomes, providing vital insights for TB control strategies in resource-limited settings.Methods This is an observational cohort study with a nested case–control study. We enrolled consecutive patients who had been initiated on TPT using the 3HP regimen. These are followed up biweekly and then monthly during the active phase of treatment and 3 monthly for 2 years following completion of TPT. ADR evaluation includes clinical assessment and liver function tests. Cases are selected from those who experience ADRs and controls from those who do not. Serum isoniazid and rifapentine concentrations are measured and pharmacogenomic analysis for NAT2, AADAC and CYP2E1 polymorphisms are done. Participants are followed up for 2 years to determine TPT outcomes.Analysis The safety profile of 3HP will be assessed using descriptive statistics, including proportions of patients experiencing ADRs and grade 3 or above events related to treatment. χ2 tests and regression models will determine predictors of ADRs and their impact on treatment completion. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling will establish population parameters and factors influencing rifapentine and isoniazid concentrations.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval of this study inclusive of all the appropriate documents was obtained from the Infectious Diseases Institute Research and Ethics Committee and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology. The study adheres to legal, ethical and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. Deidentified genotype data from 300 patients will be shared after publication. The protocol and phenotype data will be publicly accessible. Abstracts will be submitted to conferences, and a manuscript will be published poststudy.

Published
2024
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40. Effects of the Getting Ready for School intervention on children's school readiness skills

Author

Maria Marti-Castaner, Emily C. Merz, Cynthia A. Wiltshire, Samantha A. Melvin, Kimberly Henry, Cassie Landers, Kimberly G. Noble, and Helena Duch

Subjects
Head Start, early intervention, school readiness, Hispanic/Latine children, early childhood education, literacy, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

IntroductionSkill-based curricula supplementing Head Start programming have shown great promise as early interventions improving school readiness of children from socioeconomically under-resourced families. The Getting Ready for School (GRS) intervention builds on such research by providing a supplemental skill-based curriculum targeting three core school readiness domains—language/literacy, math, and self-regulation—using learning activities aligned across the classroom and home contexts. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of the GRS intervention on school readiness skills in children in Head Start programs.MethodsParticipants were 3- to 4-year-olds (N = 463, 46% male, 81% Hispanic/Latine). Classrooms were non-randomly assigned to the GRS intervention (n = 20) or Head-Start-as-usual comparison group (n = 17). At pretest and posttest, children completed assessments of early language/literacy, math, and self-regulation. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the group-by-time interaction in prediction of children's school readiness skills.ResultsSignificant group-by-time interactions were found for early language/literacy (vocabulary, print knowledge) and math skills. Children in the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater gains over time in these skills compared to children in the comparison group. At posttest, children in the intervention group had significantly higher vocabulary than children in the comparison group (effect size = 0.34). Intervention effects were not found for self-regulation.DiscussionThe GRS intervention may support early language/literacy and math skills in preschool children from socioeconomically under-resourced families. Future studies focused on a modified version of the intervention could demonstrate larger effect sizes and improvements in self-regulation.

Published
2024
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41. Regional food system sustainability

Author

Serge Wiltshire, Brian Beckage, Chris Callahan, Lisa Chase, David Conner, Heather Darby, Jane Kolodinsky, Jana Kraft, Deborah Neher, Walter Poleman, Taylor Ricketts, Daniel Tobin, Eric von Wettberg, and Meredith Niles

Subjects
sustainability, food systems, team science, metrics, transdisciplinary, indicators, Agriculture, Human settlements. Communities, HT51-65
Abstract

Food system sustainability, and ways of measuring it, are widely explored and discussed in academic literature. Measurement efforts are challenging because food systems are inherently complex and multifaceted, spanning diverse components, indus­tries, sectors, and scales. Several systems of indica­tors and metrics have been proposed to measure sustainability; however, most existing research focuses either on narrow scales (e.g., farm level or within a single supply chain), expansive scales that can gloss over complexity (e.g., national or global assessments), or limited scopes (e.g., only consider­ing environmental factors). A gap in the literature is a holistic local or regional approach to food sys­tem sustainability that integrates components across the system at a regional scale. In this reflec­tive essay, we describe our development of a framework to measure and track sustainability in such systems. We use a tiered framework that includes five sustainability dimensions and a system of indices, indicators, and metrics that allows for the measurement of important food system charac­teristics in a feasible and reproducible way. We employ a collaborative, transdisciplinary, facilitated team science process to first propose, and then refine, a sustainability assessment framework, using the U.S. state of Vermont as a case study. This paper details our process and progress, as well as reflections on challenges and recommendations for other team scientists. We further propose a plan to implement the framework, collect data, and engage with community members. The experiences and findings described here serve as a foundation for our own team’s continued work, as well as a springboard for other similar research efforts.

