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1. An Investigation of the Influence of Viscosity and Printing Parameters on the Extrudate Geometry in the Material Extrusion Process

Author

Shahriar Bakrani Balani, Hossein Mokhtarian, Tiina Salmi, and Eric Coatanéa

Subjects
additive manufacturing, material extrusion process, fused filament fabrication, finite element modeling, computational fluid dynamic, numerical simulation, Organic chemistry, QD241-441
Abstract

The material extrusion process is one of the most popular additive manufacturing processes. The presence of porosity in the MEX printed parts, which ultimately deteriorates the mechanical properties, is one of the main drawbacks of the MEX process. The porosity in the structure is related to the shape of the adjacent beads and overlapping during the material deposition. Due to the deposition nature of the MEX process, the porosity cannot be entirely removed from the printed parts. Understanding the influence of process parameters on material deposition and the rheological properties is crucial to improving the quality of the final product. In this study, the two-phase-flow numerical approach with the level-set equations has been used for the first time to model the material deposition on the moving platform in 3D. The influence of the viscosity and printing parameters, including travel speed, inlet velocity, viscosity, nozzle diameter, and layer height, on the width of the deposited bead has been investigated. The simulation results are validated against experimental measurements with an average error of 5.92%. The width measured by the experimental study shows good agreement with the results of the numerical simulation. The comparison between the results of the 3D numerical simulation and 2D simulation reveals that the 2D simulation is not appropriate and accurate enough to predict the geometry of the deposited bead with the given set of parameter settings. The key novelty of this research paper is the application of the level-set method in a 3D context for material deposition on a moving substrate.

Published
2023
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2. Quench protection analysis integrated in the design of dipoles for the Future Circular Collider

Author

Tiina Salmi, Antti Stenvall, Marco Prioli, Janne Ruuskanen, Arjan Verweij, Bernhard Auchmann, Davide Tommasini, Daniel Schoerling, Clement Lorin, Fernando Toral, Maria Durante, Stefania Farinon, Vittorio Marinozzi, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Massimo Sorbi, and Javier Munilla

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The EuroCirCol collaboration is designing a 16 T Nb_{3}Sn dipole that can be used as the main bending magnet in a 100 km long 100 TeV hadron-hadron collider. For economic reasons, the magnets need to be as compact as possible, requiring optimization of the cable cross section in different magnetic field regions. This leads to very high stored energy density and poses serious challenges for the magnet protection in case of a quench, i.e., sudden loss of superconductivity in the winding. The magnet design therefore must account for the limitations set by quench protection from the earliest stages of the design. In this paper we describe how the aspect of quench protection has been accounted for in the process of developing different options for the 16 T dipole designs. We discuss the assumed safe values for hot spot temperatures and voltages, and the efficiency of the protection system. We describe the developed tools for the quench analysis, and how their usage in the magnet design will eventually ensure a secure magnet operation.

Published
2017
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3. HTS Tape Mechanical Behavior Sensitivity on Material Properties and Thickness of Material Layers

Author

Hamed Milanchian, Tiina Salmi, Alexandre Halbach, Reijo Kouhia, Tampere University, Electrical Engineering, and Civil Engineering

Subjects
213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

Multilayer 2G high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes undergo various mechanical loading steps as part of a superconducting magnet operation. The mechanical loading steps include cool-down to cryogenic temperatures and Lorentz forces when powering up the magnets. Studying the mechanical behavior of the constituent layers in a HTS tape can reveal the strain or stress level in each layer and help in predicting the probability of mechanical failure or critical current degradation. A detailed finite element method (FEM) -based simulation models enable us to estimate the mechanical behavior in each layer. However, defining the model parameters for material mechanical properties or thickness of each material layer can have consid-erable uncertainty due to variation in manufacturing processes and missing measurements of material properties within these tapes. The material properties in thin layers may not exactly comply with bulk materials of the same kind. In this paper we present a sensitivity analysis for mechanical behavior dependence on material properties variation in the constituent layers of a HTS tape. The results give important insight about the accuracy and reliability of mechanical simulation results and guide the priorities in future material characterization. In addition, we will investigate the effect of the thickness of Hastelloy layer on effective macroscopic mechanical behavior of the tape. A nonlinear elastoplastic FEM model is used for performing the simulations. publishedVersion

Published
2023

5. CLIQ Protection Design for the Graded Nb$_{3}$Sn Research Racetrack Dipole Demonstrator (R2D2)

Author

Dong Liu, Tiina Salmi, Valerio Calvelli, Etienne Rochepault, Lappeenrannan-Lahden teknillinen yliopisto LUT, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, and fi=School of Energy Systems|en=School of Energy Systems

Subjects
Capacitance, Voltage, Nb $_{3}$ Sn, CLIQ, Condensed Matter Physics, quench protection, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic separation, R2D2, Superconducting magnets, Accelerator magnet, FCC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hafnium, Magnetic flux, Land surface temperature
Abstract

The Research Racetrack Dipole Demonstrator (R2D2) is being studied as a demonstrating magnet for future FCC magnets. The R2D2 is meant to prove the feasibility of grading in block-coil Nb3Sn dipoles and explore quench behaviors at a very high current. This short model provides an opportunity to study quench protection concepts which will be needed for the full-scale FCC magnets. Both quench heaters and CLIQ (coupling loss induced quench) are under study. This paper presents the research work on the CLIQ protection. The work includes CLIQ design methods and configurations, and comparative studies of various CLIQ configurations for maximizing the CLIQ effectiveness. The results show that the most effective CLIQ configuration is able to quench 80% of the coil turns at the nominal current within 3 ms, leaving 20 ms for detection and validation time while keeping the maximum hotspot temperature within 350 K. The study shows that protection of R2D2 using only CLIQ may be feasible under certain assumptions. Post-print / Final draft

Published
2023

6. Potential Performance of Fully Superconducting Generators for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines

Author

Dong Liu, Tiina Salmi, Jiaxi Lin, Tampere University, and Electrical Engineering

Subjects
213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

Fully superconducting generators (FSCGs) for wind turbine applications are usually synchronous machines. A high torque density should be obtained by increasing both the main field and the armature current loading. However, there are tendencies that the main field can be low but the armature current loading can be high, such as permanent magnet superconducting generators. Despite Jc(B,T) characteristics and AC loss issues, simply using superconducting armature may not lead to a desired design result but deteriorate the performance with high armature reaction. This paper implements the vector-phasor diagram of non-salient synchronous generators for revealing the potential performance of only increasing the armature current loading. Three commonly used control strategies are compared. The results show that increasing the armature-field flux to a certain level will deteriorate the generator performance with all three control strategies. Comparatively, the voltage control for equaling EMF and voltage amplitudes provides the best overall performance: high torque production capability, high power factor, small power angle and a wide range of armature current loading. The results obtained from the vector-phasor diagrams are verified by finite element models with an FSCG design. publishedVersion

Published
2023

7. Roadmap on Artificial intelligence and big data techniques for superconductivity

Author

Mohammad Yazdani-Asrami, Wenjuan Song, Antonio Morandi, Giovanni De Carne, Joao Murta-Pina, Anabela Pronto, Roberto Oliveira, Francesco Grilli, Enric Pardo, Michael Parizh, Boyang Shen, Tim Coombs, Tiina Salmi, Di Wu, Eric Coatanea, Dominic A Moseley, Rodney A Badcock, Mengjie Zhang, Vittorio Marinozzi, Nhan Tran, Maciej Wielgosz, Andrzej Skoczeń, Dimitrios Tzelepis, Sakis Meliopoulos, Nuno Vilhena, Guilherme Sotelo, Zhenan Jiang, Veit Große, Tommaso Bagni, Diego Mauro, Carmine Senatore, Alexey Mankevich, Vadim Amelichev, Sergey Samoilenkov, Tiem Leong Yoon, Yao Wang, Renato P Camata, Cheng-Chien Chen, Ana Maria Madureira, Ajith Abraham, UNINOVA-Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, CTS - Centro de Tecnologia e Sistemas, Yazdani-Asrami, M [0000-0002-7691-3485], Morandi, A [0000-0002-1845-4006], Murta-Pina, J [0000-0002-9283-8497], Oliveira, R [0000-0003-3685-6890], Parizh, M [0000-0002-2737-8578], Shen, B [0000-0001-8169-6588], Moseley, DA [0000-0001-7673-0024], Badcock, RA [0000-0003-0219-9570], Zhang, M [0000-0003-4463-9538], Wielgosz, M [0000-0002-4401-2957], Skoczeń, A [0000-0002-0708-7538], Sotelo, G [0000-0002-5393-7206], Jiang, Z [0000-0002-3482-3510], Große, V [0000-0003-3231-3426], Bagni, T [0000-0001-8654-783X], Mauro, D [0000-0002-8290-1165], Senatore, C [0000-0002-9191-5016], Yoon, TL [0000-0001-7334-710X], Wang, Y [0000-0003-1736-0187], Camata, RP [0000-0002-6966-8557], Chen, CC [0000-0001-9931-615X], Madureira, AM [0000-0002-0264-4710], Abraham, A [0000-0002-0169-6738], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Tampere University, Electrical Engineering, and Automation Technology and Mechanical Engineering

Subjects
neural network, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Physics, Metals and Alloys, deep learning, 222 Other engineering and technologies, artificial intelligence, Condensed Matter Physics, 4016 Materials Engineering, Roadmap, machine learning, big data, Ceramics and Composites, Materials Chemistry, ddc:530, applied superconductivity, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 40 Engineering
Abstract

Funding Information: Financial support was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 200021_184940). Funding Information: Networking support provided by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST Action CA19108 (Hi-SCALE) is acknowledged. Funding Information: Supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, with reference UIDB/00066/2020. Funding Information: A part of this work was supported by the Russian National Technology Initiative Foundation (Grant ID 0000000007418QR20002). Funding Information: The research was also supported by the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grant No. MA-2767). Funding Information: This work was supported in part by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) by the Strategic Science Investment Fund ‘‘Advanced Energy Technology Platforms’’ under Contract RTVU2004. Funding Information: Y Wang acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Award DMR-2132338. R P Camata and C-C Chen are supported by the FTPP Program funded by NSF EPSCoR RII Track-1 Cooperative Agreement OIA-2148653. C-C Chen also acknowledges support from the NSF Award DMR-2142801. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. This paper presents a roadmap to the application of AI techniques and big data (BD) for different modelling, design, monitoring, manufacturing and operation purposes of different superconducting applications. To help superconductivity researchers, engineers, and manufacturers understand the viability of using AI and BD techniques as future solutions for challenges in superconductivity, a series of short articles are presented to outline some of the potential applications and solutions. These potential futuristic routes and their materials/technologies are considered for a 10-20 yr time-frame. publishersversion published

Published
2023

8. FCC-hh Conceptual Designs and Windability of the Main Quadrupoles

Author

Clement Genot, Daniel Schoerling, Yosri Rabti, Edouard Pepinter, Gilles Minier, Clement Lorin, Etienne Rochepault, Davide Tommasini, Tiina Salmi, Tampere University, and Electrical Engineering

Subjects
Large Hadron Collider, Electromagnetics, Computer science, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Lattice (module), Conceptual design, Electromagnetic coil, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor
Abstract

In the framework of a design study for a post-LHC 100 TeV cir-cular hadron collider, namely FCC-hh, high gradient Nb3Sn lat-tice quadrupoles were investigated, following closely the specifi-cations from the optic layout of that machine. After several iter-ations, a baseline design of the Main Quadrupole (MQ) was se-lected and, then, included in the FCC-hh Conceptual Design Re-port. The paper deals with the preliminary results of the 3D elec-tromagnetic and mechanical conceptual design. The 3D design of Nb3Sn coil ends is known to be a critical phase, especially for small apertures. To tackle the potential issues, 3D electromagnetic design was first carried out, taking into account the field quality constraints, the field margins in critical areas, and the windability of the coil ends. Then, winding trials with actual cables were performed, to help selecting designs and identifying critical geometrical parameters. acceptedVersion

Published
2021

9. Analytical and Numerical Methods to Estimate the Effective Mechanical Properties of Rutherford Cables

Author

Junjie Zhao, Yuanwen Gao, Antti Stenvall, and Tiina Salmi

Subjects
Superconductivity, Rutherford cable, Materials science, Numerical analysis, Composite number, Modulus, Epoxy, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Homogenization (chemistry), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnet, visual_art, 0103 physical sciences, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Superconducting Nb3Sn Rutherford cables can be used in the accelerator magnets above 10 T regions that cannot be reached with NbTi. These cables are composed of superconducting multifilamentary strands, interstitial epoxy, and insulation materials. To properly design the magnets made from these cables, it is essential to analyze their mechanical behavior. The prerequisite for this is the knowledge of the mechanical performance of Rutherford cables. In large magnets, these cables cannot be modeled with all details but effective properties and homogenization are typically required. In this work, an analytical model and numerical approach for predicting the effective mechanical properties of Rutherford cables are developed. The analytical model is established on a two-step homogenization and mechanical analysis for composite. The effective mechanical properties of the filament area and the transverse Young's modulus of the strand are first determined by means of utilizing the mechanical theory of the unit cell approach. The composite effective mechanical properties of the strand and interstitial epoxy are homogenized in the first step. The second step homogenization derives the effective mechanical properties of the strands epoxy composite and insulation layers. The numerical approach to determine the effective mechanical properties is based on the finite-element analysis. The developed methodologies are used to obtain the effective mechanical properties of two Nb3Sn Rutherford cables. The influence of the insulation thickness and modulus, the strand's modulus, is studied.

