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This study examines the relationship of spiritual leadership with multiple dimensions of employees' work-life balance and how employees' spiritual well-being, life satisfaction, and Confucian values intervene in these relationships in an Asian (South Korean) context. The findings of this study suggest that spiritual leadership plays a positive role in helping employees achieve work-life balance, comprised of family, leisure, and growth dimensions, and that this relationship is moderated by Confucian values. Additionally, the serial mediating role of spiritual well-being and life satisfaction explained how spiritual leadership can also influence work-life dimensions. The study suggests that employees' integration of work and non-work roles can be enhanced as an organization initiates spiritual leadership practices that enable a life-friendly workplace. To influence work-life balance, a dual-approach of policies and practices is recommended that mutually aligns organizational and individuals' values and captures employees' needs for well-being and life satisfaction.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the role of employee flourishing as a mechanism to explain the relationship between workplace spirituality and employees' innovative work behavior (IWB). Furthermore, this study investigates how the relationship between workplace spirituality and innovative behavior is moderated by employees' perceived workplace satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachBased on structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 236 millennial workers in China's service and manufacturing industries.FindingsThe research findings confirmed that workplace spirituality positively predicted the innovative behavior of employees; furthermore, employee flourishing and workplace satisfaction mediated and moderated the relationship between workplace spirituality and employee innovation, respectively.Practical implicationsThis study's findings suggest that workplace spirituality unlocks employees' innovative behavior through a heightened sense of flourishing and enhanced sense of workplace satisfaction. Organizations are advised to foster a climate conducive of workplace spirituality by developing mutually aligned values. Moreover, organizations are advised to train leaders on workplace spirituality dimensions and foster workplace practices that facilitate self-reflection, job crafting and team building, as a means of broadening employees' emotional states and workplace satisfaction.Originality/valueFew studies have examined the mechanisms that shape employees' innovative behavior through workplace spirituality. This study fills several research gaps by extending the theoretical implications of workplace spirituality and employee flourishing, as demonstrated by the multi-faceted role these variables play in motivating employees' innovative behavior among Chinese millennials. Additionally, this study demonstrates that higher levels of workplace satisfaction contribute to higher levels of innovative behavior.

PurposeIntangible assets (IA) have been described as a multidimensional concept. However, there is a gap in research that considers IAs as a higher-order construct (HOC). Therefore, this paper aims to focus on demonstrating how IAs can be properly specified and measured as HOCs, given IA’s four major dimensions in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachA HOC model is applied using a partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) repeated-indicator approach. This approach helps validate the argument for considering IAs as HOCs by testing the basic requirements of the construct model.FindingsThe main finding from testing the model’s reliability, validity, multicollinearity and redundancy analysis indicates that the establishment of IAs as a HOC model is valid. Additionally, the simulation study results support the use of the proposed model.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed model is believed to enhance the proper understanding of IAs and their relationship with organizational outcomes. Additionally, the model can inform organizational management of the integrative approach needed to effectively synchronize their strategic resources for improved performance of entrepreneurially growing SMEs.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to show the measurement of IAs as HOCs using PLS-SEM, based on IA’s updated dimensions. The authors believe that this paper paves the way for future discussion on IA measurement to conduct rigorous impactful studies with larger sample size.

PurposeSince the term's introduction two decades ago, “psychological capital” has been described as an intangible strategic organizational resource. However, there remains a dearth of research regarding its application, especially in the macro-management fields. This paper addresses this gap by elevating the individual-level psychological capital (ILPC) concept to an equivalent organizational-level psychological capital (OLPC) model with appropriate methodological considerations.Design/methodology/approachThe elevation of ILPC to OLPC is conducted using referent shift approach. Then, the proposed OLPC model is tested and validated using the partial least-squares structural equation modeling analysis technique.FindingsTesting the OLPC model adequately validated the basic requirements of reliability, validity, multicollinearity and redundancy analysis. To ensure the practical use of the proposed model, a simulation study was also conducted, and the results confirmed the strength of ILPC being elevated to a model of OLPC.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings imply a better understanding of psychological capital from a multilevel perspective and present cross-level opportunities to enrich the scholarly corpus. The current paper also provides an insight into psychological capital management efficiency at all organizational levels so that the greatest benefits can be obtained.Originality/valueThis paper shows, for the first time, the possibility of borrowing ILPC concepts to help enact OLPC in organizations by means of a survey study. This paves the way for further investigation into the use of psychological capital at strategic and other macromanagement levels. Finally, future studies are encouraged to triangulate and strengthen the main arguments presented here.

