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Two new species of Trichoglossum are described from south Mexico based on morphological and molecular evidence. Trichoglossum caespitosum is characterized by the caespitose ascomata, rough and coiled paraphyses and the ascospores with 9–11 septa. Trichoglossum tropicale is characterized by the capitate ascomata, clavate and straight paraphyses and the ascospores with 10–12 septa. Both species grow in the tropical forests of the Yucatán peninsula. Here we provide descriptions and photographs for these species, together with a phylogenetic analyses based on the DNA sequences of nuc rDNA (ITS region and 28S gene) and a comparative table for the species known for America.

The earth tongue Leucoglossum leucosporum represents a small genus of the family Geoglossaceae (Ascomycota). The genus Leucoglossum includes only two species, which have been studied poorly due to its uncommon occurence and very scanty herbarium material. Both species have limited distribution, namely L. leucosporum in Europe and L. durandii in Asia. During research in geoglossoid fungi of Central Europe we recorded L. leucosporum in Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia with reports from the Czech Republic and Slovakia representing the first record of this fungus from those countries. Most of the collections (four) were obtained from Slovakia, with only one occurence each in the Czech Republic and Germany. A map of species distribution includes the recent findings. Leucoglossum leucosporum is characterised by setae both in hymenium and on the stipe in combination with relatively short hyaline ascospores. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of studied collections are described and compared with previous reports to analyze morphological variability of the species. Unusual occurrence of long brown ascospores mentioned in previous study is discussed and supposed as probably accidental. The cave as a new habitat type for L. leucosporum in addition to meadow, pasture and forest road border is revealed. Affinity to substrates evolved on basic bedrock is considered. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on a combined data set of nrITS1–5.8 S–ITS2 and nrLSU confirmed separate position of the genus. Despite the presence of setae, the genus Leucoglossum is more closely related to Geoglossum rather than Trichoglossum.

Trichoglossum benghalense N. Chakr., Tarafder & K. Acharya, sp. nov., FIGURE 2 & 3 Mycobank: MB 836100 Genbank: MT573336 Type: INDIA, West Bengal, Howrah district, Sarenga town, N 22�� 5345���, E 88�� 2237���, 6 m a.s.l., 24 Aug. 2019, Nilanjan Chakraborty, SAR 08 (holotype: CUH AM698). Etymology: The specific epithet ��� benghalense ��� was named in recognition to the location of West Bengal, India. Diagnosis: Apothecia clavate, hirsute, black, 2���6 mm diam. �� 20���35 mm high. Hymenium containing long, blackish, single septate hymenial setae. Asci 8-spored, long, amyloid. Ascospores 0-7 septate, long., Published as part of Chakraborty, Nilanjan, Tarafder, Entaj, Paul, Anamika, Paloi, Soumitra & Acharya, Krishnendu, 2022, Trichoglossum benghalense (Geoglossales, Ascomycota) from India: new to science, pp. 72-82 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6224492

Herein, a new species of the genus Trichoglossum is described. The new species named as T. jejuense was collected from Jeju Island in Korea. It is distinguished from other Trichoglossum species by thick, 8-spored asci and 15–16 septate ascospores. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal RNA and morphological characteristics suggest that T. jejuense is a distinct species.

A description is provided for Trichoglossum rasum . Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Central America (Panama), South America (Venezuela (Amazonas)), Asia (China (Yunnan), India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea), Atlantic Ocean (Bermuda), Caribbean (Cuba and Jamaica), Europe (UK), Pacific Ocean (New Caledonia and USA (Hawaii))). No reports of negative economic impacts of this fungus have been found.

Leucoglossum is a small genus in the family Geoglossaceae which has long been understudied. The genus consists of two species resembling Trichoglossum due to the presence of setae, but differing in its ascospores that remain hyaline for long periods, becoming pale brown or brown only in maturity. Both Leucoglossum species are known from Eurasia, although collections are rare over the landmass. L. leucosporum is found in Europe, while L. durandii has been reported only from China. This study summarizes all current information on the genus Leucoglossum in Russia, combining a critical morphological revision involving type material of L. leucosporum with a phylogenetic reconstruction based on a combined data set of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrITS1–5.8S–ITS2) and the 28S nuclear ribosomal large subunit region (nrLSU). The comprehensive morphological study resulted in supplemented description of Leucoglossum and L. leucosporum. The results of the molecular study confirmed that Leucoglossum represents a separate monophyletic group related more to Geoglossum than to Trichoglossum.

The genus Trichoglossum ( Geoglossaceae ) is characterized by black, clavate, stipitate apothecia with hymenial setae. We collected T. cf. octopartitum from China and a new species of Trichoglossum from Thailand, the latter named as T. septatum. According to morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data, T. septatum diverges from other Trichoglossum species. Full descriptions, colour figures, and a phylogenetic tree to show the positions of T. cf. octopartitum and T. septatum are provided, and the two species are compared with allied taxa. The important morphological characteristics of Trichoglossum species are also summarized.