Published
2020

10. HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

Author

Pushpalatha C Bhat, B. Seeber, C. Pagliarone, Marco Statera, Victor P. Goncalves, Daria Astapovych, W. Bartmann, S. Iwamoto, M. Mentink, Alessandro Tricoli, E. R. Bielert, Laurent Chevalier, Patrick Koppenburg, Marco Calviani, C. Montag, P. Spiller, Jan Uythoven, P. Di Nezza, G. Guillermo Canton, B. Sailer, Markus Elsing, Sara Khatibi, Luca Vecchi, Luigi Palumbo, J. P. Penttinen, T. Podzorny, Maneesh Kumar, J. M. Rifflet, C. Kotnig, Jean Zinn-Justin, Christopher B. Verhaaren, A. Chernoded, Alessandro Bertarelli, L. M. Tkachenko, C. Koeberl, P. J. Mallon, M. Takeuchi, W. Venturini Delsolaro, G. Lamanna, S. Weinzierl, J. Gao, W. Kaabi, David D'Enterria, D. Barna, Paolo Castelnovo, Rajat Gupta, Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, Adarsh Pyarelal, Andreas Salzburger, Tessa Charles, M.E. Biagini, O. Panella, M. Stuart, A. Kollegger, V. Garcia Diaz, Olcay Bolukbasi, Maurizio Pierini, H. Aksakal, Tord Riemann, Abhishek M. Iyer, V. Shiltsev, D. Buttazzo, J. Blümlein, Prateek Agrawal, L. Sestini, Martin Bauer, Felicitas Pauss, S. Fiorendi, F. Bossu, Marco Nardecchia, C. Leonidopoulos, Wojciech Kotlarski, A. Saba, I. Bautista-Guzmán, W. Hillert, Giorgio Ambrosio, T. Lehtinen, Michael Andrew Parker, Silvia Taroni, Gian F. Giudice, Ph. Lebrun, Johann A. Briffa, T. Risselada, Giuseppe Lerner, A. Lechner, L. S. Miralles, M. Kuze, J. M. Valet, P. S. B. Dev, S. Holleis, Ph. Schwemling, M. Biglietti, S. Banerjee, Thomas Schörner-Sadenius, A. Sanz Ull, V. Tikhomirov, S. Savelyeva, Jiayin Gu, D. Zhou, Federico Ravotti, S. A. Bogacz, Daniele Mirarchi, R. Tomás García, Yann Coadou, F. Yu, Y. Cai, T. Lari, F. Holdener, D. Shwartz, C. Bhat, Ramesh Gupta, Markus Klute, E. Palmieri, P. Collier, Branislav Sitar, Yves Sirois, Livio Fanò, S. Rojas-Torres, E. Locci, Ruben Garcia Alia, I. Božović Jelisavić, R. Chehab, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, M. Pasquali, A. Di Cicco, Bernhard Auchmann, Klaus Heinemann, Alessia Tricomi, D. Lucchesi, B. Haerer, M. Morrone, Paolo Giacomelli, Sonia Carra, A. Senol, Ivan Koop, Luca Silvestrini, Anna Stakia, Heather Gray, E. Skordis, A. D. Kovalenko, Paul Langacker, R. Li, Bernardo Bordini, R. Rata, Arjan Verweij, Shehu S. AbdusSalam, Andrey Karyukhin, U. van Rienen, Gianluigi Arduini, Bernhard Holzer, S. A. Nikitin, S. S. Kozub, Satoshi Mishima, B. Di Micco, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, N. Pukhaeva, Nigel Watson, F. Prino, Jean-Michel Sallese, Sotirios Vlachos, Alessandro Vicini, A. Valassi, Daniel Treille, F. Dordei, A. M. Fernandez Navarro, B. Dziewit, Marcello Abbrescia, J. M. Hauptman, I. Chaikovska, Paolo Giubellino, Michael J. Baker, V.V. Kashikhin, Friedrich Lackner, Filippo Sala, A. Langner, D. Pulikowski, H. Eriksson, Matteo Turri, Andrea Wulzer, M. Aiba, Lisa Borgonovi, I. Morozov, V. Haurylavets, J. F. Croteau, S. Boselli, L. A. Gonzalez Gomez, Claudia Tambasco, F. Mahmoudi, Sébastien Descotes-Genon, A. Luciani, Pavel Piminov, M. Varasteh, T. Herzig, Sandra Aumon, Cristina Bernini, Joseph Bramante, Roberta Arnaldi, G. Zick, Daniel Schulte, R. Santoro, Anna Kulesza, I. Turk Cakir, M. Nonis, Silvia Posada Arias, Livia Soffi, T. Wojtoń, E. Cennini, Florian Bauer, B. Rousset, J.-L. Grenard, C. Neubüser, Frederic Derue, Loukas Gouskos, Rainer Wallny, G. Calderini, M. Merk, M. Mühlegger, Roberto Cimino, M. Ramsey-Musolf, P. Rebello Teles, Mario Galanti, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, A. Andreazza, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, Masaya Ishino, José W. F. Valle, Colin Bernet, G. Velev, Cristina Botta, E. Fischer, J. Malclés, Giuseppe Montenero, Tripurari Srivastava, E. Renner, Shahnam Gorgi Zadeh, D. Cantore-Cavalli, Paul Laycock, J. Komppula, Simon C. Hopkins, Helmut Burkhardt, Eric Lancon, I. Aichinger, Andre Sznajder, F. Bordry, Massimo Giovannozzi, Aidan Robson, Anna Giunta, A. Carvalho, S. Farinon, Daniel Wollmann, M. Fouaidy, Martti Raidal, R. Gerard, Giovanni Volpini, U. Niedermayer, A. Alekou, Alexander J.G. Lunt, Vincenzo Cavasinni, Andrzej Siodmok, U. Kaya, Matthias Schott, Marumi Kado, S. A. Arsenyev, José Zurita, John Osborne, Patrick Meade, Gianmarco Bovone, G. Li, Klaus Schlenga, Antti Stenvall, D. Duellmann, Werner Riegler, I. Garzia, Yasuyuki Okumura, G. Pikurs, F. Maltoni, Massimo Sorbi, M. Arzeo, B. Strauss, Y. W. Baek, Mauro Chiesa, K. Ilyina-Brunner, Javier L. Albacete, R. Farinelli, C. Pes, Nicolas Morange, S. M. Zernov, U. Wagner, Emmanuelle Perez, G. G. Da Silveira, J. Neundorf, Néstor Armesto, T. Hahn, Roman N. Lee, Roderik Bruce, B. Y. Sharkov, T. du Pree, G. Cibinetto, Evelin Meoni, R. Rinaldesi, James A. Ellison, Radim Slovak, Silvia Franchino, Mikko Laine, T. Pugnat, S. P. Das, Yuji Enari, Emanuela Barzi, Cihan Bayindir, R. Boels, Jana Faltova, M. Moreno Llácer, Scott A. Yost, Michael Spannowsky, Florian Burkart, Marcin Chrzaszcz, K. Suzuki, Luca Trentadue, S. Masciocchi, Gilad Perez, Steve Peggs, K. Sugita, Eleonora Belli, Carmine Senatore, K. Y. Oyulmaz, Aldo Deandrea, Irakli Minashvili, Desmond P. Barber, M. I. Martínez-Hernández, A. Apyan, S. Petracca, Mikael Chala, Urs Achim Wiedemann, T. Sian, Olivier Deschamps, R. Monge, G. Avrillaud, Jan Kieseler, Hubert Spiesberger, J. Maitre, G. D. Shirkov, M. Hofer, Emanuela Sirtori, Sinan Kuday, Kirill Skovpen, Sara Casalbuoni, Johann Usovitsch, N. Chen, G. Tejeda-Muñoz, F. Bellini, E. Chyhyrynets, Michael Stöger-Pollach, M. Vogel, J. G. Mendes Saraiva, A. Rivetti, M. Podeur, Luc Poggioli, V. A. Gromov, R. Sirvinskaite, S. B. Leith, Giancarlo D'Ambrosio, Tony Price, Philippe Mermod, Rabindra N. Mohapatra, T. Mitshuhashi, Koji Terashi, Leonel Ferreira, L. Vale Silva, N. Muchnoi, J. L. Stanyard, Thomas Marriott-Dodington, A. Andriatis, Oleg Solovyanov, A. Daljevec, A. Butterworth, S. Myers, D. Chanal, Tatiana Pieloni, M. Rodríguez-Cahuantzi, G. Nardini, D. Boscherini, Kazuhito Ohmi, James Molson, S. Kowalski, Christoph Haberstroh, Martin Aleksa, K. Kershaw, M. Mulder, Leonid Rivkin, G. Vorotnikov, Luigi Salvatore Esposito, J. Kalinowski, Michele Cascella, Francesco Giffoni, Alessandro Polini, Georges Azuelos, M. Prioli, Wolfgang Altmannshofer, S. K. Patra, H. J. He, J. J. Aguilera-Verdugo, Hannu Paukkunen, P. Chomaz, Shoji Asai, Nicolas Magnin, Gavin P. Salam, R. Wang, F. Avino, Alexander Romanenko, A. Rossi, Steve Muanza, Richard Ruiz, Dmitry Teytelman, S. Klöppel, S. Atieh, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, L. Apolinario, Andrea Tesi, M. Maggiora, A. Falkowski, Janusz Gluza, M. Sauvain, Hamzeh Khanpour, S. Chance, Ansgar Denner, Ma. Greco, Andreas Papaefstathiou, Manuela Boscolo, Joydeep Chakrabortty, E. Franco, R. R. Bosley, G. Peón, Fred Olness, Simone Alioli, Andrea Gaddi, M. K. Sullivan, M. Segreti, M. Panareo, Florian Goertz, Z. G. Zhao, H. Chanal, O. Martin, P. Azzurri, Agnieszka Chmielinska, M. Kordiaczyńska, O. Brunner, J. Von Ahnen, Jose Santiago, K. Foraz, Y. Alexahin, Marcello Mannelli, Christian Schwanenberger, S. Ganjour, Simone Marzani, T. M. Taylor, S. Di Vita, J. Womersley, I. Karpov, Valentina Morretta, Saverio D'Auria, Patrick Draper, B. Hacışahinoğlu, E. Gorini, Andrew J. Long, S. La Mendola, G. Zevi Dell Porta, I. Abdyukhanov, M. Cobal, Luca Marzola, E. Rochepault, A. Kusina, German Rodrigo, R. Schmidt, Jan Steggemann, E. Premat, P. Slavich, F. Gianotti, P. Jarry, Ram Krishna Dewanjee, L. Felsberger, T. Martinez, A. Niemi, Jürgen Reuter, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, Ryu Sawada, J. T. Childers, Gelsomina Catalano, P. Barjhoux, O. R. Blanco-García, Pilar Hernández, H. Correia-Rodrigues, V. Ippolito, S. De Curtis, Juan Rojo, Ayberk Yilmaz, S. Baird, Morteza Khatiri Yanehsari, Enrico Scomparin, Daniel Appelö, J. Kozaczuk, Matthew Jones, B. Caiffi, C. Del Bo, Susanna Guiducci, Giuliano Panico, M. Knecht, J. Coupard, M. Ciuchini, H. Kritscher, Claire Gwenlan, P. Costa Pinto, Thibaut Lefèvre, N. Bellegarde, Christian Scheuerlein, P. Ferreira da Silva, M. Verducci, X. Ruan, H. Pikhartova, Juan M. O'Callaghan, Kazuro Furukawa, D. Saez de Jauregui, Maria Rescigno, Stephan Eisenhardt, Andrea Dainese, Z. Drásal, G. H. Corral, J. M. Camalich, John Ellis, E. Gabrielli, L. Rumyantsev, A. Caliskan, K. Brunner, K. Tang, P. Sopicki, J. Fan, Marcin Kucharczyk, S. Gorgi Zadeh, Carlos A. Salgado, Simone Bologna, Y. Muttoni, A. Chancé, Patrick Jenny, Mark Boland, G. Yang, G. Wilkinson, Roger J. Hernández-Pinto, M. Novák, Gennady Stupakov, E. Jensen, Lance D. Cooley, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, S. Su, Matthew Luzum, J. Casas, Per Osland, T. Robens, Oscar A. Sampayo, Evgeny Levichev, P. N. Ratoff, G. Rolandi, M. A. Valdivia Garcia, Anthony Keith Morley, L. van Riesen-Haupt, A. Sublet, M. A. Mazzoni, J.L. Gutierrez, A. Abramov, Abbas Kenan Ciftci, A. Provino, L. Delle Rose, John Fox, Barry M. Dillon, V. Smirnov, G. N. Taylor, Anke-Susanne Müller, C. Pira, Fulvio Piccinini, A. Faus-Golfe, Pietro Antonioli, S. Sanfilippo, Julien Cogan, A. Ribon, Andrew Hutton, Frank Zimmermann, Lev Dudko, Erez Etzion, J. Polinski, G. Bencivenni, M. Gil Costa, L. K. Gladilin, Yannis Papaphilippou, Michael Spira, Maria Paola Lombardo, M. Fiascaris, Darius A. Faroughy, S. O. Kara, Peter Braun-Munzinger, A. Wohlfahrt, A. A. Krasnov, S.A. Gourlay, W. Da Silva, Jacqueline Keintzel, Radja Boughezal, Renat Sadykov, L. R. Sulak, Valentin V. Khoze, T. Tydecks, S. Puławski, Daniel de Florian, Pedro Schwaller, A. Akay, Nicola Serra, Sukanta Dutta, Christophe Royon, Alessandro Ricci, A. Kuendig, C. G. Honorato, K. Kołodziej, L. Deniau, Michael Kramer, J. Ferradas Troitino, A. Arbey, A. M. Staśto, Marcel Demarteau, Ralph Aßmann, O. Grimm, D. Forkel-Wirth, Owain Rhodri Jones, A. M. Kolano, G. Chiarello, William Trischuk, Andrea Dell'Acqua, Elisabetta Gallo, H. Song, Frank Petriello, N. Ibarrola, C. Colldelram, A. I. Ryazanov, A. Meier, Phillip Allport, J. de Blas, S. Chattopadhyay, Massimo Florio, X. Jiang, Bertrand Baudouy, T. Otto, Tevong You, Christoph Englert, Roberto Pittau, G. M. Bilei, Matthew McCullough, N. S. Ramírez-Uribe, J. 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B. De Vivie De Regie, H. Schmickler, M. Schenk, Georgios Voutsinas, André Schöning, S. G. Bondarenko, Giorgio Bellomo, Andrei Seryi, Jane Nachtman, Clement Helsens, E. De Lucia, Jakob Salfeld-Nebgen, Lorenzo Pezzotti, Z. Townsend, B. Dalena, Mogens Dam, Yasar Onel, Yi-Ming Zhong, B. Curé, A. A. Kolomiets, A. M. Valente-Feliciano, Laurette Ponce, David Olivier Jamin, P. Krkotic, Alexandre Louzguiti, Marina Putti, Holger Podlech, Petr Volkov, M. Angelucci, F. Duval, I. Hiekkanen, W. M. Yao, Giancarlo Ferrera, C. Lorin, Y. Dydyshka, Kurt R. Peters, Gergely Gabor Barnafoldi, V. Vysotsky, V. Arı, E. Pilicer, M. Chamizo-Llatas, G. Kuhlmann, Hans Quack, R. Valizadeh, Tiina Salmi, Thomas Kramer, Adam Jeff, A. Abada, J. M. Duval, J. Abelleira Fernandez, A. Leveratto, E. Tal Hod, X. Wu, Laurent Serin, Sarah Aull, Samuele Mariotto, A. Poiron, Sabine Riemann, P. Selva, V. I. Pantsyrny, Gianluca Valentino, K. Kahle, S. Aune, K. Potamianos, Eros Cazzato, M. Giovannetti, Petr Mandrik, S. Sidorov, F. 