Published
2024
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42. Abstract 4146699: Blunted Hemodynamic Reactivity to Acute Mental Stress in the Lab is Associated with Autonomic Inflexibility at Home

Author

Shah, Amit, She, Hua, elon, lisa, Roberts, Tatum, Stefanos, Lewam, Haddad, George, Osei, Jeffery, Suvada, Kara, Okoh, Alexis, Desai, Shivang, Gold, Matthew, Jain, Vardhmaan, Yadalam, Adithya, Razavi, Alexander, Wiltshire, Charis, Raggi, Paolo, Pearce, Brad, Quyyumi, Arshed, Sameni, Reza, Bremner, J Douglas, Clifford, Gari, and Vaccarino, Viola

Published
2024
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43. The introduction and spread of the earliest pottery in Britain through the compound-specific radiocarbon dating of organic residues in pottery

Author

Wiltshire, Isabel, Cramp, Lucy, and Knowles, Timothy

Subjects
Radiocarbon dating, Lipid residue analysis, British Neolithic, Neolithic, Pottery, Archaeology, Chemistry
Abstract

This thesis investigates the transition to the Neolithic in Britain, a period of fundamental change in the ways people lived and interacted with the world, which took place at the start of the 4th millennium BC. This change encompassed not only a shift from hunting and gathering to farming but also the appearance of timber halls and houses, stone and earthen monuments and the making and use of pottery. Multiple models have been proposed to explain how this transition took place, and although it has been shown that large-scale movement of farmers from the Continent was the driving force behind the transition over the long term, this obscures the complexities of the archaeological evidence from this period and any smaller scale processes of mobility and migration that may have occurred. A more nuanced narrative is called for, as is the construction of a precise and robust chronological framework upon which these narratives can be built. This thesis aims to unpick the chronology of the transition to the Neolithic in Britain through the direct dating of pottery, one of the most commonly found artefacts at early Neolithic sites. Using a novel methodology, 40 new compound-specific radiocarbon dates were obtained on fatty acids preserved in early Neolithic ceramic vessels from across Britain. These residues were obtained through the extraction of lipids from over 600 early Neolithic vessels, nearly doubling the existing number and extending the geographical spread of Neolithic organic residue analysis in Britain. This therefore enabled the simultaneous examination of the timing, role and function of the earliest pottery in Britain, across different regions and phases of the early Neolithic. The new radiocarbon dates were incorporated into Bayesian models to investigate the timings of the appearance and spread of the earliest pottery in Britain, and the chronology of the transition to the Neolithic. This thesis shows that pottery first appeared in Britain in the 40th and 39th centuries cal BC, first in Wessex and the south-east of England before spreading north and westwards. The earliest pottery, which was found across Britain, was Carinated Bowl pottery and was shown to be relatively uniform in both form and function. The major new corpus of dietary data from analysis of absorbed lipid residues in pottery showed that Carinated Bowl pottery was predominantly used to process dairy products, indicating the importance of dairying to early Neolithic communities in Britain. It was only in the 38th century BC, once pottery and other Neolithic things and practices had reached most of Britain, that new pottery styles emerged and the functions of pottery began to change, at least in southern Britain. This suggests the transition to the Neolithic in Britain was the result of small-scale migration of Continental farmers and the integration of some indigenous hunter-gathers, which formed the earliest farming communities in Britain and paved the way for much larger scale migration in 38th century BC.

