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Relevance. The problem of organizing and providing emergency medical care during the medical evacuation of seriously injured in emergency situations who received burns remains relevant up to the present time. The effectiveness of the intensive care performed at the prehospital stage significantly affects the condition of patients and the outcome of the treatment. A fairly effective and safe way to evacuate victims in critical condition, including those with burns, is the use of air ambulance. At the same time, the preparation and management of patients subject to air medical transportation requires solving a number of problems during the flight.Intention. To analyze the results of the organization and implementation of intensive care over the past 8 years in seriously injured people with burns after emergencies during aeromedical evacuation by a light-class helicopter.Methodology. We analyzed data from the automated information and analytical system “Disaster Medicine of the city of Moscow” of the Moscow Territorial Scientific and Practical Center of Disaster Medicine (CEMP) of the Department of Healthcare of the City of Moscow concerning medical evacuation of patients with burns over the past 8 years (2014–2021). Historical, statistical, analytical methods were used in the study.Results and Discussion. The main causes of thermal injury are fires, which rank third in the number of events and the number of victims, and first in the number of deaths. In the structure of victims with thermal trauma, 26 % were in extremely serious and serious condition, of which 2 % needed artificial lung ventilation and tracheal intubation. Indications and features of artificial lung ventilation with tracheal intubation were determined for victims with thermal burns who were subject to medical evacuation by a light-class ambulance helicopter.Conclusion. Aeromedical transportation of a burn patient with adequate therapy is relatively safe and prognostically more effective compared to other methods of medical evacuation. When using flight crews with little experience in providing emergency medical care to victims with large burns, special attention should be paid to resuscitation and maintaining euthermia (maintaining human body temperature).

INTRODUCTION Based on the Ministry of Emergency Situations data megapolises note an annual increase of the emergency situations (ES). The increase of an urban population in Russia up to 73% results in considerable human victims in big cities due to thermal injuries among others.THE AIM of the present research is to analyze the structure of ES victims and the efficiency of the organization of a medical care for victims with thermal injuries in Moscow in 2016–2018.MATERIAl AND METHODS We have held a retrospective analysis of 113 cases of patients of a Burn Center of Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of the Moscow Health Department, and have studies the data of an automated informational analytical system named “Emergency Medicine” for 2016 2018.RESUlTS For an absolute number of victims, fires are on the third place among different emergencies in Moscow, but on the pre­hospitalization stage, the biggest number of deaths are registered (38,2%). The number of patients with thermal injuries reaches 31% among all the patients in hospitals. We note a multi­factor and a combined character of injuries characterized by a high mortality rate (9,8%).CONClUSION A present system of medical help for patients with thermal injuries, from the moment of ES fact to the hospitalization to multidisciplinary treatment­and­prophylactic organizations having an experience of specialized medical services, is a reliable and effective element of the health system.

Relevance. Due to busy roads of large cities and the resulting slow movement of ambulances with severely affected patients in need of specialized emergency care, new organizational technologies for medical evacuation support as well as modern means of transporting patients to qualified hospitals are required.Intention is to analyze activities of the aviation medical teams of the Scientific and Practical Center for Emergency Medical Care in Moscow in 2015-2019.Methodology. Using the automated information-analytical system “Disaster Medicine of the Moscow City”, activities of aviation medical teams over the last 5 years (2015-2019) were analyzed retrospectively in the Scientific and Practical Center of Emergency Medical Care. Ambulance helicopters are fully equipped to provide comprehensive intensive care for severely affected patients without noticeable deterioration of their condition, and utilization of this equipment was also assessed.Results and Discussion. Main stages of air ambulance formation in Moscow are described. Experience of aviation medical teams over the past 5 years in providing emergency medical care at the pre-hospital stage to those affected in emergency situations and severely ill patients is presented. The description of medical equipment of ambulance helicopters intended for providing emergency medical care to adults and children, including newborns, is given. The number of calls for aviation medical teams over the past five years is provided along with basic reasons and amount of night flights.Most often helicopters were used for transporting patients with severe concomitant and multiple injuries as a result of road accidents. Medical team composition of ambulance helicopters and the number of helipads on the territory of medical organizations of the city and the territories attached to Moscow are given.Conclusion. Based on the analysis of aviation medical teams activities, further ways to improve and develop the aviation medical service of the city of Moscow can be outlined to expand its use.