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Gobbi, Michael Hance, A. J. Barr, V. Del Duca, V. Guzey, M. Pont, Michele Selvaggi, Oliver Brüning, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, A. Drago, Y. Zhang, Giovanni Punzi, Viktor Matveev, Anadi Canepa, Clemens Lange, B. L. Militsyn, Martijn Mulders, Max Klein, V. D’Auria, M. Mylona, Valeria Braccini, S. DasBakshi, David Calvet, Sophia Borowka, David Marzocca, S. Jadach, A. A. Pankov, Christophe Ochando, A. A. Tudora, I. Masina, Jure Zupan, A. Preinerstorfer, Benjamin Fuks, H. K. Soltveit, G. Rolando, E.E. Perepelkin, T. G. Rizzo, Saleh Sultansoy, Federico Roncarolo, K. Elsener, R. Q. Pan, P. Zhuang, David Attié, Jac Perez, K. Kravalis, F. Anulli, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, S. Malvezzi, Steffen A. Bass, E. La Francesca, Heinz Pernegger, K. Grzanka, M. T. Tiirakari, Alberto Ventura, Alessandro Cerri, Marco Peruzzi, Eric Montesinos, O. Etisken, F. Grancagnolo, S. Kartal, H. Humer, Oliver Fischer, M. Primavera, Marco Toliman Lucchini, P. Vedrine, Felix Kling, M. Altınlı, Sergio Calatroni, C. Han, Olivier Leroy, R. T. D’Agnolo, N. Klinkenberg, A. Audurier, Tatsushi Nakamoto, Ali Bozbey, Bernd A. Kniehl, Carl J. Debono, I. P. J. Shipsey, Gregorio Bernardi, Paolo Nason, William James Fawcett, J. M. Jiménez, D. Denisov, M. Serluca, David Curtin, Arif Akhundov, M. García Pérez, Iacopo Vivarelli, Emanuele Bacchiocchi, Markus Zerlauth, Julia Hrdinka, F. Butin, F. Müller, D. Tikhonov, Jorg Wenninger, A. Kilic, Fabrizio Ferro, J. Tanaka, S. A. Antipov, Miroslav Atanasov, S. Kuttimalai, A. Y. Starikov, F. R. Blánquez, S. V. Furuseth, G. Gaudio, L. Malgeri, J. Curti, B. Turbiarz, S. Li, A. Romanov, Costas G. Papadopoulos, Brennan Goddard, Frank Krauss, Lidija Zivkovic, Toms Torims, Michaela Lackner, D. A. Lyubimtsev, G. Borghello, J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus, A. Bogomyagkov, H. Duran Yildiz, N. Foppiani, Arthur Schaffer, J. Zhou, D. Liberati, Vincenzo Guidi, Naeem A. Tahir, M. Besançon, Daniel Schoerling, Joe Incandela, Giacomo Polesello, O. Cakir, I. Ruehl, Ruggero Vaglio, Z. Zhang, Bruno Spataro, Davide Tommasini, F. Millet, H. D. Yoo, Carlo V. Fiorio, S. Deghaye, C. Bozzi, A. Shivaji, G. Corcella, I. Bellafont, Valentina Mariani, D. E. Martins, Michael Syphers, C. Hati, Peter Marquard, Nicola Bacchetta, Matthew Crouch, David Woog, Oliver Kortner, A. Milanese, Ricardo Gonçalo, Guido Montagna, Mikhail Zobov, F. Bedeschi, Eugene Bulyak, M. Aburaia, R. Tenchini, G. Marchiori, H. Rafique, G. Calderola, M. Antonello, Andrea Thamm, S. Glukhov, F. Hug, Robert Ruprecht, Veysi Erkcan Ozcan, K. Lee, Angelo Infantino, V. Makarenko, Z. Nergiz, Sergei Chekanov, Benjamin C. Allanach, C. Dachauer, H. Zhang, C. Biscari, A. J. Lankford, Scott Thomas, P. Kostka, Thomas Gehrmann, O. Azzolini, M. Ploskon, S. F. Ge, K. Oide, Andrea Bastianin, Daniela Bortoletto, Ingo Schienbein, J. L. Biarrotte, M. van Leeuwen, D. Stöckinger, Harald Ita, J. Katharina Behr, A. Cholakian, T. Kwon, L. Medina, Evgeny Starchenko, G. Mancinelli, L. Zanotto, F. Menez, L. Bellagamba, J. P. 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Panizzo, Antonio Racioppi, E. Gianfelice-Wendt, Rashidul Islam, U. Cardella, Y. Bai, A. Novokhatski, P. Zeiler, A. Coccaro, Toshi Sumida, Andrzej Siemko, R. Franceschini, C. M. Carloni Calame, Elisa Fontanesi, G. Kozlov, J. Tkaczuk, Rama Calaga, F. Beaudette, Paolo Camarri, A. Pampaloni, E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Durante, Kari J. Eskola, S. A. Ellis, T. Lesiak, W. Chou, German F. R. Sborlini, Carlo Oleari, T. Fowler, A. Di Ciaccio, A. Bibet Chevalier, Stefano Forte, C. Berriaud, I. Tapan, Ezio Todesco, S. Lee, Jaime Hernández-Sánchez, D. M. Vogt, Oreste Nicrosini, Vittorio Marinozzi, Roberto Ferrari, M. I. Besana, Anna Sfyrla, Stanley J. Brodsky, G. de Rijk, Stefano Redaelli, Giorgio Apollinari, A. Zaborowska, Alessandro Cardini, J. F. Kamenik, V. Smaluk, Uta Klein, M. Bomben, P. Manfrinetti, M. Poli Lener, Jose Miguel No, Tiziano Camporesi, H. Gerwig, Francis Pérez, M. Koratzinos, V. Karaventzas, Jesse Thaler, T. Hoehn, M. Capeans, Sven Pfeiffer, P. Duda, H. Ten Kate, Petar Adzic, Kechen Wang, Sergey Belomestnykh, F. Kocak, H. Karadeniz, R. Alemany Fernandez, Johanna Stachel, A. Mostacci, John Jowett, A. Hegglin, H. Pais Da Silva, Marc Dünser, M. Roig, Sven Heinemeyer, V. Baglin, Stephane Fartoukh, C. Andris, Z. Ws, A. Nettsträter, Marco Bonvini, A. C. Canbay, Federico Carra, Silvia Salini, Kristjan Kannike, E. Cogneras, Frank Simon, Manfred Krammer, Johannes Bernardi, P. Valente, M. Moretti, L. Stoel, I. Low, Barbara Mele, E. Shaposhnikova, D. Fonnesu, Anton Andronic, Haluk Denizli, A. Fernández-Téllez, A. V. Nesterenko, M. Korjik, Philip Harris, Roberto Kersevan, Tommaso Portaluri, V. Parma, N.V. Mokhov, B. Humann, B. Tuchming, Stefan Antusch, L. Anderlini, J. Meignan, I. H. Sarpün, L. Tavian, Michelangelo L. Mangano, H. Martinez Bruzual, C. Sebastiani, Chao Zhang, M. A. Pleier, R. Ciftci, A. Crivellin, A. Blondel, O. Viazlo, Burak Bilki, A. Rosado Sanchez, Andrea Massironi, M. Greco, J. Martin Camalich, M. Reboud, Frederic Deliot, M. 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Perez Codina, Roman Martin, Elias Metral, B. Hegner, L. Zawiejski, Efe Yazgan, F. Couderc, G. Tonelli, G. Castorina, Patrizia Azzi, A. De Roeck, Jean-Philippe Lansberg, Riccardo Valente, A. David, F. Robert, Jeremi Niedziela, Anna Grassellino, Marie-Hélène Genest, V. Tisserand, A. Kilpinen, Y. K. Kim, A. Dominjon, Andrej Arbuzov, David Amorim, L. Kretzschmar, E. Bruna, Sergey Polozov, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Hubert Kroha, O. Amstutz, A. Vitrano, Raymond Veness, Tilman Plehn, M. A. Mahmoud, Uşak Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, FCC Collaboration (Ukupan broj autora: 1363), FCC Collaboration, Abada, A., Abbrescia, M., Abdussalam, S. S., Abdyukhanov, I., Abelleira Fernandez, J., Abramov, A., Aburaia, M., Acar, A. O., Adzic, P. R., Agrawal, P., Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A., Aguilera-Verdugo, J. J., Aiba, M., Aichinger, I., Aielli, G., Akay, A., Akhundov, A., Aksakal, H., Albacete, J. L., Albergo, S., Alekou, A., Aleksa, M., Aleksan, R., Alemany Fernandez, R. 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Zurita, J, Işık Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Işık University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Bayındır, Cihan, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones, Abada A., Abbrescia M., AbdusSalam S.S., Abdyukhanov I., Abelleira Fernandez J., Abramov A., Aburaia M., Acar A.O., Adzic P.R., Agrawal P., Aguilar-Saavedra J.A., Aguilera-Verdugo J.J., Aiba M., Aichinger I., Aielli G., Akay A., Akhundov A., Aksakal H., Albacete J.L., Albergo S., Alekou A., Aleksa M., Aleksan R., Alemany Fernandez R.M., Alexahin Y., Alia R.G., Alioli S., Alipour Tehrani N., Allanach B.C., Allport P.P., Altinli M., Altmannshofer W., Ambrosio G., Amorim D., Amstutz O., Anderlini L., Andreazza A., Andreini M., Andriatis A., Andris C., Andronic A., Angelucci M., Antinori F., Antipov S.A., Antonelli M., Antonello M., Antonioli P., Antusch S., Anulli F., Apolinario L., Apollinari G., Apollonio A., Appelo D., Appleby R.B., Apyan A., Arbey A., Arbuzov A., Arduini G., Ari V., Arias S., Armesto N., Arnaldi R., Arsenyev S.A., Arzeo M., Asai S., Aslanides E., Assmann R.W., Astapovych D., Atanasov M., Atieh S., Attie D., Auchmann B., Audurier A., Aull S., Aumon S., Aune S., Avino F., Avrillaud G., Aydin G., Azatov A., Azuelos G., Azzi P., Azzolini O., Azzurri P., Bacchetta N., Bacchiocchi E., Bachacou H., Baek Y.W., Baglin V., Bai Y., Baird S., Baker M.J., Baldwin M.J., Ball A.H., Ballarino A., Banerjee S., Barber D.P., Barducci D., Barjhoux P., Barna D., Barnafoldi G.G., Barnes M.J., Barr A., Barranco Garcia J., Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa J., Bartmann W., Baryshevsky V., Barzi E., Bass S.A., Bastianin A., Baudouy B., Bauer F., Bauer M., Baumgartner T., Bautista-Guzman I., Bayindir C., Beaudette F., Bedeschi F., Beguin M., Bellafont I., Bellagamba L., Bellegarde N., Belli E., Bellingeri E., Bellini F., Bellomo G., Belomestnykh S., Bencivenni G., Benedikt M., Bernardi G., Bernardi J., Bernet C., Bernhardt J.M., Bernini C., Berriaud C., Bertarelli A., Bertolucci S., Besana M.I., Besancon M., Beznosov O., Bhat P., Bhat C., Biagini M.E., Biarrotte J.-L., Bibet Chevalier A., Bielert E.R., Biglietti M., Bilei G.M., Bilki B., Biscari C., Bishara F., Blanco-Garcia O.R., Blanquez F.R., Blekman F., Blondel A., Blumlein J., Boccali T., Boels R., Bogacz S.A., Bogomyagkov A., Boine-Frankenheim O., Boland M.J., Bologna S., Bolukbasi O., Bomben M., Bondarenko S., Bonvini M., Boos E., Bordini B., Bordry F., Borghello G., Borgonovi L., Borowka S., Bortoletto D., Boscherini D., Boscolo M., Boselli S., Bosley R.R., Bossu F., Botta C., Bottura L., Boughezal R., Boutin D., Bovone G., Bozovic Jelisavic I., Bozbey A., Bozzi C., Bozzini D., Braccini V., Braibant-Giacomelli S., Bramante J., Braun-Munzinger P., Briffa J.A., Britzger D., Brodsky S.J., Brooke J.J., Bruce R., Bruckman De Renstrom P., Bruna E., Bruning O., Brunner O., Brunner K., Bruzzone P., Buffat X., Bulyak E., Burkart F., Burkhardt H., Burnet J.-P., Butin F., Buttazzo D., Butterworth A., Caccia M., Cai Y., Caiffi B., Cairo V., Cakir O., Calaga R., Calatroni S., Calderini G., Calderola G., Caliskan A., Calvet D., Calviani M., Camalich J.M., Camarri P., Campanelli M., Camporesi T., Canbay A.C., Canepa A., Cantergiani E., Cantore-Cavalli D., Capeans M., Cardarelli R., Cardella U., Cardini A., Carloni Calame C.M., Carra F., Carra S., Carvalho A., Casalbuoni S., Casas J., Cascella M., Castelnovo P., Castorina G., Catalano G., Cavasinni V., Cazzato E., Cennini E., Cerri A., Cerutti F., Cervantes J., Chaikovska I., Chakrabortty J., Chala M., Chamizo-Llatas M., Chanal H., Chanal D., Chance S., Chance A., Charitos P., Charles J., Charles T.K., Chattopadhyay S., Chehab R., Chekanov S.V., Chen N., Chernoded A., Chetvertkova V., Chevalier L., Chiarelli G., Chiarello G., Chiesa M., Chiggiato P., Childers J.T., Chmielinska A., Cholakian A., Chomaz P., Chorowski M., Chou W., Chrzaszcz M., Chyhyrynets E., Cibinetto G., Ciftci A.K., Ciftci R., Cimino R., Ciuchini M., Clark P.J., Coadou Y., Cobal M., Coccaro A., Cogan J., Cogneras E., Collamati F., Colldelram C., Collier P., Collot J., Contino R., Conventi F., Cook C.T.A., Cooley L., Corcella G., Cornell A.S., Corral G.H., Correia-Rodrigues H., Costanza F., Costa Pinto P., Couderc F., Coupard J., Craig N., Crespo Garrido I., Crivellin A., Croteau J.F., Crouch M., Cruz Alaniz E., Cure B., Curti J., Curtin D., Czech M., Dachauer C., D'Agnolo R.T., Daibo M., Dainese A., Dalena B., Daljevec A., Dallapiazza W., D'Aloia Schwartzentruber L., Dam M., D'Ambrosio G., Das S.P., DasBakshi S., da Silva W., da Silveira G.G., D'Auria V., D'Auria S., David A., Davidek T., Deandrea A., de Blas J., Debono C.J., De Curtis S., De Filippis N., de Florian D., Deghaye S., de Jong S.J., Del Bo C., Del Duca V., Delikaris D., Deliot F., Dell'Acqua A., Delle Rose L., Delmastro M., De Lucia E., Demarteau M., Denegri D., Deniau L., Denisov D., Denizli H., Denner A., d'Enterria D., de Rijk G., De Roeck A., Derue F., Deschamps O., Descotes-Genon S., Dev P.S.B., de Vivie de Regie J.B., Dewanjee R.K., Di Ciaccio A., Di Cicco A., Dillon B.M., Di Micco B., Di Nezza P., Di Vita S., Doblhammer A., Dominjon A., D'Onofrio M., Dordei F., Drago A., Draper P., Drasal Z., Drewes M., Duarte L., Dubovyk I., Duda P., Dudarev A., Dudko L., Duellmann D., Dunser M., du Pree T., Durante M., Duran Yildiz H., Dutta S., Duval F., Duval J.M., Dydyshka Y., Dziewit B., Eisenhardt S., Eisterer M., Ekelof T., El Khechen D., Ellis S.A., Ellis J., Ellison J.A., Elsener K., Elsing M., Enari Y., Englert C., Eriksson H., Eskola K.J., Esposito L.S., Etisken O., Etzion E., Fabbricatore P., Falkowski A., Falou A., Faltova J., Fan J., Fano L., Farilla A., Farinelli R., Farinon S., Faroughy D.A., Fartoukh S.D., Faus-Golfe A., Fawcett W.J., Felici G., Felsberger L., Ferdeghini C., Fernandez Navarro A.M., Fernandez-Tellez A., Ferradas Troitino J., Ferrara G., Ferrari R., Ferreira L., Ferreira da Silva P., Ferrera G., Ferro F., Fiascaris M., Fiorendi S., Fiorio C., Fischer O., Fischer E., Flieger W., Florio M., Fonnesu D., Fontanesi E., Foppiani N., Foraz K., Forkel-Wirth D., Forte S., Fouaidy M., Fournier D., Fowler T., Fox J., Francavilla P., Franceschini R., Franchino S., Franco E., Freitas A., Fuks B., Furukawa K., Furuseth S.V., Gabrielli E., Gaddi A., Galanti M., Gallo E., Ganjour S., Gao J., Garcia Diaz V., Garcia Perez M., Garcia Tabares L., Garion C., Garzelli M.V., Garzia I., Gascon-Shotkin S.M., Gaudio G., Gay P., Ge S.