Published
2023

45. Machine Morality

Author

Emmery, Chris, Wiltshire, Travis J., Allison, Scott T., Section editor, Allison, Scott T., editor, Beggan, James K., editor, and Goethals, George R., editor

Published
2024
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47. Tranexamic acid versus placebo to prevent bleeding in patients with haematological malignancies and severe thrombocytopenia (TREATT): a randomised, double-blind, parallel, phase 3 superiority trial

Author

Estcourt, Lise J, McQuilten, Zoe K, Bardy, Peter, Cole-Sinclair, Merrole, Collins, Graham P., Crispin, Philip J., Curnow, Elinor, Curnow, Jennifer, Degelia, Amber, Dyer, Claire, Friebe, Adam, Floro, Lajos, Grand, Effie, Hudson, Cara, Jones, Gail, Joseph, Joanne, Kallmeyer, Charlotte, Karakantza, Marina, Kerr, Paul, Last, Sara, Lobo-Clarke, Maria, Lumley, Matthew, McMullin, Mary F, Medd, Patrick G., Morton, Suzy M., Mumford, Andrew D., Mushkbar, Maria, Parsons, Joseph, Powter, Gillian, Sekhar, Mallika, Smith, Laura, Soutar, Richard, Stevenson, William S., Subramoniapillai, Elango, Szer, Jeff, Thomas, Helen, Waters, Neil A., Wei, Andrew H., Westerman, David A., Wexler, Sarah A., Wood, Erica M., Stanworth, Simon J., Abioye, Adrienne, Afghan, Rabia, Ai, Sylvia Ai, Akanni, Magbor, Alajangi, Rajesh, Alam, Usmaan, Al-Bubseeree, Bahaa, Alderson, Sophie, Alderson, Craig, Ali, Sayed, Ali, Kabir, Alighan, Rookmeen, Allam, Rebecca Allam, Allen, Tania, Al-Sakkaf, Wesam, Ames, Kate, Anderson, Jacqueline, Andrews, Colin, Angel, Ann-Marie, Anlya, Manuela Anlya, Ansari, Farah, Appleby, Rowan, Arnold, Claire, Asbjornsdottir, Hulda, Asfaw, Biruk, Atkins, Elissa, Atkinson, Leela, Aubrey, Clare, Ayesha, Noor, Babbola, Lola, Badcock, David, Badcock, Samuel, Baggio, Diva, Bailiff, Ben, Baines, Kizzy, Baker, Holly, Baker, Victoria, Ball, Lindsay, Ball, Martin, Balquin, Irwin, Banks, Emma, Banos, George, Barnett, Jaytee, Barrie, Claire, Barron, Claire, Barton, Rebecca, Bason, Nina, Batta, Bindu, Bautista, Dianne, Bayley, Angela, Bayly, Emma, Baynes, Fionnuala, Bazargan, Ali, Bazeley, Rachel, Beadle, Yvonne, Beardsmore, Claire, Beattie, Kate, Bedford, Caroline, Behal, Rachna, Behan, Daniel, Bejan, Lilihna, Bell, Sarah, Bell, Karen, Bell, Louise, Bell, Kaitlyn, Benjamin, Reuben, Bennett, Sam, Benson, Gary, Benson, Warwick, Bent, Cameron, Bergin, Krystal, Berry, Alex, Besenyei, Stephanie, Besley, Caroline, Betteridge, Scott, Beveridge, Leigh, Bhattacharyya, Abir, Billen, Annelies, Bilmon, Ian, Binns, Emma, Birt, Mark, Bishop, David, Blanco, Andrea, Bleby, Lisa, Blemnerhet, Richard, Blombery, Piers, Blyth, Emily, Blythe, Nicola, Boal, Lauren, Boden, Ali, Bokhari, Syed W.I., Bongetti, Elisa, Booth, Stephen, Borley, Jayne, Bowen, David, Bowers, Dawn, Boyd, Stephen, Bradley, Sarah, Bradman, Helen, Bretag, Peta, Brillante, Maria, Brockbank, Rachel, Brough, Yasmin, Brown, Ellen, Brown, Jo, Brown, Eleanor, Brown, Claire, Brown, Jenny, Brown, Susan, Browning, Joe, Brownsdon, Alex, Bruce, David, Brydon-Hill, Ruth, Buckwell, Andrea, Burgess, Dannielle, Burke, Glenda, Burley, Kate, Burney, Claire, Burns, David, Burrows, Samuel, burton, Kieran, Butler, Jason, Cambalova, Lenka, Camozzi, Maria