The article deals with the problem of reliability of information systems, in order to solve this problem, a method for assessing the fault tolerance of data transmission systems using the apparatus of mathematical modeling of faulttolerant systems with three levels of operation was introduced. Also the mathematical model in the form of a graph of states and the probability of failure with a system of differential equations for its description was formulated. The solution of mathematical model allows to obtain the probability of failure at different levels of functioning of information systems in order to detect and find faults and equipment failures.

This research aims at finding a generalized algorithm suitable for processing and presenting the trajectory digital parameters of consumer onboard navigation equipment which is used in the process of space rocket launches. Processing and analysis of digital telemetric information coming from the onboard equipment during the flight and containing digital frames of trajectory measurements is one of the priority tasks as it is the analysis of the path deviations of the rocket that makes a significant contribution to a complete and informative assessment of the launch results. It is suggested that the generalized processing and presenting algorithm which contains the initial stages of the primary processing (extraction of digital frame structures, extraction of trajectory parameters from the frames, mathematical transformations of extracted parameters)as well as determination of primary and secondary values are necessary for solving the trajectory task and, eventually, forming a unified digital stream for representing trajectory measurements, for obtaining results of processing in graphical representation software.

The problem of designing double-sided printed circuit boards in the form of synthesis of flat structures of electronic circuit diagrams at the design stage is considered. The aim of the work is to arrange the connections on two sides of the printed circuit board without jumpers, which facilitates the conditions for routes to any tracer of modern design programs. The main drawback of all the algorithms used is the principle of sequential and fragmented viewing of the commutation space incorporated in them. To solve this problem, it is necessary to use the graph theoretical method, rather than the topographic method, where priority is given to the metric aspect of the problem. The graph theoretical method involves preliminary stratification of the graph on two sides of the printed circuit board and analysis of the planarity of the graph circuit with subsequent elimination of jumpers, assigning a conflict link of the route to the back of the circuit board.

The rapid development, complexity of modern information systems and the growth of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of network anomalies and failures makes the task of network reliability more relevant. So, the aim of the article is to research modern problems of information systems and develop methods for its solution. For resolving of the considered problems in order to achieve the required level of network characteristics, the article contains developed the conditions for the optimal choice of network equipment, the methods for determining threshold values for detecting deviations from the normal operation of the network, the schemes of the algorithm for monitoring faults and problems.

The article is based on the monitoring faults problem of information systems and contains the mathematical model description of the process for monitoring faulty parameters for network equipment, which takes into account the probability dependence of events on a time intervals, and offers a method of probabilistic forecasting of the state of network failure.

Two mathematical models have been built to describe the behavior of an information system with a client-server architecture without and taking into account the ultimate reliability of the monitoring system and the restoration of the failed component of the system under consideration. The behavior of the information system in the presence of failures and the restoration of the performance of components is approximated by a Markov process and is described by a system of differential equations with variable coefficients. The solution of the obtained differential equations by numerical methods on computers allows the research of various characteristics of the reliability of information systems such as “client-server” in a wide range of changes in failure rates and restoration of system components.

The game task of confrontation of the attacked hardware-redundant dynamic system with an attacking enemy operating in conditions of incomplete information about the behavior of the attacked enemy in the process of conflict was posed and solved numerically and analytically. The attacking party aspires to increase the intensity of the failures of the components of the attacked system at the expense of its attack resources, up to its total failure. The attacked party, due to the corresponding strategy of redistribution of reserve blocks of the hardware-redundant dynamic system between the failed main blocks at the appropriate instants of time, strives to maximize the probability of failure-free operation of the attacked system at the end of the confrontation (game) with the attacking enemy. Behavior of the system under attack in the process of conflict is approximated by the Markov process, and the number of operable states is equal to the number of failed functional blocks that do not exceed the number of standby blocks. As a payment function in the game in question, the probability of failure-free operation of the attacked system is used by the time the game ends. The solution of the game is the vector of the system setup moments after the corresponding failures of the functional blocks and the set of reservation vectors corresponding to the instantaneous settings of the system being attacked, which maximizes the probability of system failure during the conflict. The differential game model is reduced to a multi-step matrix model with given probabilities of the states of the attacking enemy. Numerical algorithms for calculating the vector of reservation for the attacked system that maximizes the probability of its trouble-free operation by the end of the game and for solving the game problem in question are presented in a form convenient for implementation on a personal computer.

The article deals with the reliability problem of information systems and contains the developed method for assessing the fault-tolerance of data transmission systems and mathematical model that allows to obtain the probability of failure at different levels of information systems.