-F., Gehrmann T., Genest M.H., Gerard R., Gerigk F., Gerwig H., Giacomelli P., Giagu S., Gianfelice-Wendt E., Gianotti F., Giffoni F., Gilardoni S.S., Gil Costa M., Giovannetti M., Giovannozzi M., Giubellino P., Giudice G.F., Giunta A., Gladilin L.K., Glukhov S., Gluza J., Gobbi G., Goddard B., Goertz F., Golling T., Goncalves V.P., Goncalo R., Gonzalez Gomez L.A., Gorgi Zadeh S., Gorine G., Gorini E., Gourlay S.A., Gouskos L., Grancagnolo F., Grassellino A., Grau A., Graverini E., Gray H.M., Greco M., Grenard J.-L., Grimm O., Grojean C., Gromov V.A., Grosse-Oetringhaus J.F., Grudiev A., Grzanka K., Gu J., Guadagnoli D., Guidi V., Guiducci S., Guillermo Canton G., Gunaydin Y.O., Gupta R., Gupta R.S., Gutierrez J., Gutleber J., Guyot C., Guzey V., Gwenlan C., Haberstroh C., Hacisahinoglu B., Haerer B., Hahn K., Hahn T., Hammad A., Han C., Hance M., Hannah A., Harris P.C., Hati C., Haug S., Hauptman J., Haurylavets V., He H.-J., Hegglin A., Hegner B., Heinemann K., Heinemeyer S., Helsens C., Henriques A., Hernandez P., Hernandez-Pinto R.J., Hernandez-Sanchez J., Herzig T., Hiekkanen I., Hillert W., Hoehn T., Hofer M., Hofle W., Holdener F., Holleis S., Holzer B., Hong D.K., Honorato C.G., Hopkins S.C., Hrdinka J., Hug F., Humann B., Humer H., Hurth T., Hutton A., Iacobucci G., Ibarrola N., Iconomidou-Fayard L., Ilyina-Brunner K., Incandela J., Infantino A., Ippolito V., Ishino M., Islam R., Ita H., Ivanovs A., Iwamoto S., Iyer A., Izquierdo Bermudez S., Jadach S., Jamin D.O., Janot P., Jarry P., Jeff A., Jenny P., Jensen E., Jensen M., Jiang X., Jimenez J.M., Jones M.A., Jones O.R., Jowett J.M., Jung S., Kaabi W., Kado M., Kahle K., Kalinovskaya L., Kalinowski J., Kamenik J.F., Kannike K., Kara S.O., Karadeniz H., Karaventzas V., Karpov I., Kartal S., Karyukhin A., Kashikhin V., Katharina Behr J., Kaya U., Keintzel J., Keinz P.A., Keppel K., Kersevan R., Kershaw K., Khanpour H., Khatibi S., Khatiri Yanehsari M., Khoze V.V., Kieseler J., Kilic A., Kilpinen A., Kim Y.-K., Kim D.W., Klein U., Klein M., Kling F., Klinkenberg N., Kloppel S., Klute M., Klyukhin V.I., Knecht M., Kniehl B., Kocak F., Koeberl C., Kolano A.M., Kollegger A., Kolodziej K., Kolomiets A.A., Komppula J., Koop I., Koppenburg P., Koratzinos M., Kordiaczynska M., Korjik M., Kortner O., Kostka P., Kotlarski W., Kotnig C., Kottig T., Kotwal A.V., Kovalenko A.D., Kowalski S., Kozaczuk J., Kozlov G.A., Kozub S.S., Krainer A.M., Kramer T., Kramer M., Krammer M., Krasnov A.A., Krauss F., Kravalis K., Kretzschmar L., Kriske R.M., Kritscher H., Krkotic P., Kroha H., Kucharczyk M., Kuday S., Kuendig A., Kuhlmann G., Kulesza A., Kumar M., Kusina A., Kuttimalai S., Kuze M., Kwon T., Lackner F., Lackner M., La Francesca E., Laine M., Lamanna G., La Mendola S., Lancon E., Landsberg G., Langacker P., Lange C., Langner A., Lankford A.J., Lansberg J.P., Lari T., Laycock P.J., Lebrun P., Lechner A., Lee K., Lee S., Lee R., Lefevre T., Le Guen P., Lehtinen T., Leith S.B., Lenzi P., Leogrande E., Leonidopoulos C., Leon-Monzon I., Lerner G., Leroy O., Lesiak T., Levai P., Leveratto A., Levichev E., Li G., Li S., Li R., Liberati D., Liepe M., Lissauer D.A., Liu Z., Lobko A., Locci E., Logothetis Agaliotis E., Lombardo M.P., Long A.J., Lorin C., Losito R., Louzguiti A., Low I., Lucchesi D., Lucchini M.T., Luciani A., Lueckhof M., Lunt A.J.G., Luzum M., Lyubimtsev D.A., Maggiora M., Magnin N., Mahmoud M.A., Mahmoudi F., Maitre J., Makarenko V., Malagoli A., Malcles J., Malgeri L., Mallon P.J., Maltoni F., Malvezzi S., Malyshev O.B., Mancinelli G., Mandrik P., Manfrinetti P., Mangano M., Manil P., Mannelli M., Marchiori G., Marhauser F., Mariani V., Marinozzi V., Mariotto S., Marquard P., Marquet C., Marriott-Dodington T., Martin R., Martin O., Martin Camalich J., Martinez T., Martinez Bruzual H., Martinez-Hernandez M.I., Martins D.E., Marzani S., Marzocca D., Marzola L., Masciocchi S., Masina I., Massimiliano A., Massironi A., Masubuchi T., Matveev V.A., Mazzoni M.A., McCullough M., McIntosh P.A., Meade P., Medina L., Meier A., Meignan J., Mele B., Mendes Saraiva J.G., Menez F., Mentink M., Meoni E., Meridiani P., Merk M., Mermod P., Mertens V., Mether L., Metral E., Migliorati M., Milanese A., Milardi C., Milhano G., Militsyn B.L., Millet F., Minashvili I., Minervini J.V., Miralles L.S., Mirarchi D., Mishima S., Missiaen D.P., Mitselmakher G., Mitshuhashi T., Mnich J., Mohammadi Najafabadi M., Mohapatra R.N., Mokhov N., Molson J.G., Monge R., Montag C., Montagna G., Monteil S., Montenero G., Montesinos E., Moortgat F., Morange N., Morello G., Moreno Llacer M., Moretti M., Moretti S., Morley A.K., Moros A., Morozov I., Morretta V., Morrone M., Mostacci A., Muanza S., Muchnoi N., Muhlegger M., Mulder M., Mulders M., Muller B., Muller F., Muller A.-S., Munilla J., Murray M.J., Muttoni Y., Myers S., Mylona M., Nachtman J., Nakamoto T., Nardecchia M., Nardini G., Nason P., Nergiz Z., Nesterenko A.V., Netto J.A., Nettstrater A., Neubuser C., Neundorf J., Niccoli F., Nicrosini O., Nie Y., Niedermayer U., Niedziela J., Niemi A., Nikitin S.A., Nisati A., No J.M., Nonis M., Nosochkov Y., Novak M., Novokhatski A., O'Callaghan J.M., Ochando C., Ogur S., Ohmi K., Oide K., Okorokov V.A., Okumura Y., Oleari C., Olness F.I., Onel Y., Ortino M., Osborne J., Osland P., Otto T., Oyulmaz K.Y., Ozansoy A., Ozcan V., Ozdemir K., Pagliarone C.E., Pais da Silva H.F., Palmieri E., Palumbo L., Pampaloni A., Pan R.-Q., Panareo M., Panella O., Panico G., Panizzo G., Pankov A.A., Pantsyrny V., Papadopoulos C.G., Papaefstathiou A., Papaphilippou Y., Parker M.A., Parma V., Pasquali M., Patra S.K., Patterson R., Paukkunen H., Pauss F., Peggs S., Penttinen J.-P., Peon G., Perepelkin E.E., Perez E., Perez J.C., Perez G., Perez F., Perez Codina E., Perez Morales J., Perfilov M., Pernegger H., Peruzzi M., Pes C., Peters K., Petracca S., Petriello F., Pezzotti L., Pfeiffer S., Piccinini F., Pieloni T., Pierini M., Pikhartova H., Pikurs G., Pilicer E., Piminov P., Pira C., Pittau R., Placzek W., Plagge M., Plehn T., Pleier M.-A., Ploskon M., Podeur M., Podlech H., Podzorny T., Poggioli L., Poiron A., Polesello G., Poli Lener M., Polini A., Polinski J., Polozov S.M., Ponce L., Pont M., Pontecorvo L., Portaluri T., Potamianos K., Prasse C., Prausa M., Preinerstorfer A., Premat E., Price T., Primavera M., Prino F., Prioli M., Proudfoot J., Provino A., Pugnat T., Pukhaeva N., Pulawski S., Pulikowski D., Punzi G., Putti M., Pyarelal A., Quack H., Quispe M., Racioppi A., Rafique H., Raginel V., Raidal M., Ramirez-Uribe N.S., Ramsey-Musolf M.J., Rata R., Ratoff P., Ravotti F., Rebello Teles P., Reboud M., Redaelli S., Renner E., Renteria-Olivo A.E., Rescigno M., Reuter J., Ribon A., Ricci A.M., Riegler W., Riemann S., Riemann B., Riemann T., Rifflet J.M., Rimmer R.A., Rinaldesi R., Rinolfi L., Rios Rubiras O., Risselada T., Rivetti A., Rivkin L., Rizzo T., Robens T., Robert F., Robson A.J., Rochepault E., Roda C., Rodrigo G., Rodriguez-Cahuantzi M., Rogan C., Roig M., Rojas-Torres S., Rojo J., Rolandi G., Rolando G., Roloff P., Romanenko A., Romanov A., Roncarolo F., Rosado Sanchez A., Rosaz G., Rossi L., Rossi A., Rossmanith R., Rousset B., Royon C., Ruan X., Ruehl I., Ruhlmann-Kleider V., Ruiz R., Rumyantsev L., Ruprecht R., Ryazanov A.I., Saba A., Sadykov R., Saez de Jauregui D., Sahin M., Sailer B., Saito M., Sala F., Salam G.P., Salfeld-Nebgen J., Salgado C.A., Salini S., Sallese J.M., Salmi T., Salzburger A., Sampayo O.A., Sanfilippo S., Santiago J., Santopinto E., Santoro R., Sanz Ull A., Sarasola X., Sarpun I.H., Sauvain M., Savelyeva S., Sawada R., Sborlini G.F.R., Schaffer A., Schaumann M., Schenk M., Scheuerlein C., Schienbein I., Schlenga K., Schmickler H., Schmidt R., Schoerling D., Schoning A., Schorner-Sadenius T., Schott M., Schulte D., Schwaller P., Schwanenberger C., Schwemling P., Schwerg N., Scibile L., Sciuto A., Scomparin E., Sebastiani C., Seeber B., Segreti M., Selva P., Selvaggi M., Senatore C., Senol A., Serin L., Serluca M., Serra N., Seryi A., Sestini L., Sfyrla A., Shaposhnikov M., Shaposhnikova E., Sharkov B.Y., Shatilov D., Shelton J., Shiltsev V., Shipsey I.P., Shirkov G.D., Shivaji A., Shwartz D., Sian T., Sidorov S., Siemko A., Silvestrini L., Simand N., Simon F., Singh B.K., Siodmok A., Sirois Y., Sirtori E., Sirvinskaite R., Sitar B., Sjostrand T., Skands P., Skordis E., Skovpen K., Skrzypek M., Slade E., Slavich P., Slovak R., Smaluk V., Smirnov V., Snoeys W., Soffi L., Sollander P., Solovyanov O., Soltveit H.K., Song H., Sopicki P., Sorbi M., Spallino L., Spannowsky M., Spataro B., Sphicas P., Spiesberger H., Spiller P., Spira M., Srivastava T., Stachel J., Stakia A., Stanyard J.L., Starchenko E., Starikov A.Y., Stasto A.M., Statera M., Steerenberg R., Steggemann J., Stenvall A., Stivanello F., Stockinger D., Stoel L.S., Stoger-Pollach M., Strauss B., Stuart M., Stupakov G., Su S., Sublet A., Sugita K., Sulak L., Sullivan M.K., Sultansoy S., Sumida T., Suzuki K., Sylva G., Syphers M.J., Sznajder A., Taborelli M., Tahir N.A., Takeuchi M., Tal Hod E., Tambasco C., Tanaka J., Tang K., Tapan I., Taroni S., Tartarelli G.F., Tassielli G., Tavian L., Taylor T.M., Taylor G.N., Teixeira A.M., Tejeda-Munoz G., Telnov V.I., Tenchini R., ten Kate H.H.J., Terashi K., Tesi A., Testa M., Tetrel C., Teytelman D., Thaler J., Thamm A., Thomas S., Tiirakari M.T., Tikhomirov V., Tikhonov D., Timko H., Tisserand V., Tkachenko L.M., Tkaczuk J., Tock J.P., Todd B., Todesco E., Tomas Garcia R., Tommasini D., Tonelli G., Toral F., Torims T., Torre R., Townsend Z., Trant R., Treille D., Trentadue L., Tricoli A., Tricomi A., Trischuk W., Tropin I.S., Tuchming B., Tudora A.A., Turbiarz B., Turk Cakir I., Turri M., Tydecks T., Usovitsch J., Uythoven J., Vaglio R., Valassi A., Valchkova F., Valdivia Garcia M.A., Valente P., Valente R.U., Valente-Feliciano A.-M., Valentino G., Vale Silva L., Valet J.M., Valizadeh R., Valle J.W.F., Vallecorsa S., Vallone G., van Leeuwen M., van Rienen U.H., van Riesen-Haupt L., Varasteh M., Vecchi L., Vedrine P., Velev G., Veness R., Ventura A., Venturini Delsolaro W., Verducci M., Verhaaren C.B., Vernieri C., Verweij A.P., Verwilligen O., Viazlo O., Vicini A., Viehhauser G., Vignaroli N., Vignolo M., Vitrano A., Vivarelli I., Vlachos S., Vogel M., Vogt D.M., Volkl V., Volkov P., Volpini G., von Ahnen J., Vorotnikov G., Voutsinas G.G., Vysotsky V., Wagner U., Wallny R., Wang L.-T., Wang R., Wang K., Ward B.F.L., Watson T.P., Watson N.K., Ws Z., Weiland C., Weinzierl S., Welsch C.P., Wenninger J., Widorski M., Wiedemann U.A., Wienands H.-U., Wilkinson G., Williams P.H., Winter A., Wohlfahrt A., Wojton T., Wollmann D., Womersley J., Woog D., Wu X., Wulzer A., Yanehsari M.K., Yang G., Yang H.J., Yao W.-M., Yazgan E., Yermolchik V., Yilmaz A., Yoo H.-D., Yost S.A., You T., Young C., Yu T.-T., Yu F., Zaborowska A., Zadeh S.G., Zahnd M., Zanetti M., Zanotto L., Zawiejski L., Zeiler P., Zerlauth M., Zernov S.M., Zevi Dell Porta G., Zhang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang C., Zhang H., Zhao Z., Zhong Y.-M., Zhou J., Zhou D., Zhuang P., Zick G., Zimmermann F., Zinn-Justin J., Zivkovic L., Zlobin A.V., Zobov M., Zupan J., Zurita J., BAİBÜ, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, Denizli, Haluk, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Nanoteknoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Bozbey, Ali, Sultansoy, Saleh, Özdemir, Kadri, Giresun Üniversitesi, UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique, and Ege Üniversitesi