C., Campbell, Philip, Campfield, Karen, Campion, Victoria, Cargo, Catherine, Carmona, Julia, Carney, Dennis, Casan, Joshua, Cashman, Helen, Catt, Lorraine, Cattell, Michael, Cavill, Megan, Chadbone, Rachel, Chaganti, Sridhar, Chai, Yee, Chai, Khai Li, Chang, Joshua, Chapman, Judith, Chapman, Oliver G., Chapter, Tamika, Charlton, Andrew, Chau, Celina, Chauhan, Saleena, Chavda, Nikesh, Chen, Frederick, Chen, Melody, Chen, Meng Xi, Chen, Melanie, Chen, Melissa, Cheok, Kathleen, Cheung, Mai, Chidgey, Luke, Chmielokliec, Karolina, Choi, Philip, Choi, Jae, Chok, Anne, Chopra, Ruchika, Christopherson, Louise, Chu, Vicky, Chua, Chong Chyn, Chudakou, Pavel, Chugh, Vidushi, Chung, Chi, Clark, Erin, Clarke, Peter, Clarke, Kathleen, Clay, Jennifer, Clayton, Laura, Clements, Mitch, Clemmens, Jonathan, Clifford, Ruth, Collett, Dave, Collins, Maia, Collyer, Emily, Connolly, Maureen, Cook, Mark, Coombs, Sarah, Coppell, Jason, Cornwell, Sophie, Corrigan, Claire, Coughlin, Elizabeth, Couling, Jennifer, Cousins, Tony, Cowan, Catriona, Cox, Christine, Cox, Catherine, Coyle, Luke, Craig, Emily, Creasey, Thomas, Croan, Laura, Croft, Jane, Crosbie, Nicola, Crowe, Josephine, Crowther, Helen, Crozier, Jane, Culleton, Naomi, Cullis, Jonathan, Cumming, Anita, Cummins, Michelle, Cunningham, Adam, Curley, Cameron, Curtis, Samantha, Cuthbert, Robert, Cuthill, Kirsty, Dahahayake, Dinusha A, Dang, Amy, Davies, Marc, Davies, Ceri, Dawson, Emily, Day, Tom, De Abrew, Kanchana, De Lavallade, Hugues, De Silva, Neelaskshi, Dean, Georgina, Deane, Christopher, Demosthenous, Lisa, Desai, Amisha, Desborough, Michael, Devanny, Ian, Dhanapal, Jay, Dhani, Sundip, Di Martino, Vicky, Dickens, Emmy, DiCorleto, Carmen, Dinnett, Louise, Dirisan, Divya, Dixon, Karen, Dixon, Kiri, Doal, Inderjit, Dobivh, J, Docanto, Maria, Doecke, Helve, Donaldson, David, Donaldson, Kylee, Donohoe, Carrie, Douglas, Ashley, Doung, Stephen, Downer, Susan, D'Rozario, James, Drummond, Malcolm, Drummond, Mark, Drummond, Samantha, Drysdale, Elizabeth, D'Souza, Ross, D'Souza, Eugene, Dunn, Alex, Dutton, David, Dyson, Martin, Ediriwicurena, Kushani, Edleston, Sharon, Edwards, Dawn, Edwards, Morgan, Edwards, Anita, Eise, Nicole, Ellis, Steven, Ellis, Hayley, Elmonley, Shareef, Enstone, Rosemarie, Eordogh, Agnes, Erb, Sharon, Evans, Shannon, Evans, Megan, Ewing, Joanne, Eyre, Toby, Facey, Adam, Fammy, Mina, Farman, Jon, Farnell, Rachel, Favero, Laura, Fay, Keith, Ferguson, Karen, Fernon, Laura, Filshie, Robin, Finnegan, Damian, Fisher, Lisa, Flanagan, Asia, Fleck, Emma, Fletcher, Simon, Flora, Harpreet, Flower, Catherine, Fodor, Ioana, Foley, Heather, Folland, Emma, Folorunso, Comfort, Forbes, Molly, Fordwor, Katrina, Foster, Polly, Fox, Vanessa, Fox, Thomas, Francis, Olesya, Fryearson, Louise, Fuery, Madonna, Fung, Jiin, Furtado, Michelle, Galloway-Browne, Leanne, Gamble, Louise, Gamgee, Jeanette, Ganapathy, Arundathi, Gardner, Hayley, Gardner, Clare, Gasmelsheed, Noha, Gately, Amy, Gaynor, Lynda, Gebreid, Alex, Geffens, Ruth, George, Rachel, Gertner, Aniko, Ghebeh, Manar, Ghirardini, Emanuela, Giddings, Melainie, Gillett, Sandra, Gillett, Karen, Giri, Pratyush, Glass, Chris, Glewis, Sarah, Gooding, Sarah, Gordon, Olivia, Gordon, Joanne, Gottlieb, David, Gowda, Koushik, Gower, Elysie, Gray, Nicola, Grayer, Jo, Greaves, Elaine, Greenaway, Sally