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Background: Androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSis), when administered sequentially or in combination with docetaxel and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), have been shown to enhance overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Nonetheless, the optimal sequence for administering chemotherapy and ARSis remains to be determined. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ARSis sequential therapy with ARSis combined therapy for mHSPC, and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different combination regimens. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from their inception through 14 July 2024, to identify eligible phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the combination or sequential use of docetaxel + ADT with abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, or darolutamide. The outcomes of interest included OS, PFS, time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). Results: Five RCTs involving 2836 patients were included in the analysis. When comparing ARSis sequential therapy to ARSis combined therapy, no significant differences were observed in OS (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.17, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.69–1.96), PFS (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.47–2.22), or time to PSA progression (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.03–7.69). Within the different ARSis combined regimens, the triple therapies involving enzalutamide, abiraterone, and darolutamide demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety profiles in the overall population, and their efficacy in patients with high-volume disease or low-volume disease was also similar. Conclusion: ARSis sequential therapy did not significantly differ from ARSis combined therapy in improving OS and PFS among patients with mHSPC, and thus can be considered as a viable treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Previous studies have investigated complexation and coacervation of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis male gonad hydrolysates (SMGHs) and polysaccharides influenced by pH and blending ratio. It has been found that SMGHs/polysaccharide composite shows better gel properties under strongly acidic conditions. Thus, the complexation and coacervation of SMGHs and gellan gum (GG) were investigated via turbidimetric titration at different pH values (1–12) and biopolymer blending ratios (9.5:0.5–6:4).Both pHc and pHφ1 exhibited ratio‐independent behavior with constant values at approximately pH 5.8 and pH 3.8, respectively, dividing SMGHs/GG blends into three phases named mixed polymers, soluble complexes and insoluble coacervates, respectively. Overall, SMGHs and GG exhibited synergistic gelation under neutral and acidic conditions, with the initial storage modulus (G') increasing by approximately 42.5‐, 573.7‐ and 3421‐fold and 97.7‐, 550.3‐ and 0.5‐fold, respectively, at pH 7, 5 and 3, compared with SMGHs and GG. As pH decreased from 7 to 3, the initial G' and viscosity η values of SMGHs/GG gels increased by 20.1‐ and 2.3‐fold, respectively, exhibiting the greatest increase in gel strength. Moreover, the free water in the SMGHs/GG system significantly shifted toward lower relaxation times attributed to the immobilization of the outer hydration layers. SMGHs/GG gels in the insoluble phase exhibited denser networks and rougher surfaces, supporting the enhanced rheological properties and water retention capacity of the gel.This work provides a basic foundation for the development of pH‐driven SMGHs/GG gelation by examining complexation and coacervation processes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the characteristics of fatigue and the correlation between fatigue and other symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods According to Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), 100 PD patients enrolled in this study were divided into fatigue group (FSS > 4 score, N = 58) and non- fatigue group (FSS ≤ 4 score, N = 42). Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III), revised Hoehn-Yahr stage and modified Webster score were used to investigate the severity of motor symptom. Non- Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were adopted to measure the severity of non-motor symptom. In addition, UPDRSII was used to evaluate the activities of daily living and 39-Item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) was used to measure life quality of PD patients, respectively. Results There were 58 out of 100 PD patients having fatigue symptom, namely the occurrence rate of fatigue was 58%. The occurrence rate of daytime nap (χ² = 16.256, P = 0.000), fatigue (χ² = 84.639, P = 0.000), lack of interest (χ² = 10.705, P = 0.001), lack of passion (χ² = 9.350, P = 0.002), depression (χ² = 9.350, P = 0.002), anxiety/panic (χ² = 4.625, P = 0.032), emotional apathy (χ² = 22.032, P = 0.000), anhedonia (χ² = 18.247, P = 0.000), poor memory (χ² = 4.366, P = 0.037), urgency of urination (χ² = 5.774, P = 0.016), frequency of micturition (χ² = 5.774, P = 0.016), hard in sex life (χ² = 3.877, P = 0.049), and decreased sense of smell or taste (χ² = 5.360, P = 0.021) were significantly higher in PD patients of fatigue group than those in non-fatigue group. UPDRS III scores (t = 6.374, P = 0.000), revised Hoehn-Yahr stage (Z = - 3.345, P = 0.001), modified Webster score (t = 6.819, P = 0.000), NMSS (t = 2.923, P = 0.011), HAMD (Z = - 2.451, P = 0.014), HAMA (t = 5.417, P = 0.000), ESS (Z = - 2.116, P = 0.034), UPDRS II (Z = - 3.115, P = 0.002) and PDQ - 39 (Z = - 2.696, P = 0.007) were significantly higher in PD patients of fatigue group than those in non - fatigue group. Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that FSS scores had high positive correlation with modified Webster score (rs = 0.622, P = 0.000) and NMSS (rs = 0.611, P = 0.000), moderate positive correlation with duration (rs = 0.582, P = 0.000), UPDRS III (rs = 0.573, P = 0.000), revised Hoehn-Yahr stage (rs = 0.542, P = 0.000), HAMD (rs = 0.505, P = 0.000), HAMA (rs = 0.477, P = 0.000), ESS (rs = 0.474, P = 0.000), PSQI (rs = 0.410, P = 0.000), UPDRS II (rs = 0.559, P = 0.000) and PDQ-39 (rs = 0.578, P = 0.000), and low negative correlation with MMSE (rs = - 0.258, P = 0.000). Conclusions The occurrence of fatigue in PD is high, which has interaction effect with other symptoms of PD, consequently affecting the life quality of PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft gels based on protein-polysaccharide composite systems play a crucial role in the dietary management of people with dysphagia. The effect of chia seed gum (CSG) on the gelling and swallowing properties of heat-induced whey protein isolate (WPI) gels (3.125-75 mg/mL) was investigated. The results showed that adding CSG reduced the gelation concentration of WPI and weak gels could form at 12.5 mg/mL WPI concentration. In addition, the viscoelasticity and water-binding capacity of the WPI/CSG composite gels were gradually enhanced with increasing WPI concentrations. The WPI/CSG composite systems can be classified as level 2-5 dysphagia-oriented foods according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) framework. The incorporation of CSG promoted the cross-linking of protein aggregates and the formation of compact and continuous network structures, resulting in improved gelling properties of composite systems. This study contributes to the development of novel soft gel-type dysphagia foods with better textural characteristics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory material basis and molecular mechanism of Artemisia stolonifera based on the analysis of the chemical components in different extracted fractions of A. stolonifera and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in combination with network pharmacology and molecular docking. Thirty-two chemical components were identified from A. stolonifera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Among them, there were 7, 21 and 22 compounds in water, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively. The antio-xidant capacity of different extracted fractions was evaluated by measuring their scavenging ability against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals and total antioxidant capacity [ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) assay]. The inflammatory model of RAW264.7 cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), and the levels of nitrite oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6) in the supernatant and the mRNA expression of related inflammatory factors in cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects. The results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of A. stolonifera was the optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory fraction. By network pharmacology, it was found that flavonoids such as rhamnazin, eupatilin, jaceosidin, luteolin and nepetin could act on key targets such as TNF, serine/threonine protein kinase 1(AKT1), tumor protein p53(TP53), caspase-3(CASP3) and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), and regulate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B(PI3K-AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathways to exert the anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular docking further indicated excellent binding properties between the above core components and core targets. This study preliminarily clarified the anti-inflammatory material basis and mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of A. stolonifera, providing a basis for the follow-up clinical application of A. stolonifera and drug development.

Purpose: To measure the density of the cortex in the zygomatic alveolar ridge region of adults by 3D reconstruction, and to analyze the differences of cortical bone density between different vertical facial types in the zygomatic alveolar ridge in different vertical facial types., Methods: Spiral CT scanning data of 48 patients (24 males and 24 females) were chosen for 3D reconstruction and divided into 3 groups(low-angle group, average-angle group and high-angle group) according to the size of the mandibular plane angle (FH-MP), 18 points at which the six planes of the zygomatic alveolar ridge on the left of the upper jaw intersected at 13, 15 and 17 mm above the baseline(the horizontal line of mesial buccal tip of the first maxillary molar) were measured. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: There was no significant difference between genders, there was significant difference among different vertical bone facial types (P<0.05）, among which the low-angle group [(1331.65±185.70) HU] was the highest and the high-angle group [(1245.62±207.63) HU] was the lowest. There was significant difference in BMD between different sites in different vertical facial types and the sites with the highest BMD in each group were located at 17 mm above on the occlusion plane. Cross-sectional evaluation showed that the high-angle group was located at the level of the proximal and middle buccal root of the first molar, and the mean-angle group was located between the proximal and distal buccal root, and the low-angle group was located at the level of the distal buccal root of the first molar., Conclusions: There was significant difference in density and distribution of bone cortex in zygomatic alveolar ridge between different vertical facial types in adults, which provides a reference basis for adults to select appropriate site of micro-implant anchorage and to ensure the stability of anchorage in orthodontic treatment.