Subjects
Beam losses, IMPACT, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics beyond the Standard Model, EVENT BUILDER, hadron collider, General Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Nuclear and elementary particle physics: 431 [VDP], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Subatomär fysik, chemistry.chemical_compound, Conceptual design, Colliding beam accelerators, law, HE-LHC, Subatomic Physics, General Materials Science, Hadron colliders, Física::Física de partícules::Hadrons [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider, Acceleradors de partícules, Physics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Beams (radiation), Settore FIS/02 - Fisica Teorica, Modelli e Metodi Matematici, Upgrade, Impact, collimators, partikkelfysikk, Future Circular Collider, High-Energy, Systems engineering, HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider, Col·lisionadors d'hadrons, Applied physics, Collimators, Socio-culturale, Fizik, Hadrons, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, HE-LHC physics, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, beam losses, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, partikkelakselerator, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Collider, Particle Physics, Beams (radiation) | Collimators | Beam losses, Energies::Energia nuclear [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Event builder, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle accelerators, chemistry, Experimental High Energy Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Future Colliders
Abstract

Authors: A. AbadaM. AbbresciaS. S. AbdusSalamI. AbdyukhanovJ. Abelleira FernandezA. AbramovM. AburaiaA. O. AcarP. R. AdzicP. AgrawalJ. A. Aguilar-SaavedraJ. J. Aguilera-VerdugoM. AibaI. AichingerG. AielliA. AkayA. AkhundovH. AksakalJ. L. AlbaceteS. AlbergoA. AlekouM. AleksaR. AleksanR. M. Alemany FernandezY. AlexahinR. G. AlíaS. AlioliN. Alipour TehraniB. C. AllanachP. P. AllportM. AltınlıW. AltmannshoferG. AmbrosioD. AmorimO. AmstutzL. AnderliniA. AndreazzaM. AndreiniA. AndriatisC. AndrisA. AndronicM. AngelucciF. AntinoriS. A. AntipovM. AntonelliM. AntonelloP. AntonioliS. AntuschF. AnulliL. ApolinárioG. ApollinariA. ApollonioD. AppelöR. B. ApplebyA. ApyanA. ApyanA. ArbeyA. ArbuzovG. ArduiniV. ArıS. AriasN. ArmestoR. ArnaldiS. A. ArsenyevM. ArzeoS. AsaiE. AslanidesR. W. AßmannD. AstapovychM. AtanasovS. AtiehD. AttiéB. AuchmannA. AudurierS. AullS. AumonS. AuneF. AvinoG. AvrillaudG. AydınA. AzatovG. AzuelosP. AzziO. AzzoliniP. AzzurriN. BacchettaE. BacchiocchiH. BachacouY. W. BaekV. BaglinY. BaiS. BairdM. J. BakerM. J. BaldwinA. H. BallA. BallarinoS. BanerjeeD. P. BarberD. BarducciP. BarjhouxD. BarnaG. G. BarnaföldiM. J. BarnesA. BarrJ. Barranco GarcíaJ. Barreiro Guimarães da CostaW. BartmannV. BaryshevskyE. BarziS. A. BassA. BastianinB. BaudouyF. BauerM. BauerT. BaumgartnerI. Bautista-GuzmánC. BayındırF. BeaudetteF. BedeschiM. BéguinI. BellafontL. BellagambaN. BellegardeE. BelliE. BellingeriF. BelliniG. BellomoS. BelomestnykhG. BencivenniM. BenediktG. BernardiJ. BernardiC. BernetJ. M. BernhardtC. BerniniC. BerriaudA. BertarelliS. BertolucciM. I. BesanaM. BesançonO. BeznosovP. BhatC. BhatM. E. BiaginiJ. -L. BiarrotteA. Bibet ChevalierE. R. BielertM. BigliettiG. M. BileiB. BilkiC. BiscariF. BisharaO. R. Blanco-GarcíaF. R. BlánquezF. BlekmanA. BlondelJ. BlümleinT. BoccaliR. BoelsS. A. BogaczA. BogomyagkovO. Boine-FrankenheimM. J. BolandS. BolognaO. BolukbasiM. BombenS. BondarenkoM. BonviniE. BoosB. BordiniF. BordryG. BorghelloL. BorgonoviS. BorowkaD. BortolettoD. BoscheriniM. BoscoloS. BoselliR. R. BosleyF. BossuC. BottaL. BotturaR. BoughezalD. BoutinG. BovoneI. Božović JelisavićA. BozbeyC. BozziD. BozziniV. BracciniS. Braibant-GiacomelliJ. BramanteP. Braun-MunzingerJ. A. BriffaD. BritzgerS. J. BrodskyJ. J. BrookeR. BruceP. Brückman De RenstromE. BrunaO. BrüningO. BrunnerK. BrunnerP. BruzzoneX. BuffatE. BulyakF. BurkartH. BurkhardtJ. -P. BurnetF. ButinD. ButtazzoA. ButterworthM. CacciaY. CaiB. CaiffiV. CairoO. CakirR. CalagaS. CalatroniG. CalderiniG. CalderolaA. CaliskanD. CalvetM. CalvianiJ. M. CamalichP. CamarriM. CampanelliT. CamporesiA. C. CanbayA. CanepaE. CantergianiD. Cantore-CavalliM. CapeansR. CardarelliU. CardellaA. CardiniC. M. Carloni CalameF. CarraS. CarraA. CarvalhoS. CasalbuoniJ. CasasM. CascellaP. CastelnovoG. CastorinaG. CatalanoV. CavasinniE. CazzatoE. CenniniA. CerriF. CeruttiJ. CervantesI. ChaikovskaJ. ChakraborttyM. ChalaM. Chamizo-LlatasH. ChanalD. ChanalS. ChanceA. ChancéP. CharitosJ. CharlesT. K. CharlesS. ChattopadhyayR. ChehabS. V. ChekanovN. ChenA. ChernodedV. ChetvertkovaL. ChevalierG. ChiarelliG. ChiarelloM. ChiesaP. ChiggiatoJ. T. ChildersA. ChmielińskaA. CholakianP. ChomazM. ChorowskiW. ChouM. ChrzaszczE. ChyhyrynetsG. CibinettoA. K. CiftciR. CiftciR. CiminoM. CiuchiniP. J. ClarkY. CoadouM. CobalA. CoccaroJ. CoganE. CognerasF. CollamatiC. ColldelramP. CollierJ. CollotR. ContinoF. ConventiC. T. A. CookL. CooleyG. CorcellaA. S. CornellG. H. CorralH. Correia-RodriguesF. CostanzaP. Costa PintoF. CoudercJ. CoupardN. CraigI. Crespo GarridoA. CrivellinJ. F. CroteauM. CrouchE. Cruz AlanizB. CuréJ. CurtiD. CurtinM. CzechC. DachauerR. T. D’AgnoloM. DaiboA. DaineseB. DalenaA. DaljevecW. DallapiazzaL. D’Aloia SchwartzentruberM. DamG. D’AmbrosioS. P. DasS. DasBakshiW. da SilvaG. G. da SilveiraV. D’AuriaS. D’AuriaA. DavidT. DavidekA. DeandreaJ. de BlasC. J. DebonoS. De CurtisN. De FilippisD. de FlorianS. DeghayeS. J. de JongC. Del BoV. Del DucaD. DelikarisF. DeliotA. Dell’AcquaL. Delle RoseM. DelmastroE. De LuciaM. DemarteauD. DenegriL. DeniauD. DenisovH. DenizliA. DennerD. d’EnterriaG. de RijkA. De RoeckF. DerueO. DeschampsS. Descotes-GenonP. S. B. DevJ. B. de Vivie de RégieR. K. DewanjeeA. Di CiaccioA. Di CiccoB. M. DillonB. Di MiccoP. Di NezzaS. Di VitaA. DoblhammerA. DominjonM. D’OnofrioF. DordeiA. DragoP. DraperZ. DrasalM. DrewesL. DuarteI. DubovykP. DudaA. DudarevL. DudkoD. DuellmannM. DünserT. du PreeM. DuranteH. Duran YildizS. DuttaF. DuvalJ. M. DuvalY. DydyshkaB. DziewitS. EisenhardtM. EistererT. EkelofD. El KhechenS. A. EllisJ. EllisJ. A. EllisonK. ElsenerM. ElsingY. EnariC. EnglertH. ErikssonK. J. EskolaL. S. EspositoO. EtiskenE. EtzionP. FabbricatoreA. FalkowskiA. FalouJ. FaltovaJ. FanL. FanòA. FarillaR. FarinelliS. FarinonD. A. FaroughyS. D. FartoukhA. Faus-GolfeW. J. FawcettG. FeliciL. FelsbergerC. FerdeghiniA. M. Fernandez NavarroA. Fernández-TéllezJ. Ferradas TroitinoG. FerraraR. FerrariL. FerreiraP. Ferreira da SilvaG. FerreraF. FerroM. FiascarisS. FiorendiC. FiorioO. FischerE. FischerW. FliegerM. FlorioD. FonnesuE. FontanesiN. FoppianiK. ForazD. Forkel-WirthS. ForteM. FouaidyD. FournierT. FowlerJ. FoxP. FrancavillaR. FranceschiniS. FranchinoE. FrancoA. FreitasB. FuksK. FurukawaS. V. FurusethE. GabrielliA. GaddiM. GalantiE. GalloS. GanjourJ. GaoJ. GaoV. Garcia DiazM. García PérezL. García TabarésC. GarionM. V. GarzelliI. GarziaS. M. Gascon-ShotkinG. GaudioP. GayS. -F. GeT. GehrmannM. H. GenestR. GerardF. GerigkH. GerwigP. GiacomelliS. GiaguE. Gianfelice-WendtF. GianottiF. GiffoniS. S. GilardoniM. Gil CostaM. GiovannettiM. GiovannozziP. GiubellinoG. F. GiudiceA. GiuntaL. K. GladilinS. GlukhovJ. GluzaG. GobbiB. GoddardF. GoertzT. GollingV. P. GoncalvesR. GonçaloL. A. Gonzalez GomezS. Gorgi ZadehG. GorineE. GoriniS. A. GourlayL. GouskosF. GrancagnoloA. GrassellinoA. GrauE. GraveriniH. M. GrayMa. GrecoMi. GrecoJ. -L. GrenardO. GrimmC. GrojeanV. A. GromovJ. F. Grosse-OetringhausA. GrudievK. GrzankaJ. GuD. GuadagnoliV. GuidiS. GuiducciG. Guillermo CantonY. O. GünaydinR. GuptaR. S. GuptaJ. GutierrezJ. GutleberC. GuyotV. GuzeyC. GwenlanC. HaberstrohB. HacışahinoğluB. HaererK. HahnT. HahnA. HammadC. HanM. HanceA. HannahP. C. HarrisC. HatiS. HaugJ. HauptmanV. HaurylavetsH. -J. HeA. HegglinB. HegnerK. HeinemannS. HeinemeyerC. HelsensA. HenriquesA. HenriquesP. HernandezR. J. Hernández-PintoJ. Hernandez-SanchezT. HerzigI. HiekkanenW. HillertT. HoehnM. HoferW. HöfleF. HoldenerS. HolleisB. HolzerD. K. HongC. G. HonoratoS. C. HopkinsJ. HrdinkaF. HugB. HumannH. HumerT. HurthA. HuttonG. IacobucciN. IbarrolaL. Iconomidou-FayardK. Ilyina-BrunnerJ. IncandelaA. InfantinoV. IppolitoM. IshinoR. IslamH. ItaA. IvanovsS. IwamotoA. IyerS. Izquierdo BermudezS. JadachD. O. JaminP. JanotP. JarryA. JeffP. JennyE. JensenM. JensenX. JiangJ. M. JiménezM. A. JonesO. R. JonesJ. M. JowettS. JungW. KaabiM. KadoK. KahleL. KalinovskayaJ. KalinowskiJ. F. KamenikK. KannikeS. O. KaraH. KaradenizV. KaraventzasI. KarpovS. KartalA. KaryukhinV. KashikhinJ. Katharina BehrU. KayaJ. KeintzelP. A. KeinzK. KeppelR. KersevanK. KershawH. KhanpourS. KhatibiM. Khatiri YanehsariV. V. KhozeJ. KieselerA. KilicA. KilpinenY. -K. KimD. W. KimU. KleinM. KleinF. KlingN. KlinkenbergS. KlöppelM. KluteV. I. KlyukhinM. KnechtB. KniehlF. KocakC. KoeberlA. M. KolanoA. KolleggerK. KołodziejA. A. KolomietsJ. KomppulaI. KoopP. KoppenburgM. KoratzinosM. KordiaczyńskaM. KorjikO. KortnerP. KostkaW. KotlarskiC. KotnigT. KöttigA. V. KotwalA. D. KovalenkoS. KowalskiJ. KozaczukG. A. KozlovS. S. KozubA. M. KrainerT. KramerM. KrämerM. KrammerA. A. KrasnovF. KraussK. KravalisL. KretzschmarR. M. KriskeH. KritscherP. KrkoticH. KrohaM. KucharczykS. KudayA. KuendigG. KuhlmannA. KuleszaM. KumarM. KumarA. KusinaS. KuttimalaiM. KuzeT. KwonF. LacknerM. LacknerE. La FrancescaM. LaineG. LamannaS. La MendolaE. LançonG. LandsbergP. LangackerC. LangeA. LangnerA. J. LankfordJ. P. LansbergT. LariP. J. LaycockP. LebrunA. LechnerK. LeeS. LeeR. LeeT. LefevreP. Le GuenT. LehtinenS. B. LeithP. LenziE. LeograndeC. LeonidopoulosI. Leon-MonzonG. LernerO. LeroyT. LesiakP. LévaiA. LeverattoE. LevichevG. LiS. LiR. LiD. LiberatiM. LiepeD. A. LissauerZ. LiuA. LobkoE. LocciE. Logothetis AgaliotisM. P. LombardoA. J. LongC. LorinR. LositoA. LouzguitiI. LowD. LucchesiM. T. LucchiniA. LucianiM. LueckhofA. J. G. LuntM. LuzumD. A. LyubimtsevM. MaggioraN. MagninM. A. MahmoudF. MahmoudiJ. MaitreV. MakarenkoA. MalagoliJ. MalclésL. MalgeriP. J. MallonF. MaltoniS. MalvezziO. B. MalyshevG. MancinelliP. MandrikP. ManfrinettiM. ManganoP. ManilM. MannelliG. MarchioriF. MarhauserV. MarianiV. MarinozziS. MariottoP. MarquardC. MarquetT. Marriott-DodingtonR. MartinO. MartinJ. Martin CamalichT. MartinezH. Martinez BruzualM. I. Martínez-HernándezD. E. MartinsS. MarzaniD. MarzoccaL. MarzolaS. MasciocchiI. MasinaA. MassimilianoA. MassironiT. MasubuchiV. A. MatveevM. A. MazzoniM. McCulloughP. A. McIntoshP. MeadeL. MedinaA. MeierJ. MeignanB. MeleJ. G. Mendes SaraivaF. MenezM. MentinkE. MeoniP. MeridianiM. MerkP. MermodV. MertensL. MetherE. MétralM. MiglioratiA. MilaneseC. MilardiG. MilhanoB. L. MilitsynF. MilletI. MinashviliJ. V. MinerviniL. S. MirallesD. MirarchiS. MishimaD. P. MissiaenG. MitselmakherT. MitshuhashiJ. MnichM. Mohammadi NajafabadiR. N. MohapatraN. MokhovJ. G. MolsonR. MongeC. MontagG. MontagnaS. MonteilG. MonteneroE. MontesinosF. MoortgatN. MorangeG. MorelloM. Moreno LlácerM. MorettiS. MorettiA. K. MorleyA. MorosI. MorozovV. MorrettaM. MorroneA. MostacciS. MuanzaN. MuchnoiM. MühleggerM. MulderM. MuldersB. MüllerF. MüllerA. -S. MüllerJ. MunillaM. J. MurrayY. MuttoniS. MyersM. MylonaJ. NachtmanT. NakamotoM. NardecchiaG. NardiniP. NasonZ. NergizA. V. NesterenkoJ. A. NettoA. NettsträterC. NeubüserJ. NeundorfF. NiccoliO. NicrosiniY. NieU. NiedermayerJ. NiedzielaA. NiemiS. A. NikitinA. NisatiJ. M. NoM. NonisY. NosochkovM. NovákA. NovokhatskiJ. M. O’CallaghanC. OchandoS. OgurK. OhmiK. OideV. A. OkorokovY. OkumuraC. OleariF. I. OlnessY. OnelM. OrtinoJ. OsborneP. OslandT. OttoK. Y. OyulmazA. OzansoyV. ÖzcanK. ÖzdemirC. E. PagliaroneH. F. Pais da SilvaE. PalmieriL. PalumboA. PampaloniR. -Q. PanM. PanareoO. PanellaG. PanicoG. PanizzoA. A. PankovV. PantsyrnyC. G. PapadopoulosA. PapaefstathiouY. PapaphilippouM. A. ParkerV. ParmaM. PasqualiS. K. PatraR. PattersonH. PaukkunenF. PaussS. PeggsJ. -P. PenttinenG. PeónE. E. PerepelkinE. PerezJ. C. PerezG. PerezF. PérezE. Perez CodinaJ. Perez MoralesM. PerfilovH. PerneggerM. PeruzziC. PesK. PetersS. PetraccaF. PetrielloL. PezzottiS. PfeifferF. PiccininiT. PieloniM. PieriniH. PikhartovaG. PikursE. PilicerP. PiminovC. PiraR. PittauW. PłaczekM. PlaggeT. PlehnM. -A. PleierM. PłoskońM. PodeurH. PodlechT. PodzornyL. PoggioliA. PoironG. PoleselloM. Poli LenerA. PoliniJ. PolinskiS. M. PolozovL. PonceM. PontL. PontecorvoT. PortaluriK. PotamianosC. PrasseM. PrausaA. PreinerstorferE. PrematT. PriceM. PrimaveraF. PrinoM. PrioliJ. ProudfootA. ProvinoT. PugnatN. PukhaevaS. PuławskiD. PulikowskiG. PunziM. PuttiA. PyarelalH. QuackM. QuispeA. RacioppiH. RafiqueV. RaginelM. RaidalN. S. Ramírez-UribeM. J. Ramsey-MusolfR. RataP. RatoffF. RavottiP. Rebello TelesM. ReboudS. RedaelliE. RennerA. E. Rentería-OlivoM. RescignoJ. ReuterA. RibonA. M. RicciW. RieglerS. RiemannB. RiemannT. RiemannJ. M. RiffletR. A. RimmerR. RinaldesiL. RinolfiO. Rios RubirasT. RisseladaA. RivettiL. RivkinT. RizzoT. RobensF. RobertA. J. RobsonE. RochepaultC. RodaG. RodrigoM. Rodríguez-CahuantziC. RoganM. RoigS. Rojas-TorresJ. RojoG. RolandiG. RolandoP. RoloffA. RomanenkoA. RomanovF. RoncaroloA. Rosado SanchezG. RosazL. RossiA. RossiR. RossmanithB. RoussetC. RoyonX. RuanI. RuehlV. Ruhlmann-KleiderR. RuizL. RumyantsevR. RuprechtA. I. RyazanovA. SabaR. SadykovD. Saez de JaureguiM. SahinB. SailerM. SaitoF. SalaG. P. SalamJ. Salfeld-NebgenC. A. SalgadoS. SaliniJ. M. SalleseT. SalmiA. SalzburgerO. A. SampayoS. SanfilippoJ. SantiagoE. SantopintoR. SantoroA. Sanz UllX. SarasolaI. H. SarpünM. SauvainS. SavelyevaR. SawadaG. F. R. SborliniA. SchafferM. SchaumannM. SchenkC. ScheuerleinI. SchienbeinK. SchlengaH. SchmicklerR. SchmidtD. SchoerlingA. SchoningT. Schörner-SadeniusM. SchottD. SchulteP. SchwallerC. SchwanenbergerP. SchwemlingN. SchwergL. ScibileA. SciutoE. ScomparinC. SebastianiB. SeeberM. SegretiP. SelvaM. SelvaggiC. SenatoreA. SenolL. SerinM. SerlucaN. SerraA. SeryiL. SestiniA. SfyrlaM. ShaposhnikovE. ShaposhnikovaB. Y. SharkovD. ShatilovJ. SheltonV. ShiltsevI. P. ShipseyG. D. ShirkovA. ShivajiD. ShwartzT. SianS. SidorovA. SiemkoL. SilvestriniN. SimandF. SimonB. K. SinghA. SiódmokY. SiroisE. SirtoriR. SirvinskaiteB. SitarT. SjöstrandP. SkandsE. SkordisK. SkovpenM. SkrzypekE. SladeP. SlavichR. SlovakV. SmalukV. SmirnovW. SnoeysL. SoffiP. SollanderO. SolovyanovH. K. SoltveitH. SongP. SopickiM. SorbiL. SpallinoM. SpannowskyB. SpataroP. SphicasH. SpiesbergerP. SpillerM. SpiraT. SrivastavaJ. StachelA. StakiaJ. L. StanyardE. StarchenkoA. Y. StarikovA. M. StaśtoM. StateraR. SteerenbergJ. SteggemannA. StenvallF. StivanelloD. StöckingerL. S. StoelM. Stöger-PollachB. StraussM. StuartG. StupakovS. SuA. SubletK. SugitaL. SulakM. K. SullivanS. SultansoyT. SumidaK. SuzukiG. SylvaM. J. SyphersA. SznajderM. TaborelliN. A. TahirM. TakeuchiE. Tal HodC. TambascoJ. TanakaK. TangI. TapanS. TaroniG. F. TartarelliG. TassielliL. TavianT. M. TaylorG. N. TaylorA. M. TeixeiraG. Tejeda-MuñozV. I. TelnovR. TenchiniH. H. J. ten KateK. TerashiA. TesiM. TestaC. TetrelD. TeytelmanJ. ThalerA. ThammS. ThomasM. T. TiirakariV. TikhomirovD. TikhonovH. TimkoV. TisserandL. M. TkachenkoJ. TkaczukJ. P. TockB. ToddE. TodescoR. Tomás GarciaD. TommasiniG. TonelliF. ToralT. TorimsR. TorreZ. TownsendR. TrantD. TreilleL. TrentadueA. TricoliA. TricomiW. TrischukI. S. TropinB. TuchmingA. A. TudoraB. TurbiarzI. Turk CakirM. TurriT. TydecksJ. UsovitschJ. UythovenR. VaglioA. ValassiF. ValchkovaM. A. Valdivia GarciaP. ValenteR. U. ValenteA. -M. Valente-FelicianoG. ValentinoL. Vale SilvaJ. M. ValetR. ValizadehJ. W. F. ValleS. VallecorsaG. ValloneM. van LeeuwenU. H. van RienenL. van Riesen-HauptM. VarastehL. VecchiP. VedrineG. VelevR. VenessA. VenturaW. Venturini DelsolaroM. VerducciC. B. VerhaarenC. VernieriA. P. VerweijO. VerwilligenO. ViazloA. ViciniG. ViehhauserN. VignaroliM. VignoloA. VitranoI. VivarelliS. VlachosM. VogelD. M. VogtV. VölklP. VolkovG. VolpiniJ. von AhnenG. VorotnikovG. G. VoutsinasV. VysotskyU. WagnerR. WallnyL. -T. WangR. WangK. WangB. F. L. WardT. P. WatsonN. K. WatsonZ. WsC. WeilandS. WeinzierlC. P. WelschJ. WenningerM. WidorskiU. A. WiedemannH. -U. WienandsG. WilkinsonP. H. WilliamsA. WinterA. WohlfahrtT. WojtońD. WollmannJ. WomersleyD. WoogX. WuA. WulzerM. K. YanehsariG. YangH. J. YangW. -M. YaoE. YazganV. YermolchikA. YilmazA. YilmazH. -D. YooS. A. YostT. YouC. YoungT. -T. YuF. YuA. ZaborowskaS. G. ZadehM. ZahndM. ZanettiL. ZanottoL. ZawiejskiP. ZeilerM. ZerlauthS. M. ZernovG. Zevi Dell PortaZ. ZhangY. ZhangC. ZhangH. ZhangZ. ZhaoY. -M. ZhongJ. ZhouD. ZhouP. ZhuangG. ZickF. ZimmermannEmail authorJ. Zinn-JustinL. ZivkovicA. V. ZlobinM. ZobovJ. ZupanJ. Zuritathe FCC Collaboration, In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the fourth volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the High-Energy Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC. It summarizes the HE-LHC physics discovery opportunities, presents the HE-LHC accelerator design, performance reach, and operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the HE-LHC design aims at a hadron collider with about twice the centre-of-mass collision energy that the LHC can reach. Its performance aims at exploring physics beyond the Standard Model, signi cantly extending the LHC's direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.