Anne, Greenfield, Graeme, Greenwood, Matthew, Gregory, Gareth, Griffin, James, Griffith, Julia, Griffith, James, Griffiths, Lindsey, Grzegrzolka, Paulina, Gu, Yisu, Guest, Jo, Guinai, Rosanna, Gullapalli, Veena, Gunolr, A., Guo, Lina, H, Wayne, Hagua, Sophia, Haile, Senait, Hall, Richard, Hamdollah-Zadeh, Maryam, Hanif, Zahra, Hanlon, Kathleen, Hann, Nicholas, Hanna, Ramez, Hannah, Guy, Hapuarachchi, Sameera, Hardman, Jacinta, Hardy, Alison, Harris, Anthony, Harris, Kylie, Harrison, Beth, Harrison, Simon, Harrison, Lea-Anne, Harrop, Sean, Harvey, Caroline, Hatcliffe, Faye, Hawking, Jo, Hawkins, Matthew, Hayden, Janet, Hayman, Michelle, Haynes, Elizabeth, Heaney, Nicholas, Hebbard, Andrew, Hempton, Jenny, Hendunneti, Sasanka, Henry, Maeve, Heywood, Jonathan, Hildyard, Catherine, Hill, Lydia, Hilldrith, Annette, Hitev, Petar, Hiwase, Smita, Hiwase, Devendra, Hoare, Chris, Hodge, Renate, Holloway, Amy, Holt, Chloe, Holton, Kelly, Homer, Lauren, Horne, Gillian, Horvath, Noemi, Hotong, Linda, Houdyk, Kristen, Houseman, Katy, Hoxhallari, Ilda, Hsu, Hannah, Hsu, Nina, Huang, Gillian, Hudson, Kerryn, Hufton, Melanie, Hughes, Timothy, Hughes, Siobhan, Hurley, Kate, Huxley, Rosie, Ibitoye, Temitope, Ibrouf, Abubaken, Inam, Farha, Indran, Tishya, Ingham, Karen, Innes, Calum, Irvine, David, Jaafar, Sarah, Jain, Manish, Jameson, Laura, Janjua, Pardeep, Jarvis, Rebecca, Jatheendran, Abirami, Javed, Abbie, Jen, Sheila, Jobanpura, Shailesh, Jobson, Irene, John, Deborah, Johns, Sophie, Johnston, Amanda, Jones, Hollie, Jones, Francesca, Joniak, Karolina, Jovanovic, Michael, Jovic, Anita, Joyce, Lauren, Judd, Andrew, Kakarlamudi, Sudhakar, Kakaroubas, Nick, Kalita, Maggie, Kam, Shirly, Kan, Julie, Kandle, P, Kanellopoulos, Alex, Kao, Chien, Kaparou, Maria, Kartsios, Charamlampos, Katsioulas, Vicki, Kaye, Russell, Keen, Katie, Kelly, Richard, Kelly, Pauline, Kelly, Donna, Kelly, Melanie, Kennedy, Glen, Kennedy, Nola, Kenny, Angela, Kenworthy, Zoe, Kerridge, Ian, Kesavan, Murali, Khafizi, Angelika, Khakwani, Muhammad, Khalid, Amna, Khamly, Kate, Khan, Anjum, Khan, Dalia, Khan, Mojid, Khan, Lubna, Khoo, Mona, Khwaja, Asim, Kim, Grace, King, Andrew, King, Vicky, King, Donna, Kinsella, Francesca, Kipp, David, Kirandeep, Pachoo, Kirui, Laura C., Kishore, Bhuvan, Knectlhi, Christopher, Knot, Amy, Knot, Armit, Ko, Cathy, Kolaric, Caitlin, Koo, Ray, Kotadia, Mary, Kothari, Jaimal, Kottaridis, Panagiotis D., Kuiluinathan, Gajan, Kulasekararaj, Austin, Kwan, John, Kwok, Marwan, Kwok, Phillip, Kwok, Fiona, Laane, Kristiina, Lad, Deena, Laird, Jennifer, Lam, Ada, Lane, Mary, Lanenco, Monica, Lang, Susan, Langridge, Alex, Langton, Catherine, Lannon, Michelle, Latif, Annie, Latimer, Maya, Latter, Ruth, Lau, I-Jun, Lawless, Sarah, Lawless, Theresa, Leach, Mike, Leaney, Sarah, Leary, Heather, Leavy, James, LeBlanc, Abbey, Lee, Vivienne, Lee, Edwin, Lee, Jenny, Lee, Tamara, Leischkie, Marian, Leitinger, Emma, Leon, Christopher, Leonard, Jayne, Lewis, David, Lewis, Ian, Lewis, Tania, Lim, Daniel, Littlewood, Kelly, Liu, Dara, Loh, Joanna, Lokare, Anand, Lomas, Oliver, Lovell, Richard, Lowe, Theresa, Lowry, Lisa, Lubowiecki, Marcin, Lumb, Rebecca, Lynch, Gail, Macaulay, Amanda, MacDonald, Lyndsey, MacDonald-Burn, Jill, Macmillan, Margaret, Maddock, Karen, Mahaliyana, Tomas, Mahon, Cassandra, Maidment, Alison, Maier, Susie, Mairos, Michelle, Majid, Mahseeman, Mak, Ka