Photosynthesis characteristics of winter wheat under different tillage practices during fil-ling stage are vital for dry matter accumulation, transfer, and yield development. A field experiment, including no-till with residue removal (NT), no-till with residue retention (NTS), rotary tillage with residue removal (RT), rotary tillage with residue retained (RTS), subsoiling with residue removal (DT), subsoiling with residue retained (DTS), plow tillage with residue removal (CT), and plow tillage with residue retained (CTS) was conducted at Wuqiao experimental station of China Agricultural University since October 2008. The diurnal variation of photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf, photosynthetic response curve, and crop yield under different tillage practices were evaluated during winter wheat filing stage in this study. The results showed thatthe net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of flag leaf both diurnally varied with the bimodal curve, and the net photosynthetic rates were higher under treatments with residue retained than those under with residue removal. Diurnal variation of intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was observed with a "V-shaped wide mouth" bimodal curve under all treatments. Daily transpiration rate exhibited "double peak curve", except for the "single peak curve" under DTS, RTS and RT. The stimulated net photosynthetic rate was increased by 20.0%, 21.7%, 19.7%, 21.5%, 0.8%, 12.1% and 4.2% under NT, DT, RT, CT, CTS, RTS, and CTS, compared with DTS, respectively. Photosynthetic response curves were fitted better under treatments with residue retained than under treatments with residue removal. As for crop grain yields, the highest one was observed under DTS, following by RTS and CTS, and the lowest under CT. Crop grain yield was increased by 10.8%, 1.3%, 2.1%, 5.4%, 11.9%, 12.4%, and 12.6% under DTS, compared with NTS, RTS, CTS, NT, DT, RT, and CT, respectively. Thus, residue retaining under different tillage practices (e.g. NTS and DTS) could mitigate the mid-day depression of photosynthesis, maintain a high photosynthetic rate of winter wheat, and improve the dry matter accumulation and crop production.

Using B3LYP/6-31G(d) model, time depended(TD)-B3LYP/6-31+G(d) method and Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model (C-PCM)-TD-B3LYP/6-31+G(d) method, we calculated the structure and the absorption and emission spectra of a series of N-substituted 1,8-naphthalimides in both gas-phase and dichloromethane. The influence of the substituents on the electronic absorption spectra and their emission spectra has been discussed on their calculated frontier molecular orbitals contour and their energy levels. Results show that their rings extension from CN group and the substituents on their naphthalimic ring play an important role in the absorption spectra and the emission spectra properties. Modification of OCNCO group and the substituents in their naphthalimic rings breaks the structural symmetry. The Mulliken atomic charges values of NO2 groups from S0 to S1 in 4 positions are a little greater than the 5-positions, which also mean that the 5 position provide more electrons. For MACs of N(Ph)2 and N(Me)2, the 4 position substituents provide more charges than that of 5 position. They not only lead to bigger dipole moments, but also extend frontier orbital contour. Frontier orbitals also show that the modification of OCNCN and the introduction N(Me)2, N(Ph)2 and NO2 groups extends their π—π* excitation scope and decreases their energy gap accordingly. Besides, those kinds of molecular design enhance intra molecular charge transfer between substituent and naphthalimic ring. Therefore, redshift are shown in their absorption and emission spectra, which is also verified by calculated results. Their absorption and emission spectra in solvent redshift compared with their gas spectra. For the NO2 derivatives, the charge transfer state is in the 5 position substituent compounds. For donor substituents, charge transfer state lies in their 4 position compounds. When the CO group is in the same side with the NO2 group, and the N(Me)2 and the N(Ph)2 are in the different side with the CO group, compounds have better conduction properties. From compound 1 to compound 4, the redshift of the absorption spectra in dichloromethane is about 139 nm. The more intramolecular charge transfer, the bigger absorption maximum those compounds shown. Above result is in good agreement with the 5-position NO2 derivatives and the 4-position N(Me)2, N(Ph)2 derivatives. Above OCNCO structural change and their charge transfer mechanism provide design basis for further 1,8-naphthalmic derivatives.