Published
2020

11. A Database for Storing Magnet Parameters and Analysis of Quench Test Results in HL-LHC Nb3Sn Short Model Magnets

Author

Tiina Salmi, Susana Izquierdo-Bermudez, Timo Tarhasaari, Tampere University, Electrical Engineering, and Research group: Modelling and superconductivity

Subjects
Large Hadron Collider, Database, Relational database, Computer science, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole magnet, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, computer, Design evolution, Test data
Abstract

In recent years, several Nb3Sn high field magnet prototypes have been designed and tested in preparation for the LHC Luminosity upgrade and also for the potential Future Circular Collider (FCC). In this paper we present a Microsoft Excel-based database tool for storing magnet design parameters and results from quench protection tests. The hierarchical and flexible structure of the relational database allows for systematic and coherent analysis of the test data from different magnet assemblies and works as a practical reference for magnet design evolution. Data from quench protection heater tests in several high-field Nb3Sn magnet prototypes has been stored in the database. We use this data to validate the quench simulation assumptions used in FCC 16 T dipole magnet design. acceptedVersion

Published
2020

12. Conceptual Design of the FCC-hh Dipole Circuits With Integrated CLIQ Protection System

Author

Marco Prioli, Arjan Verweij, Michal MichalMaciejewski, Tiina Salmi, Bernhard Auchmann, Lorenzo Bortot, Tampere University, Electrical Engineering, Research group: Modelling and superconductivity, and Research area: Power engineering

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Electrical engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Magnetic circuit, Dipole, Dipole magnet, law, Electrical network, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Electronic circuit
Abstract

The Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) project is a conceptual study whose goal is to design the successor of the Large Hadron Collider, increasing the collision energy from 14 to 100 TeV. The energy stored in the 16-T superconducting dipole magnets and the length of the sectors composing the 100-km FCC tunnel are considerably larger than those in present accelerators. This means that the energy stored in the FCC-hh dipole circuit is likely to be much higher than that in existing superconducting circuits. In the case of magnet quenches or faults, the circuit needs to be protected, i.e., its energy needs to be rapidly dissipated without inducing excessive voltages in the magnet chain. This article proposes a conceptual design for the FCC-hh dipole circuit, which satisfies the constraint of the maximum allowable voltage-to-ground and fulfills additional requirements related to the FCC-hh operation and tunnel layout. A compromise among the considered requirements leads to a relatively simple circuit layout and a large number of circuits for the entire machine. The behavior of the proposed circuit during the critical fast power abort phase is simulated through a numerical model, which covers the electrical circuit domain and the electrothermal magnet domain. Each FCC-hh dipole magnet is protected by means of the coupling-loss-induced quench (CLIQ) protection system, which also acts at the circuit level. The simulations predict severe voltage oscillations in the FCC-hh dipole circuits that may pose a problem for the quench detection system. The simulations also show that the severity of the oscillations is not due to the presence of CLIQ. This protection system can be integrated into the proposed circuit layout and represents an effective protection system for the entire string of FCC-hh dipole magnets. publishedVersion

Published
2019

13. Mechanical stress analysis during a quench in CLIQ protected 16 T dipole magnets designed for the future circular collider

Author

Massimo Sorbi, Stefania Farinon, Vittorio Marinozzi, Marco Prioli, Antti Stenvall, Barbara Caiffi, Clement Lorin, Yuanwen Gao, Junjie Zhao, and Tiina Salmi

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Dissipation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Stress (mechanics), symbols.namesake, Dipole, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Lorentz force
Abstract

Protecting the magnets in case of a quench is a challenge for the 16 T superconducting dipole magnets presently designed for the 100 TeV: Future Circular Collider (FCC). These magnets are driven to the foreseen technological limits in terms of critical current, mechanical strength and quench protection. The magnets are protected with CLIQ (Coupling-Loss Induced Quench) system, which is a recently developed quench protection method based on discharging a capacitor bank across part of the winding. The oscillation of the magnet currents and the dissipation of the high stored energy into the windings cause electrodynamic forces and thermal stresses, which may need to be considered in the magnet mechanical design. This paper focuses on mechanical stress analysis during a quench of the 16 T cos-θ and block type dipole magnets. A finite element model allowed studying the stress due to the non-uniform temperature and current distribution in the superconducting coils. Two different CLIQ configurations were considered for the cos-θ design and one for the block type magnet. The analyses of the mechanical behavior of two magnets during a quench without or with hot spot turn were separately carried out. The simulation results show that the stress related to a quench should be considered when designing a high field magnet.

Published
2018

14. Progress on HL-LHC Nb3Sn Magnets

Author

R. Bossert, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Luca Bottura, Daniel W. Cheng, Gerard Willering, Amalia Ballarino, Soren Prestemon, Giorgio Apollinari, J. Fleiter, Marta Bajko, S. Stoynev, Giorgio Ambrosio, Tiina Salmi, Maxim Marchevsky, Bernardo Bordini, Xiaorong Wang, Thomas Strauss, Guram Chlachidze, Giorgio Vallone, Ezio Todesco, GianLuca Sabbi, Hugues Bajas, M. Annarella, Paolo Ferracin, A.R. Hafalia, Frederic Savary, C. Loeffler, E. Ravaioli, J. Schmalzle, Eddie Frank Holik, Michael Guinchard, E Cavanna, Juan Carlos Perez, M.A. Tartaglia, P. Wanderer, Joseph DiMarco, Gueorgui Velev, M. Yu, Lucio Rossi, Alfred Nobrega, Gijs de Rijk, and Friedrich Lackner

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Mechanical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dipole, Upgrade, chemistry, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics
Abstract

The high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project aims at allowing to increase the collisions in the LHC by a factor of ten in the decade 2025-2035. One essential element is the superconducting magnet around the interaction region points, where the large aperture magnets will be installed to allow to further reduce the beam size in the interaction point. The core of this upgrade is the Nb3Sn triplet, made up of 150-mm aperture quadrupoles in the range of 7-8 m. The project is being shared between the European Organization for Nuclear Research and the US Accelerator Upgrade Program, based on the same design, and on the two strand technologies. The project is ending the short model phase, and entering the prototype construction. We will report on the main results of the short model program, including the quench performance and field quality. A second important element is the 11 T dipole that replaces a standard dipole making space for additional collimators. The magnet is also ending the model development and entering the prototype phase. A critical point in the design of this magnet is the large current density, allowing increase of the field from 8 to 11 T with the same coil cross section as in the LHC dipoles. This is also the first two-in-one Nb3Sn magnet developed so far. We will report the main results on the test and the critical aspects.

Published
2018

15. Quench simulation results for a 12-T twin-aperture dipole magnet

Author

Kai Zhang, Chengtao Wang, Ershuai Kong, Yingzhe Wang, Quanling Peng, Da Cheng, Tiina Salmi, and Qingjin Xu

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Terminal voltage, Materials science, Computer simulation, Aperture, Nuclear engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Temperature gradient, Dipole magnet, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Resistor, 010306 general physics, Adiabatic process
Abstract

A 12-T twin-aperture subscale dipole magnet is being developed for SPPC pre-study at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). The magnet is comprised of 6 double-pancake coils which include 2 Nb3Sn coils and 4 NbTi coils. As the stored energy of the magnet is 0.452 MJ and the operation margin is only about 20% at 4.2 K, a quick and effective quench protection system is necessary during the test of this high field magnet. For the design of the quench protection system, attention was not only paid to the hotspot temperature and terminal voltage, but also the temperature gradient during the quench process due to the poor mechanical characteristics of the Nb3Sn cables. With the adiabatic analysis, numerical simulation and the finite element simulation, an optimized protection method is adopted, which contains a dump resistor and quench heaters. In this paper, the results of adiabatic analysis and quench simulation, such as current decay, hot-spot temperature and terminal voltage are presented in details.

Published
2018

16. Design of a Nb3Sn 400 T/m Quadrupole for the Future Circular Collider

Author

Damien Simon, Daniel Schoerling, J. M. Rifflet, Helene Felice, Clement Lorin, and Tiina Salmi

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Aperture, business.industry, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Stress (mechanics), chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Quadrupole, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, business, Electrical conductor
Abstract

For the Future Circular Collider (FCC), a 100-TeV post Large Hadron Collider machine, 750 main quadrupoles with a gradient of around 400 T/m are required. This paper presents an electromagnetic design optimization of a double aperture Nb3Sn quadrupole, fulfilling the specifications and a structural design of a single aperture configuration towards a prototype.

Published
2018

17. Friends, Cuties and Trash Birds

Author

Tiina Salmia

Subjects
History of the arts, NX440-632
Abstract

In this article, I examine human–animal encounters in Instagram selfies with seagulls. I ask how human–seagull relations are visualised, narrated and negotiated in Instagram posts with the hashtag “seagullselfie”. While my total data consist of 814 Instagram posts from before 2020 with #seagullselfie, I have chosen six photographs that represent different types of human–animal interactions for more detailed analysis, as they make visible human ambivalence towards non-human animals. For example, humans sometimes call seagulls “friends”, or even “cuties”, but at other times portray them as hungry, dirty and annoying – as “trash birds”. Drawing on Stacy Alaimo’s concept of trans-corporeal interactions, I focus on the embodied agencies, both human and non-human, and the multispecies sharing of spaces considered “urban” or “natural”. My method of studying the photographs of seagulls and humans is inspired by new materialist “ways of following” art, being moved by photographs and seeing where they take me. I argue that seagulls cross the hierarchical dichotomies of nature and culture and contest the anthropocentric ideals of nature as something that should be accessible on human terms. I claim that there is no beautiful and passive “nature” in the seagull selfies that remains as a background for human action. Instead, in these six photographs, seagulls stalk humans, take their food, photobomb them, refuse to pose for their photographs and ignore their clumsy attempts at friendship.

Published
2024
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18. The 16 T Dipole Development Program for FCC and HE-LHC

Author

S.A. Gourlay, Massimo Sorbi, Davide Tommasini, Alexander V. Zlobin, Marc Dhalle, Toru Ogitsu, Carmine Senatore, Shlomo Caspi, Helene Felice, F. Toral, Emanuela Barzi, Peng Gao, Frederic Savary, Ignacio Aviles Santillana, Antti Stenvall, L. Tavian, Mariusz Juchno, Soren Prestemon, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Maria Durante, Giovanni Bellomo, Marco Prioli, Bernhard Auchmann, G.V. Velev, Stefania Farinon, R. Valente, C. Pes, Frank Zimmermann, Etienne Rochepault, Christian Scheuerlein, Eric Coatanéa, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Sotiris Kokkinos, S. Russenschuck, Luca Bottura, Kari Koskinen, Clement Lorin, Alexandre Louzguiti, Tiina Salmi, Konstantinos Loukas, M. Statera, Pierluigi Bruzzone, Felix Wolf, Maxim Marchevsky, Bernardo Bordini, Samuele Mariotto, Diego Arbelaez, T. Tervoort, Marta Bajko, Barbara Gold, Alessandra Pampaloni, Arjan Verweij, Inigo Sancho Fernandez, Jac Perez, Carlo Petrone, Thodoris Gortsas, Alejandro Fernandez, Alessandro Maria Ricci, Friedrich Lackner, Kari Lyytikainen, Ananda Chakraborti, Michael Benedikt, Demosthenes Polyzos, Lucas Brouwer, Daniel Schoerling, Amalia Ballarino, Igor Novitski, Michel Segreti, Javier Munilla, Vadim Kashikhin, Giuseppe Montenero, J. M. Rifflet, S. Wessel, Gijs de Rijk, Charilaos Kokkinos, Barbara Caiffi, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Energy, Materials and Systems

Subjects
magnet: design, 16 T, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, storage rings, Superconducting, HE-LHC, Superconducting magnets, Nb3Sn, FCC, center-of-mass energy, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, future circular collider, Nb, 3, Sn, superconducting, common-coil magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, bending magnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Europe, Upgrade, CERN LHC Coll, Nb Sn, niobium: tin, performance, electron volt energy 27.0 TeV, General Physics, size 100.0 km, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, Nb $_{3}$ Sn, canted-cos-theta magnet, Future Circular Collider, electron volt energy 100.0 TeV, 16 T dipole development program, Apertures, 0103 physical sciences, nb3sn, Aerospace engineering, Niobium-tin, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, energy upgrade, activity report, bending magnets, conductor stress levels, business.industry, model magnets, Materials Engineering, magnet: superconductivity, 22/4 OA procedure, Magnetoacoustic effects, chemistry, Conductors, block-type magnet, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, accelerator magnets
Abstract

International audience; A future circular collider (FCC) with a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and a circumference of around 100 km, or an energy upgrade of the LHC (HE-LHC) to 27 TeV require bending magnets providing 16 T in a 50-mm aperture. Several development programs for these magnets, based on Nb$_3$Sn technology, are being pursued in Europe and in the U.S. In these programs, cos-theta, block-type, common-coil, and canted-cos-theta magnets are explored; first model magnets are under manufacture; limits on conductor stress levels are studied; and a conductor with enhanced characteristics is developed. This paper summarizes and discusses the status, plans, and preliminary results of these programs.

Published
2019

19. The CLIQ Quench Protection System Applied to the 16 T FCC-hh Dipole Magnets

Author

Michel Segreti, Clement Lorin, Marco Prioli, Arjan Verweij, Lorenzo Bortot, Javier Munilla, Alejandro Fernandez, Barbara Caiffi, Stefania Farinon, Tiina Salmi, Michal Maciejewski, Bernhard Auchmann, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Tampere University, Electrical Engineering, Research group: Modelling and superconductivity, and Research area: Power engineering

Subjects
safety, magnet: design, tension: spatial distribution, Numerical models, Multiphysics, Circuit design, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], quenching, future circular collider (FCC), Mechanical engineering, FCC-hh, Superconducting magnet, temperature: spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, programming, Coupling-loss-induced quench (CLIQ), chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Superconducting magnets, FCC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, numerical calculations, activity report, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Magnetic domains, Large Hadron Collider, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, mechanical stress, current: time dependence, magnet: superconductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, quench protection, Accelerators and Storage Rings, bending magnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic circuit, Dipole, chemistry, Magnet, Couplings, Magnetomechanical effects, Magnetic circuits, niobium: tin, electronics: design
Abstract

International audience; Part of the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) study is dedicated to the development of the 16 Tesla ${\rm Nb_3Sn}$superconducting dipole magnets. The design of the magnets was enabled by a cooperative effort of national research institutes, universities, and CERN. These actors tackled the problem from different sides, namely, the electromagnetic design, the mechanical design, the design of the quench protection systems, and the circuit design. The article deals with the design of the quench protection systems and provides solid motivations for the selection of the coupling-loss-induced quench (CLIQ) device as the baseline protection system for the FCC-hh main dipole magnets. The article shows that the design domains mentioned above are tightly interconnected and, therefore, the simulation of a quench event involves a complex multiphysics problem. The STEAM cosimulation framework, recently developed at CERN, is applied to address the complexity. The STEAM-SIGMA models are employed to simulate the CLIQ quench protection system applied to the FCC-hh dipole magnets. Dedicated CLIQ configurations are identified to protect the magnets in case of a quench. In addition, the possible implications of the CLIQ protection system on the mechanical design of the magnets are discussed. To this end, the article employs the co-simulation of different software platforms to calculate the mechanical stress during a quench. The results show that CLIQ does not produce additional stress.

Published
2019

20. Energy Density Method: An Approach for a Quick Estimation of Quench Temperatures in High-Field Accelerator Magnets

Author

Daniel Schoerling and Tiina Salmi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear engineering, High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, Future Circular Collider, Energy storage, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Magnetic circuit, law, Magnet, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract

Accelerator magnets for future particle accelerators are designed to work with as high energy densities as possible to achieve high fields and compact magnet designs. A key factor limiting the energy density is given by the protection in case of a quench: If a quench occurs, the stored energy must be first absorbed by the windings, and the magnet temperature shall not exceed a given limit. In this paper, we present a back-of-the-envelope method for estimating the magnet's maximum temperature after a quench based on its stored energy. The method combines the existing concepts of MIIT (Mega*current*current*time), time margin, and protection delay to allow for an easy and direct calculation of the hot-spot temperature. We apply the proposed method to several Nb 3 Sn dipole and quadrupole magnets developed for the high luminosity Large Hadron Collider and the Future Circular Collider for hadron-hadron collisions and compare the results to a more detailed simulation. The proposed energy density method is a useful tool for fast feedback in the early magnet design phase to ensure that the magnet is not impossible to protect.