L, Mak, Anne, Malendrayogau, Arunthrthy, Malham, Hana, Malyon, Felicity, Mandadapu, Vineela, Mandel, Laura, Mant, Sarah, Manton, Ruth, Maouche, Nadjoua, Maqbool, Muhammad G., Marchant, Gregory, Marinho, Mariana, Marks, David, Marner, Mike, Marr, Helen, Marshall, Gillian, Martin, Siobhan, Martin, Abigail, Marzolini, Maria, Mason, Kiara, Massie, Jonathan, Masson, Rebecca, Mathavan, Vidya, Mathew, Siju, Mathie, Judith, Mattocks, Lehenta, Maybury, Bernard, Mayer, Georgina, McAlister, Chyrelle, McAllister, Jo, McConnell, Stewart, McCracken, James, McCullagh, Liz, McCulloch, Rory, Mcdermott, Christopher, Mcdonald, Kerian, McGinniss, Laura, McGurk, Fiona, McIlwain, Jessica, McIver, Kirsten, Mckay, Pam, McKenna, Lorraine, Mclornan, Donal, McMahon, Coalon, McNeice, Linda, McNeill, Susan, McNickle, Molly, McQueen, Fiona, McRae, Simon, McTaggart, Bobby, Mehew, Jenny, Mehra, Varnn, Melly, Michelle, Menichelli, Tara, Micklethwatte, Ken, Mihailescue, Loredana, Mijovic, Aleksander, Millband, Hannah, Miller, Lucy, Millien, Samuel T., Milnthorpe, James, Minson, Adrian, Molnar, Eva, Monsour, Marc, Moody, Mary, Moon, Rebecca, Moore, Sally, Moore, Katy, Morgan, Kelly, Morralley, Rebecca, Morris, Denise, Morris, Kirk, Morrison, Nicole, Moss, Merinda, Mughal, Muhammad, Muir, Paul, Mukkath, David, Mulla, Aasiyu, Mulligan, Stephen, Mullings, Joanne, Mulqueen, Angela, Muluey, Caitlin, Murdoch, Sarah, Murrani, Sura, Murthy, Vidhya, Musngi, Jimmy, Mustafa, Nadreen, Mynes, Tracey, Nalpantidis, Anastasios, Nandurkar, Harshal, Nardone, Linda, Nasari, Latifa, Nash, Monica, Naylor, Georgina, Ngu, Loretta, Nguethina, Melissa, Nguyen, John, Nguyen, Joseph, Nichol, Wendy, Nicholls, Emma, Nicole, Catherine S., Nicolson, Phillip, Nielson, David, Nikolousis, Emmanouil, Nix, Georgina, Njoku, Rita, Norman, Jane, Norman, Amy, Norris, Phoebe, North, Daniel, Norwood, Megan, Notcheva, Gaynor, Novitzky-Basso, Igor, Nyaboko, Joseph, Nygren, Maria, Obu, Ingrid, O'Connell, Siobhan, O'Connor, Jody, O'Kelly, Deanna, O'Niell, Aideen, Ony, Jeremy, Oo, Kathy, Oo, April, Oppermann, Anne, Orr, Ruth, O'Sullivan, Mary, Page, Jennifer, Palfreyman, Emma, Paneesha, Shankaranarayana, Panicker, Shyam, Parbutt, Catherine, Parigi, Elesha, Paris, Gemma, Parker, Tracey, Parnell, Caroline, Parrish, Christopher, Parsons, Alex, Pasat, Mioara, Patel, Natasha, Patel, Vijay, Patel, Pooja, Patel, Chaya, Pati, Nalini, Patterson, Andrea, Paul, Lauren, Payet, Danielle, Payne, Elspeth, Peachey, Victoria, Pearson, Amanda, Peniket, Andy, Percy, Laura, Pereyra, Millicent, Pervaiz, 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Carmela, Rose, Kathy, Rose, Hannah, Ross, David, Rouf, Shahara, Rourke, Claire, Routledge, David, Ruggiero, Janet, Rule, Simon, Rumsey, Richard, Sagge, Cherry, Saldhana, Helen, Salisbury, Richard, Salisbury, Sarah, Salvaris, Ross, Sanders, Kay, Sangombe, Mirriam, Sanigorska, Anna, Santos, Kristine, Sarkis, Taylah, Sarma, Anita, Saunders, Natalie, Schmidt, Kara, Schmidtmann, Anja, Schumacher, Ann, Scorer, Tom