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This article discusses different theories of skill learning, including ecological dynamics, and their implications for coaching and practice design. Concerns with current beliefs about skill acquisition and the associated traditional practice methods will be discussed. The major tenets of ecological dynamics will be presented, followed by some practice design recommendations for coaches. The goal of this paper is to introduce coaches to a more contemporary theoretical framework of skill acquisition that will drive the exploration of new practice methods to maximize skill development across all ages.

Background In men suspected of having prostate cancer (PCa), up to 50% of men with positive multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) findings (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] or Likert score of 3 or higher) have no clinically significant (Gleason score ≤3+3, benign) biopsy findings. Vascular, Extracellular, and Restricted Diffusion for Cytometry in Tumor (VERDICT) MRI analysis could improve the stratification of positive mpMRI findings. Purpose To evaluate VERDICT MRI, mpMRI-derived apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) as determinants of clinically significant PCa (csPCa). Materials and Methods Between April 2016 and December 2019, men suspected of having PCa were prospectively recruited from two centers and underwent VERDICT MRI and mpMRI at one center before undergoing targeted biopsy. Biopsied lesion ADC, lesion-derived fractional intracellular volume (FIC), and PSAD were compared between men with csPCa and those without csPCa, using nonparametric tests subdivided by Likert scores. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to test diagnostic performance. Results Among 303 biopsy-naive men, 165 study participants (mean age, 65 years ± 7 [SD]) underwent targeted biopsy; of these, 73 had csPCa. Median lesion FIC was higher in men with csPCa (FIC, 0.53) than in those without csPCa (FIC, 0.18) for Likert 3 (iP/i= .002) and Likert 4 (0.60 vs 0.28,iP/ilt; .001) lesions. Median lesion ADC was lower for Likert 4 lesions with csPCa (0.86 × 10sup-3/supmmsup2/sup/sec) compared with lesions without csPCa (1.12 × 10sup-3/supmmsup2/sup/sec,iP/i= .03), but there was no evidence of a difference for Likert 3 lesions (0.97 × 10sup-3/supmmsup2/sup/sec vs 1.20 × 10sup-3/supmmsup2/sup/sec,iP/i= .09). PSAD also showed no difference for Likert 3 (0.17 ng/mLsup2/supvs 0.12 ng/mLsup2/sup,iP/i= .07) or Likert 4 (0.14 ng/mLsup2/supvs 0.12 ng/mLsup2/sup,iP/i= .47) lesions. The diagnostic performance of FIC (AUC, 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.00) was higher (iP/i= .02) than that of ADC (AUC, 0.85; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.91) and PSAD (AUC, 0.74; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.82) for the presence of csPCa in biopsied lesions. Conclusion Lesion fractional intracellular volume enabled better classification of clinically significant prostate cancer than did apparent diffusion coefficient and prostate-specific antigen density. Clinical trial registration no. NCT02689271 © RSNA, 2022iOnline supplemental material is available for this article./i

IntroductionChronic liver disease is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. Acute presentation with advanced disease is common and prioritisation of resources to those at highest risk at earlier disease stages is essential to improving patient outcomes. Existing prognostic tools are of limited accuracy and to date no imaging-based tools are used in clinical practice, despite multiple anatomical imaging features that worsen with disease severity.In this paper, we outline our scoping review protocol that aims to provide an overview of existing prognostic factors and models that link anatomical imaging features with clinical endpoints in chronic liver disease. This will provide a summary of the number, type and methods used by existing imaging feature-based prognostic studies and indicate if there are sufficient studies to justify future systematic reviews.Methods and analysisThe protocol was developed in accordance with existing scoping review guidelines. Searches of MEDLINE and Embase will be conducted using titles, abstracts and Medical Subject Headings restricted to publications after 1980 to ensure imaging method relevance on OvidSP. Initial screening will be undertaken by two independent reviewers. Full-text data extraction will be undertaken by three pretrained reviewers who have participated in a group data extraction session to ensure reviewer consensus and reduce inter-rater variability. Where needed, data extraction queries will be resolved by reviewer team discussion. Reporting of results will be based on grouping of related factors and their cumulative frequencies. Prognostic anatomical imaging features and clinical endpoints will be reported using descriptive statistics to summarise the number of studies, study characteristics and the statistical methods used.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required as this study is based on previously published work. Findings will be disseminated by peer-reviewed publication and/or conference presentations.