Published
2019
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21. Quench Protection of the 16 T Nb 3 Sn Dipole Magnets Designed for the Future Circular Collider

Author

Tiina Salmi, Marco Prioli, Arjan Verweij, Antti Stenvall, Tampere University, Electrical Engineering, Research group: Modelling and superconductivity, and Research area: Power engineering

Subjects
Physics, Coupling loss, Nuclear engineering, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Protection system, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Dipole, Dipole magnet, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Block (data storage)
Abstract

Three different 16 T dipole magnet options for the Future Circular Collider (FCC) have been designed within the H2020 EuroCirCol collaboration, namely a cosθ-, a block-, and a common-coil -type of magnet. All magnets were designed using the same constraints related to magnetic field, cable parameters, mechanics, and quench protection. The quench protection analysis during the magnet design was centralized and done for all the options using the same tools and methods. This paper summarizes the final conceptual protection schemes. They are based either on the novel CLIQ-technology (Coupling Loss Induced Quench) or on traditional quench heaters. We compare the performance of the protection systems and show that while both can protect the magnet at nominal operation current, CLIQ is more efficient in reducing peak temperatures than heaters, and the system operation is simpler due to smaller amount of protection units. Therefore, CLIQ has been chosen as the baseline protection option for the FCC dipole magnets. The future development of heaters is considered as a back-up option. acceptedVersion

Published
2019
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22. Exploration of Two Layer Nb$_3$Sn Designs of the Future Circular Collider Main Quadrupoles

Author

J. Fleiter, Clement Lorin, Daniel Schoerling, Tiina Salmi, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Tampere University, and Electrical Engineering

Subjects
Fabrication, Saturation magnetization, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], quadrupole lens: design, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, chemistry.chemical_compound, Apertures, collar structure, 0103 physical sciences, Superconducting magnets, FCC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, Delays, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, Physics, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Superconducting cables, MQ, magnet: superconductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, Nb $_{3}$ Sn coil, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Electromagnetic coil, Conductors, Magnet, Quadrupole, CLIQ protection system, niobium: tin, mechanics
Abstract

International audience; The goal of this study is to propose an alternative FCC quadrupole design where the risk from both their fabrication and their operation in the machine is reduced compared to previous analysis. Therefore, the number of coil layers has been reduced from four to two and the load-line margin has been increased from 14% to 20% compared to previous investigations (“Design of a Nb3Sn 400 T/m quadrupole for the future circular collider,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 28, no. 3, p. 4004905, Apr. 2018). Indeed, the idea is to only challenge the ∼5000 FCC main dipoles and stay at a relatively low complexity for the ∼700 FCC main quadrupoles so they have a limiting impact on the machine operation and reliability. An exploration of the strand diameter (0.7–0.9 mm), the cable size (40–60 strands), as well as the protection delay (30–40 ms) is performed on two-dimensional (2-D) magnetic designs of the FCC main quadrupole. A discussion on cable windability allows for the selection of one design generating 367 T/m. The design is mechanically constrained with a conventional collar structure leading to collaring peak stress of 115 MPa. A single coupling-loss-induced quench unit ensures a safe magnet operation with a 300 K hotspot temperature.

Published
2019

23. Development of MQXF: The Nb3Sn Low- <tex-math notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math> Quadrupole for the HiLumi LHC

Author

Vittorio Marinozzi, Etienne Rochepault, Massimo Sorbi, Michael Anerella, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Giorgio Ambrosio, J. Rysti, M. Juchno, Marta Bajko, J. C. Perez, M. Yu, Ezio Todesco, Daniel W. Cheng, Amalia Ballarino, D.R. Dietderich, Paolo Ferracin, P. Wanderer, R.R. Hafalia, Philippe Grosclaude, Jesse Schmalzle, Bernardo Bordini, S. Krave, L.R. Oberli, Michael Guinchard, Heng Pan, Paolo Fessia, Lance D. Cooley, Helene Felice, F. Nobrega, A.K. Ghosh, Hugues Bajas, Maxim Marchevsky, R. Bossert, H. Prin, G.L. Sabbi, Eddie Frank Holik, Tiina Salmi, Xiaorong Wang, Guram Chlachidze, S. Sequeira Tavares, and Friedrich Lackner

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Conceptual design, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract

The High Luminosity (HiLumi) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project has, as the main objective, to increase the LHC peak luminosity by a factor five and the integrated luminosity by a factor ten. This goal will be achieved mainly with a new interaction region layout, which will allow a stronger focusing of the colliding beams. The target will be to reduce the beam size in the interaction points by a factor of two, which requires doubling the aperture of the low-β (or inner triplet) quadrupole magnets. The use of Nb3Sn superconducting material and, as a result, the possibility of operating at magnetic field levels in the windings higher than 11 T will limit the increase in length of these quadrupoles, called MQXF, to acceptable levels. After the initial design phase, where the key parameters were chosen and the magnet's conceptual design finalized, the MQXF project, a joint effort between the U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program and the Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN), has now entered the construction and test phase of the short models. Concurrently, the preparation for the development of the full-length prototypes has been initiated. This paper will provide an overview of the project status, describing and reporting on the performance of the superconducting material, the lessons learnt during the fabrication of superconducting coils and support structure, and the fine tuning of the magnet design in view of the start of the prototyping phase.

Published
2016

24. The Impact of Protection Heater Delays Distribution on the Hotspot Temperature in a High-Field Accelerator Magnet

Author

Tiina Salmi and Antti Stenvall

Subjects
Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Large Hadron Collider, Nuclear engineering, Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Dipole magnet, law, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Current (fluid), 010306 general physics
Abstract

Quench protection is one of the challenges in the development of high-field superconducting magnets for future particle accelerators, such as the High-Energy and High-Luminosity LHC. The protection of the accelerator magnets up to now has relied on protection heaters to spread the normal zone across the winding, thus increasing the magnet resistance. The design of the protection heaters layout largely deals with the optimal positioning of the available heater energy on the coil surface. The aim is to quickly bring a large fraction of the winding to resistive state and induce a fast current discharge. Since the coil consists of different field regions, different approaches for heater energy distribution can be considered. Possible optimization criteria can be, for example, the minimum average delay in all the coils, the minimum first delay, or the minimum last delay. In this paper, we present a study of the impact of heater delay distribution on the resulting current decay and hotspot temperature. We use our newly developed current decay model to simulate the magnet current decay rate for different heater designs. We consider the case of the LARP-CERN MQXF magnet, being developed for the LHC luminosity upgrade.

Published
2016

25. Nuorten itsetuhoisuuden syyt, ilmeneminen ja avun saannin odotukset vanhempien näkökulmasta

Author

Tiina Salmi, Marja-Liisa Rissanen, Marja Kaunonen, Jari Kylmä, and Anna Aho

Subjects
vanhemmat, itsetuhoinen käyttäytyminen, nuoret, itsetuhoisuus, Artikkelit
Abstract

Nuorten itsetuhoisuus on moniulotteinen ilmiö, ja se koskettaa vähintään joka kymmenettä nuorta. Vanhemmille oman nuoren itsetuhoisuus aiheuttaa monenlaisia negatiivisia seurauksia, ja itsetuhoisten nuorten lailla myös vanhemmat tarvitsevat apua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata nuorten itsetuhoisuuden syitä, ilmenemistä sekä avun saannin odotuksia itsetuhoisten nuorten vanhempien näkökulmasta. Aineisto kerättiin äideiltä ja isiltä (n = 23) kirjoitelmina (n = 9), e-lomakevastauksina (n = 16) sekä haastatteluina (n = 4). Aineisto koostui osin samojen henkilöiden useista vastauksista. Aineisto analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällönanalyysilla. Vanhempien mukaan nuorten itsetuhoisuuden syyt liittyivät nuoreen, perheeseen ja ympäristöön sekä yhteiskuntaan. Vanhemmat kuvasivat monenlaisia syitä itsetuhoisuuteen, kuten nuoren kokemaa kaltoinkohtelua ja kiusaamista, vanhempien terveysongelmia sekä nuoreen kohdistuvia menestymisen paineita. Vanhempien mukaan itsetuhoisuus ilmeni itsetuhoisina tekoina, kuolemaan liittyvänä itsetuhoisuutena sekä nuoren huolestuttavana oireiluna. Kaiken kaikkiaan itsetuhoisuudella oli monia ilmenemismuotoja, mutta useimmiten siihen liittyi päihteiden vahingollista käyttämistä sekä itsensä viiltelemistä. Vanhempien avun saannin odotukset kohdentuivat avun tarvitsijoihin, apuun sekä avun tarjoajiin. Vanhemmat odottivat apua itselleen, itsetuhoiselle nuorelleen sekä perheelle ja läheisille. Apua halutaan enemmän kuin sitä saadaan, mikä asettaa ammattilaiset yhteiskunnan joka sektorilla suuren haasteen eteen.

Published
2018

26. Status of the 16 T Dipole Development Program for a Future Hadron Collider

Author

Fernando Toral, Carlo Petrone, Friedrich Lackner, Bernhard Auchmann, Etienne Rochepault, Giovanni Bellomo, Juan Carlos Perez, Maria Durante, Marco Prioli, Carmine Senatore, Hugues Bajas, Soren Prestemon, Ezio Todesco, Stephan Russenschuck, Paolo Ferracin, Davide Tommasini, Rafal Ortwein, Gijs DeRijk, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Toru Ogitsu, Michael Benedikt, Daniel Schoerling, Diego Arbelaez, Barbara Caiffi, Massimo Sorbi, Peng Gao, Shlomo Caspi, Stefania Farinon, Amalia Ballarino, Igor Novitski, Michel Segreti, Javier Munilla, Antti Stenvall, Maxim Marchevsky, Vadim Kashikhin, Clement Lorin, Emanuela Barzi, Teresa Martinez, Marco Buzio, Luca Bottura, Mariusz Juchno, Vittorio Marinozzi, Marc Dhalle, Marta Bajko, Tiina Salmi, Lucas Brower, J. M. Rifflet, S. Wessel, Frederic Savary, S.A. Gourlay, Felix Wolf, Bernardo Bordini, Alexander V. Zlobin, Arjan Verweij, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Senatore, Carmine, and Energy, Materials and Systems

Subjects
General Physics, magnet: design, superconducting, accelerator, Aperture, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, ++%24%5F{3}%24<%2Ftex-math>+<%2Finline-formula>+<%2Fnamed-content>Sn%22">Nb $_{3}$ Sn, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, 16 T, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, beam: energy, Nuclear physics, Affordable and Clean Energy, 0103 physical sciences, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, Future circular collider, Nb3Sn, FCC, Future circular collider (FCC), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, activity report, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, beam: width, Materials Engineering, magnet: superconductivity, magnet: technology, Condensed Matter Physics, 22/4 OA procedure, bending magnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Automatic Keywords, Upgrade, quality, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Center of mass, hadron, dipole
Abstract

© 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. A next step of energy increase of hadron colliders beyond the LHC requires high-field superconducting magnets capable of providing a dipolar field in the range of 16 T in a 50-mm aperture with accelerator quality. These characteristics could meet the requirements for an upgrade of the LHC to twice the present beam energy or for a 100-TeV center of mass energy future circular collider. This paper summarizes the activities and plans for the development of these magnets, in particular within the 16 T Magnet Technology Program, the WP5 of the EuroCirCol, and the U.S. Magnet Development Program.

Published
2018

27. Magnetic and Mechanical Design of a 16 T Common Coil Dipole for an FCC

Author

Tiina Salmi, Javier Munilla, and Fernando Toral

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Finite element method, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, symbols.namesake, Dipole, Conceptual design, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Lorentz force
Abstract

A EuroCirCol is a conceptual design study for a post-LHC research infrastructure based on an energy-frontier 100 TeV circular hadron collider. In the frame of the high-field accelerator magnet design work package of this study, the feasibility of a 16 T dipole in a common coil configuration is being studied. This paper shows the electromagnetic design optimization performed to achieve the required field quality while minimizing the superconductor volume and taking into account the input parameters and assumptions of the EuroCirCol study. The finite element models have been used to analyze the stress distribution and deformations under the large Lorentz forces due to the very high magnetic field. Several iterations have been necessary to obtain a feasible magnet design. The 3-D electromagnetic calculations are also included in this paper.

Published
2018
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28. Analysis of Uncertainties in Protection Heater Delay Time Measurements and Simulations in Nb3Sn High-Field Accelerator Magnets

Author

Helene Felice, Antti Stenvall, Maxim Marchevsky, Tiina Salmi, Guram Chlachidze, and Hugo Bajas

Subjects
Superconductivity, Materials science, Large Hadron Collider, Magnetic domain, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Upper and lower bounds, Temperature measurement, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract

The quench protection of superconducting high-field accelerator magnets is presently based on protection heaters, which are activated upon quench detection to accelerate the quench propagation within the winding. Estimations of the heater delay to initiate a normal zone in the coil are essential for the protection design. During the development of Nb3Sn magnets for the LHC luminosity upgrade, protection heater delays have been measured in several experiments, and a new computational tool CoHDA (Code for Heater Delay Analysis) has been developed for heater design. Several computational quench analyses suggest that the efficiency of the present heater technology is on the borderline of protecting the magnets. Quantifying the inevitable uncertainties related to the measured and simulated delays is therefore of pivotal importance. In this paper, we analyze the uncertainties in the heater delay measurements and simulations using data from five impregnated high-field Nb3Sn magnets with different heater geometries. The results suggest that a minimum variation of 3 ms or 20% should be accounted in the heater design for coil outer surfaces and at least 10 ms or 40% in the inner surfaces due to more uncertain heater contact. We also propose a simulation criterion that gives an upper bound enclosing 90% of the measured delays for heaters on the coil outer surface.

Published
2015

29. Test Results of the LARP HQ02b Magnet at 1.9 K

Author

Ezio Todesco, Luca Bottura, Marta Bajko, G.L. Sabbi, Michael Anerella, M. Yu, A. Chiuchiolo, Maxim Marchevsky, Giorgio Ambrosio, A.K. Ghosh, Daniel W. Cheng, Hugues Bajas, Paolo Ferracin, Jesse Schmalzle, Emmanuele Ravaioli, R. Bossert, D.R. Dietderich, P. Wanderer, Shlomo Caspi, C. Giloux, Helene Felice, A.R. Hafalia, Tiina Salmi, Xiaorong Wang, Guram Chlachidze, J. Feuvrier, and Arno Godeke

Subjects
Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, Aperture, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Quadrupole, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract

The HQ magnet is a 120 mm aperture, 1-meter-long Nb$_{3}$Sn quadrupole developed by the LARP collaboration in the framework of the High-Luminosity LHC project. A first series of coils was assembled and tested in 5 assemblies of the HQ01 series. The HQ01e model achieved a maximum gradient of 170 T/m at 4.5 K at LBNL in 2010-2011 and reached 184 T/m at 1.9 K at CERN in 2012. A new series of coils incorporating major design changes was fabricated for the HQ02 series. The first model, HQ02a, was tested at Fermilab where it reached 98% of the short sample limit at 4.5 K with a gradient of 182 T/m in 2013. However, the full training of the coils at 1.9 K could not be performed due to a current limit of 15 kA. Following this test, the azimuthal coil pre-load was increased by about 30 MPa and an additional current lead was installed at the electrical center of the magnet for quench protection studies. The test name of this magnet changed to HQ02b. In 2014, HQ02b was then shipped to CERN as the first opportunity for full training at 1.9 K. In this paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the HQ02 test results including: magnet training at 1.9 K with increased pre-load, quench origin and propagation, and ramp rate dependence. A series of powering tests was also performed to assess changes in magnet performance with a gradual increase of the MIITs. We also present the results of quench protection studies using different setting for detection, heater coverage, energy extraction and the Coupling-Loss Induced Quench (CLIQ) system.