Scorer, Scott, Asleigh, Seath, Ingrid, Sejman, Frances, Selim, Adrian, Shamim, Nadia, Shan, Jocelyn, Shanmuganathan, Naranie, Shanmugaranjan, Shaminie, Sharpe, Michelle, Sharpley, Faye, Shaw, Emma, Sheath, Cara, Sheehy, Oonagh, Shen, Vivian, Sherbide, Solomon, Sheridan, Mathew, Sheridan, Jane, Sheridon, Matthew, Shields, Tracy, Sim, Hau V, Sim, Shirlene, Sims, Matt, Singaraveloo, Lydia, Singh, Gurcharan, Singh, Jasmine, Sladesal, Shree, Sloan, Andrew, Slobodian, Peter, Smith, Sophie, Smith, Sarit, Smith, Claire, Smith, Alastair, Smith, Neil, Snowden, Katherine, Solis, Joel, Somios, Denise, Soo, Jade, Spanevello, Michelle, Spaulding, Madeleie, Spence, Laura, Spillane, Liz, Spiteri, Alisha, Sprigg, Naomi, Springett, Sally, Stafford, Lynn, Stainthorp, Katherine, Stark, Kate, Steeden, Louise, Stephen, Ella, Stephenson, Aisling, Stewart, Andrew, Stewart, Orla, Stobie, Emma, Stokes, Chelsea, Streater, Jacqui, Suddens, Charlie-Marie, Suntharalingam, Surenthini, Surana, Narinder, Sutherland, Robyn, Sutherland, Antony, Sutton, David, Sweeney, Connor, Sweet, Reilly, Szucs, Aniko P, Taheri, Leila E., Tailor, Hinesh, Tam, Constantine, Tambakis, George, Tamplin, Mary, Tan, Chee, Tan, Sui, Tan, Joanne, Tan, Zhi, Taran, Tatiana, Tarpey, Fiona, Taseka, Angela, Tasker, Suzy, Tatarczuch, Maciej, Tayabali, Sarrah, Taylor, Hannah, Taylor, Robert, Taylor, Melaine, Taylor-Moore, Ella, Teasdale, Lesley, Tebbet, Elizabeth, Tedjasepstra, Aditya, Tedjaseputra, Aditya, Tepkumkun, Oummy, Terpstra, Andrew, Thomas, Wayne, Thomas, Shanice, Thompson, Rachel, Thornton, Thomas, Thorp, Bronwyn, Thrift, Moi Yap, Thwaites, Phillipa, Timbres, Jasmine, Tindall, Lauren, Tiong, Ing Soo, Tippler, Nicole, Todd, Tony, Todd, Shirley, Toghill, Neil, Tomlinson, Eve, Tooth, Jacinta, Topp, M., Trail, Nicola, Tran, Nguyen, Tran, Elizabeth, Tran, Vi, Treder, Bona, Tribbeck, Michelle, Trochowski, Siobhan, Truslove, Maria, Tse, Tsun, Tseu, Bing, Tucker, David, Turner, Kelly, Turner, Dianne, Turner, Herleen, Turner, Gillian, Twohig, Julie, Tylee, Thomas, Uhe, Micheleine, Underhill, Lauren, V, Joanne, Van der Vliet, Georgina, Van Tonder, Tina, VanderWeyden, Carrie, Varghese, Jerry, Vaughan, Lachlan, Veale, David, Vickaryyous, Nicky, Vince, Kathryn, Von Welligh, Jacoba, Vora, Sona, Wadehra, Karan, Walker, Rebecca, Walker, Stephen, Wallace, Roslyn, Wallniosve, Stephanie, Wallwork, S., Walmsley, Zoe, Walters, Fiona, Wang, Joyce, Wang, Angela, Wang, Chen, Wanyika, Mercy, Warcel, Dana, Wardrobe, Katrina, Warnes, Kristian, Waterhouse, Christopher, Waterworth, Adam, Watson, Caroline, Watson, Edmund, Watts, Emily, Weaver, Emma, Weber, Nicholas, Webley, Kaytie, Welford, Anna, Wells, Matt, Westbury, Sarah, Westcott, Jackie, Western, Robyn, Weston, Julia, White, Jessica, White, Phillipa, Whitehead, Anna, Whitehouse, James, Wieringa, Samantha, Willan, John, Williams, Sandra, Williams, Bethany, Williamson, Stephanie, Willoughby, Brett, Wilmot, Gail, Wilmott, Rosalind, Wilson, Joanna, Wilson, Emma, Wilson, Suzy, Wilson, Heather, Wilson, Caroline, Wilson, Tanya, Wilton, Margaret, Wiltshire, Paula, Wincup, Joanne, Wolf, Julia, Wong, Henna, Wong, Cyndi, Wong, Daniel, Wong, Jonathan, Wong, Shi Qin, Wood, Sarah, Wood, Henry, Wooding, Jackie, Woolley, Kelly, Wright, Myles, Wynn-Williams, Roland, Yannakou, Costas, Yeoh, Zhi Han, Yeung, David, Young, Agnes, Yuen, Flora, Yuen, Agnes, Zaja, Oliver, Zhang, Xiao-Yin, and Zhang, Mei