This study examines the effects of spiritual leadership on employees’ innovative work behavior (IWB) and how employees’ spiritual well-being intervenes this relationship. The research was based on a self-reported survey of 264 workers in China and was analyzed through multiple regression in structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized relationships. The results of the study concluded that employees’ IWB is positively influenced by the effects of spiritual leadership. Furthermore, the effects of spiritual well-being intervened in explaining how spiritual leadership influences employee innovation. This study suggests that the innovative behavior of employees can be enhanced through initiating spiritual leadership practices that enable a spiritual workplace, which, in turn, can help organizations to more effectively cope with competitive market pressures to continuously innovate. Moreover, the study expands our current understanding of the role employee well-being can play in enriching individual creativity and innovation.

PurposeThis study examines how employee well-being, in combination with spiritual leadership, helps mitigate the negative effects of work–family conflict.Design/methodology/approachThis study followed an explanatory research design to explain the relationship between spiritual leadership and work–family conflict. The approach was based on a cross-sectional survey of 278 workers from diverse industries and functional roles in South Korea's manufacturing and service sectors. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis were used to test hypothesized relationships.FindingsResults confirmed that spiritual leadership and employee well-being inversely influenced work–family conflict, in terms of work-to-family and family-to-work role interference. Furthermore, employee well-being fully mediated both of these relationships.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that organizational competitiveness can be enhanced through a dual approach of organizational strategies and human resource training that cultivate employee well-being and a family-friendly environment. Notably, this study clarifies the value of leadership practices to both trigger and enhance employee well-being through a sense of meaningfulness in and at work.Originality/valueThis study expands the scope of our current understanding of how employee well-being is an effective mechanism in helping employees cope with work–family role conflict. Moreover, the study demonstrates the role that leadership practices, beyond the narrow interpretation of perceived supervisor support, play in helping employees cope with role conflict. Finally, this study enhances the field of workplace spirituality by examining the influence of spiritual leadership on employees' spiritual well-being and work–family conflict, which has not been currently addressed in the workplace spirituality field.

This study sought to assess the effect of job security on the commitment of teachers in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. The study further assessed the mediating role of career satisfaction in the relationship between job security and organizational commitment. Using an explanatory survey design, 228 senior high school teachers were systematically selected and surveyed accordingly. The estimated target population was 530 teachers. An internal consistency of .807 was recorded for the instrument. Data processing and analysis were done using SPSS and SMART PLS to assess the effect of job security on the four dimensions of organizational commitment (affective, continuance, normative, and value commitment). The measurement model met all the quality criteria. It was found that job security had a positive influence on all four dimensions of organizational commitment as well as career satisfaction. Similarly, career satisfaction had a positive influence on all four dimensions of organizational commitment. Furthermore, career satisfaction mediated the relationships among job security and all dimensions of organizational commitment except value commitment. Thus, the findings suggest that Ghana Education Service should institute policies and measures that enable teachers to feel more secure in their job, and increase their opportunities for career development in Ghana’s public senior high schools. Additionally, teachers should take advantage of human resource development policies initiated by their respective institutions to increase the level of their career satisfaction and consequently, their commitment to their respective schools.

Spiritual leadership is achieving universal recognition as an effective tool to measure the interactive relationship between leaders, followers, and organizational performance. However, the construct needs robust investigation of the relationship to positive organizational behaviors in diverse country contexts. This study examined the relationship of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through the well-being of workers and the impact of Korean Confucian values with results fully supporting the relationship of employee well-being on OCBs. Furthermore, Confucian values, operationalized as Confucian mindset, also influenced and partially mediated the relationship between spiritual leadership and OCBs. The results of this study lend support to the enabling influence of spiritual leadership on positive organizational behavior such as OCB. Moreover, the study increases our understanding of the emic manifestations, like Confucian values, of leadership theory in generalizing western leadership theories to outside cultures.

Today's organisations are actively seeking ways to better engage the 'whole' self of their employees, in response to employee disengagement, as employees actively seek ways to better express their 'whole' selves spiritually at work in achieving a greater sense of well-being. Despite the overlap of workplace spirituality, well-being, and employee engagement constructs, the interrelationship of these constructs has seen little research to date. This paper determined that workplace spirituality, as measured through spiritual leadership, positively influenced employees' sense of meaning in work and membership or community at work. In turn, this sense of spiritual well-being mediated the engagement of employees in their work. These findings expand the scope of workplace spirituality and employee engagement research in highlighting the influence of not only meaningfulness in work but also meaningfulness at work in a non-Western context.