Published
2025
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49. Empowering Voices: Fostering Reflective Dialogue and Redefining Research Dynamics in Participatory Approaches With the Autistic Community

Author

Ellie Horton, Anita Z Goldschmied, Max J J Knops, Laura A Brownhill, Alice Bycroft, Anthony Lloyd, Daniel Tones, Beth Wiltshire, Carla T Toro, and Jagjeet Jutley-Neilson

Subjects
Social Sciences
Abstract

Within this brief report, the authors, who are mostly neurodivergent and a majority autistic, outline some of the challenges and historical failings of participatory research with the autistic community. There is an urgent need to explore creative ways to ensure that research engages with autistic people in an active, meaningful, and valuable way (Den Houting et al., 2021; Fletcher-Watson et al., 2019; Garfield & Yudell, 2019). The authors detail the process of using reflective dialogue to explore the participatory research group’s personal experiences of mental health at a university. The participatory group later presented their experiences at a webinar attended by more than 200 strategic and supporting staff from UK universities. The group found reflective dialogue to be useful in addressing many of the failings of participatory research with the autistic community, such as redressing power imbalances and finding it to be personally beneficial and validating. The authors detail how this might be implemented and argue that this approach has valuable applications within autism research and beyond and should be explored further.

Published
2024
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50. More than microglia: myeloid cells and biomarkers in neurodegeneration

Author

Eleftheria Kodosaki, Rosie Bell, Aitana Sogorb-Esteve, Katharine Wiltshire, Henrik Zetterberg, and Amanda Heslegrave

Subjects
myeloid biomarkers, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, myeloid cells, microglia, biomarker utility, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

The role of myeloid cells (granulocytes and monocytes) in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) is indisputable. Here we discuss the roles of myeloid cells in neurodegenerative diseases, and the recent advances in biofluid and imaging myeloid biomarker research with a focus on methods that can be used in the clinic. For this review, evidence from three neurodegenerative diseases will be included, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We discuss the potential for these biomarkers to be used in humans with suspected NDD as prognostic, diagnostic, or monitoring tools, identify knowledge gaps in literature, and propose potential approaches to further elucidate the role of myeloid cells in neurodegeneration and better utilize myeloid biomarkers in the understanding and treatment of NDD.

Published
2024
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