Published
2015

30. Summary of Test Results of MQXFS1—The First Short Model 150 mm Aperture Nb$_3$Sn Quadrupole for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

Author

Ezio Todesco, R. Bossert, Michael Anerella, E. Ravaioli, Soren Prestemon, Jesse Schmalzle, M. Tartaglia, Joseph DiMarco, Daniel Cheng, S. Krave, Heng Pan, D.R. Dietderich, Alfred Nobrega, A.K. Ghosh, Juan Carlos Perez, M. Yu, Gueorgui Velev, E Cavanna, GianLuca Sabbi, Stoyan Stoynev, Helene Felice, D.F. Orris, C. Sylvester, A.R. Hafalia, Paolo Ferracin, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Thomas Strauss, P. Wanderer, Giorgio Ambrosio, Philippe Grosclaude, Tiina Salmi, Xiaorong Wang, Guram Chlachidze, Giorgio Vallone, Michael Guinchard, Eddie Frank Holik, Maxim Marchevsky, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
low-beta quadrupoles, General Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], interaction regions, low-β quadrupoles, Joint venture, Superconducting magnet, Stress, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic separation, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Superconducting magnets, Training, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet, High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC), High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, Nb3Sn magnets, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Coils, Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnet, Quadrupole, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Magnetomechanical effects, Lhc upgrade
Abstract

The development of $Nb_3Sn$ quadrupole magnets for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade is a joint venture between the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP)* and CERN with the goal of fabricating large aperture quadrupoles for the LHC in-teraction regions (IR). The inner triplet (low-β) NbTi quadrupoles in the IR will be replaced by the stronger Nb$_{3}$Sn magnets boosting the LHC program of having 10-fold increase in integrated luminos-ity after the foreseen upgrades. Previously LARP conducted suc-cessful tests of short and long models with up to 120 mm aperture. The first short 150 mm aperture quadrupole model MQXFS1 was assembled with coils fabricated by both CERN and LARP. The magnet demonstrated strong performance at the Fermilab’s verti-cal magnet test facility reaching the LHC operating limits. This paper reports the latest results from MQXFS1 tests with changed pre-stress levels. The overall magnet performance, including quench training and memory, ramp rate and temperature depend-ence, is also summarized. The development of Nb$_{3}$Sn quadrupole magnets for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade is a joint venture between the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP)* and CERN with the goal of fabricating large aperture quadrupoles for the LHC interaction regions (IR). The inner triplet (low-β) NbTi quadrupoles in the IR will be replaced by the stronger Nb$_{3}$Sn magnets boosting the LHC program of having 10-fold increase in integrated luminosity after the foreseen upgrades. Previously, LARP conducted successful tests of short and long models with up to 120 mm aperture. The first short 150 mm aperture quadrupole model MQXFS1 was assembled with coils fabricated by both CERN and LARP. The magnet demonstrated a strong performance at Fermilab's vertical magnet test facility reaching the LHC operating limits. This paper reports the latest results from MQXFS1 tests with changed prestress levels. The overall magnet performance, including quench training and memory, ramp rate, and temperature dependence, is also summarized.

Published
2017

31. Performance of the First Short Model 150-mm-Aperture Nb3Sn Quadrupole MQXFS for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

Author

Ezio Todesco, Alfred Nobrega, Heng Pan, Michael Guinchard, Soren Prestemon, Daniel W. Cheng, Jesse Schmalzle, Tiina Salmi, Gueorgui Velev, Xiaorong Wang, Guram Chlachidze, A.K. Ghosh, R. Bossert, Giorgio Vallone, M. Yu, Philippe Grosclaude, D.F. Orris, C. Sylvester, M. Tartaglia, Eddie Frank Holik, Maxim Marchevsky, Joseph DiMarco, Michael Anerella, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, GianLuca Sabbi, D.R. Dietderich, E. Ravaioli, Giorgio Ambrosio, Helene Felice, A.R. Hafalia, E Cavanna, S. Stoynev, P. Wanderer, Thomas Strauss, S. Krave, Juan Carlos Perez, Paolo Ferracin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and LARP

Subjects
Nb3Sn coils, 0301 basic medicine, General Physics, CERN Lab, Accelerator magnets, large hadron collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Aperture, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], quenching, Superconducting magnet, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, tin, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, 0103 physical sciences, coil, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, temperature dependence, 010306 general physics, Physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, magnet, Accelerators and Storage Rings, quadrupole lens, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 030104 developmental biology, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Quadrupole, Physics::Accelerator Physics, luminosity: high, superconducting magnets, niobium, performance
Abstract

The U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) and CERN combined their efforts in developing Nb3Sn magnets for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade. The ultimate goal of this collaboration is to fabricate large aperture Nb 3Sn quadrupoles for the LHC interaction regions. These magnets will replace the present 70-mm-aperture NbTi quadrupole triplets for expected increase of the LHC peak luminosity up to 5 × 1034 cm –2s–1 or more. Over the past decade, LARP successfully fabricated and tested short and long models of 90 and 120-mm-aperture Nb3Sn quadrupoles. Recently, the first short model of 150-mm-diameter quadrupole MQXFS was built with coils fabricated both by LARP and CERN. The magnet performance was tested at Fermilab's vertical magnet test facility. This paper reports the test results, including the quench training at 1.9 K, ramp rate and temperature dependence, as well as protection heater studies.

Published
2017

32. Quench absorption coils : A quench protection concept for high-field superconducting accelerator magnets

Author

Matthias Mentink, Tiina Salmi, Tampere University, Electrical Energy Engineering, Research area: Electromagnetics, Research area: Power engineering, and Research group: Modelling and superconductivity

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Magnetic energy, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Metals and Alloys, Mechanics, Dissipation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Dipole, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Voltage
Abstract

A quench protection concept based on coupled secondary coils is studied for inductively transferring energy out of a quenching superconducting dipole and thus limiting the peak hotspot temperature. So-called 'quench absorption coils' are placed in close proximity to the superconducting coils and are connected in series with a diode for the purpose of preventing current transformation during regular operation. During a quench, current is then transformed into the quench absorption coils so that a significant fraction of the stored magnetic energy is dissipated in the these coils. Numerical calculations are performed to determine the impact of such a concept and to evaluate the dimensions of the quench absorption coils needed to obtain significant benefits. A previously constructed 15 T Nb3Sn block coil is taken as a reference layout. Finite-element calculations are used to determine the combined inductive and thermal response of this system and these calculations are validated with a numerical model using an adiabatic approximation. The calculation results indicate that during a quench the presence of the quench absorption coils reduces the energy dissipated in the superconducting coils by 45% and reduces the hotspot temperature by over 100 K. In addition, the peak resistive voltage over the superconducting coils is significantly reduced. This suggests that this concept may prove useful for magnet designs in which the hotspot temperature is a design driver. acceptedVersion

Published
2017

33. Quench protection analysis integrated in the design of dipoles for the Future Circular Collider

Author

Bernhard Auchmann, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Maria Durante, Tiina Salmi, Janne Ruuskanen, Antti Stenvall, Massimo Sorbi, Marco Prioli, Clement Lorin, Arjan Verweij, Stefania Farinon, Vittorio Marinozzi, Davide Tommasini, Daniel Schoerling, Javier Munilla, Fernando Toral, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, magnet: design, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Nuclear engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], quenching, magnetic field, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, FCC, energy: density, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 010306 general physics, Collider, Superconductivity, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, superconductivity, temperature, Surfaces and Interfaces, Accelerators and Storage Rings, bending magnet, Magnetic field, Dipole, hadron hadron, efficiency, Magnet, lcsh:QC770-798, radiation protection, Voltage
Abstract

The EuroCirCol collaboration is designing a 16 T ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}$ dipole that can be used as the main bending magnet in a 100 km long 100 TeV hadron-hadron collider. For economic reasons, the magnets need to be as compact as possible, requiring optimization of the cable cross section in different magnetic field regions. This leads to very high stored energy density and poses serious challenges for the magnet protection in case of a quench, i.e., sudden loss of superconductivity in the winding. The magnet design therefore must account for the limitations set by quench protection from the earliest stages of the design. In this paper we describe how the aspect of quench protection has been accounted for in the process of developing different options for the 16 T dipole designs. We discuss the assumed safe values for hot spot temperatures and voltages, and the efficiency of the protection system. We describe the developed tools for the quench analysis, and how their usage in the magnet design will eventually ensure a secure magnet operation.

Published
2017

34. Quench Protection Study of the Eurocircol 16 T cosθ Dipole for the Future Circular Collider (FCC)

Author

Giovanni Bellomo, Antti Stenvall, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Tiina Salmi, Giovanni Volpini, Massimo Sorbi, Barbara Caiffi, Stefania Farinon, and Vittorio Marinozzi

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Condensed matter physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Inductance, Dipole, Conceptual design, law, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Collider
Abstract

After LHC will be turned off, a new, more energetic machine will be needed in order to explore unknown regions of the high-energy physics. For this reason, the project Future Circular Collider (FCC) has started, with the goal of developing a 100 km circumference collider of 50 TeV proton beams. The Eurocircol collaboration is part of the FCC study under the European Community leadership, and it aims to develop a conceptual design of FCC within 2019. One of the main targets is to design a bending dipole able to reach 16 T operation magnetic field, in order to accomplish the size and energy constraints. Such a magnetic field can be reached using Nb$_{3}$Sn conductors at their highest performance. One option under exploration is the Cosθ dipole, by INFN of Milano and Genova. One of the aspects to be taken into consideration is the amount of conductor needed, because of the relatively high cost of superconducting cables involving Nb$_{3}$Sn. The amount of superconductor in the cross-section conductor area is a discriminant element for the choice of the magnet lay-out. At the same time enough copper stabilizer must be included in order to limit the Joule dissipation in case of quench. For these reasons, together with the very high stored energy, quench protection is one of the most challenging aspects of the design. In this paper, the quench protection of the cosθ design is presented. A standard quench protection study is accompanied by a less conservative study which includes AC effects on the power dissipation inside the coils and on the magnet inductance, in order to not exclude preventively more convenient designs, and to develop a more performing magnet as possible.

Published
2017
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35. Suitability of Different Quench Protection Methods for a 16 T Block-Type Nb3Sn Accelerator Dipole Magnet

Author

Janne Ruuskanen, Tiina Salmi, Vittorio Marinozzi, Marco Prioli, Antti Stenvall, Arjan Verweij, Bernhard Auchmann, Tampere University, Electrical Energy Engineering, and Research area: Electromagnetics

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Bending (metalworking), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Nuclear engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Collision, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Dipole magnet, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Voltage
Abstract

Within the future circular collider study, a 100-km long circular hadron collider is being designed for 100 TeV center-of-mass collision energies. The design of the 16 T Nb3Sn bending dipole magnets is carried out within the EuroCirCol collaboration. Three different type of dipole designs have been developed, each aiming to be as compact as possible, accounting for the design criteria. Quench protection a critical aspect of the magnet design and potentially limits the magnet compactness. The EuroCirCol magnets were designed assuming a protection system with significantly improved efficiency compared to the present LHC dipole protection. In this paper, we consider present state-of-the-art quench protection technologies, such as quench heaters and CLIQ, and apply them into the designed 16 T Block-type dipole. Two different simulation models are used to estimate the magnet hotspot temperature and voltages after a quench and consequently estimate the suitability of the different methods. acceptedVersion

Published
2017
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36. Muutosvoimavarojen yhteydet henkilöstön työhyvinvointiin sekä työpaikan ja alanvaihtoaikeisiin terveysalan organisaation muutosprosessissa

Author

Eetu Mölsä, Tiina Salmirinne, Mari Herttalampi, and Taru Feldt

Subjects
muutosvoimavarat, organisaatiomuutos, työhyvinvointi, työpaikan vaihtoaikeet, alanvaihtoaikeet, Labor. Work. Working class, HD4801-8943, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

Tutkimme kahden vuoden seurantatutkimuksessa, miten muutosvoimavarat (viestintä, osallistuminen päätöksentekoon, muutostuki) ovat yhteydessä terveydenhuoltoalan henkilöstön työhyvinvointiin (työuupumus, työn imu) sekä työpaikan ja alanvaihtoaikeisiin organisaatiomuutoksen aikana. Tutkimukseen osallistui 303 sairaanhoitopiirin työntekijää, joista 87 prosenttia oli naisia ja potilastyössä toimivia 74 prosenttia. K-keskiarvoklusteroinnilla tunnistimme tutkimuksen lähtötilanteessa kolme muutosvoimavaraprofiilia: vähäiset muutosvoimavarat (41 % tutkittavista), korkeat muutosvoimavarat (23 %) ja keskimääräiset muutosvoimavarat (36 %). Vähäisten muutosvoima-varojen profiilissa yliedustettuina olivat potilastyöntekijät ja korkeiden muutosvoimavarojen profiilissa esihenkilöt. Toistomittausten kovarianssianalyysi osoitti vähäisten muutosvoimavarojen profiilin työntekijöiden kokeneen eniten työuupumusta ja vähiten työn imua, minkä lisäksi heillä oli eniten työpaikan ja alanvaihtoaikeita. Korkeiden muutosvoimavarojen profiilissa työntekijöiden työuupumus oli matalinta ja työn imu korkeinta, minkä lisäksi heillä oli vähiten työpaikan ja alanvaihtoaikeita. Tutkimuksemme osoittaa muutosvoimavarojen olevan yhteydessä henkilöstön korkeampaan työhyvinvointiin sekä vähäisempiin työpaikan ja alanvaihtoaikeisiin terveydenhuolto-organisaation muutos-prosessin aikana.

Published
2023
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37. The 16 T Dipole Development Program for FCC

Author

Amalia Ballarino, Michel Segreti, Davide Tommasini, Peng Gao, Felix Wolf, Antti Stenvall, Giovanni Bellomo, Marco Prioli, Clement Lorin, Friedrich Lackner, Arjan Verweij, Toru Ogitsu, Maria Durante, Michael Benedikt, G. Volpini, Etienne Rochepault, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Vittorio Marinozzi, Gijs de Rijk, Stephan Russenschuck, Ezio Todesco, Marc Dhalle, Bernardo Bordini, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Hugues Bajas, Massimo Sorbi, Paolo Ferracin, Stefania Farinon, Frederic Savary, Fernando Toral, Daniel Schoerling, Marta Bajko, Rafal Ortwein, Teresa Martinez, Luca Bottura, Javier Munilla, Bernhard Auchmann, Carmine Senatore, Marco Buzio, Tiina Salmi, S. Wessel, Juan Garcia Perez, J. M. Rifflet, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Energy, Materials and Systems

Subjects
superconducting, Aperture, accelerator: magnet, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Niobium, chemistry.chemical_element, Nb3 Sn, ddc:500.2, Superconducting magnet, 16 T, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, tin, 0103 physical sciences, FCC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, accelerator: superconductivity, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Beam diameter, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter Physics, magnet: technology, 22/4 OA procedure, NbSn, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, chemistry, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, niobium, dipole
Abstract

International audience; Abstract:A key challenge for a future circular collider (FCC) with centre-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and a circumference in the range of 100 km is the development of high-field superconducting accelerator magnets, capable of providing a 16 T dipolar field of accelerator quality in a 50 mm aperture. This paper summarizes the strategy and actions being undertaken in the framework of the FCC 16 T Magnet Technology Program and the Work Package 5 of the EuroCirCol.

Published
2016

38. Status of the Demonstrator Magnets for the EuCARD-2 Future Magnets Project

Author

Alexander Usoskin, Wilfried Goldacker, G. de Rijk, Pascal Tixador, Marta Bajko, Carmine Senatore, Amalia Ballarino, Marco Durante, J. van Nugteren, N. Zangenberg, Tiina Salmi, Marc Dhalle, J. Himbele, Arnaud Badel, J. Fleiter, Lucio Rossi, G. Volpini, E. Haro, Antti Stenvall, S. A. E. Langeslag, Clement Lorin, Philippe Fazilleau, Glyn Kirby, Anna Kario, J. Murtzomaki, L. Bottura, Yifeng Yang, Energy, Materials and Systems, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Magnétisme et Supraconductivité (MagSup ), Institut Néel (NEEL), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
Engineering, Work package, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, Accelerators magnets, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear magnetic resonance, 0103 physical sciences, European commission, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Block (data storage), 010302 applied physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, EuCARD-2, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, future magnets, CLIQ, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 2023 OA procedure, higherature-superconductors, superconducting magnets, business
Abstract

EuCARD-2 is a project partly supported by FP7 European Commission aiming at exploring accelerator magnet technology for 20-T dipole operating field. The EuCARD-2 collaboration is liaising with similar programs for high-field magnets in the U.S. and Japan. EuCARD-2 focuses, through the work package 10 “future magnets,” on the development of a 10-kA-class superconducting high-current-density cable suitable for accelerator magnets, for a 5-T stand-alone dipole of 40-mm bore and about 1-m length. After stand-alone testing, the magnet will be inserted in a large bore background dipole, 10–18 T. This paper reports on the design and development of models, which are called Feather0, wound with REBCO Roebel cable. Based on aligned block design to take advantage of the anisotropy of the REBCO tapes, Feather0 is a precursor of Feather2, which should reach the project goals in 2016. Feather0 is planned to be tested both in stand alone and as an insert mounted in the CERN Fresca facility providing 10-T background field. The progress of other designs pursued in the collaboration, one based on classical $\cos\vartheta$ layout with Roebel cable and the other based on coil block with stacked tape cable, will be also reported.

Published
2016

39. Quench Protection Study of the Updated MQXF for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade (HiLumi LHC)

Author

Giorgio Ambrosio, Massimo Sorbi, Ezio Todesco, J. Rysti, Paolo Ferracin, Tiina Salmi, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, and Vittorio Marinozzi

Subjects
Physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Inductance, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electromagnetic coil, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radiation protection, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

In 2023, the LHC luminosity will be increased, aiming at reaching 3000 fb-1 integrated over ten years. To obtain this target, new Nb3Sn low-β quadrupoles (MQXF) have been designed for the interaction regions. These magnets present a very large aperture (150 mm, to be compared with the 70 mm of the present NbTi quadrupoles) and a very large stored energy density (120 MJ/m3). For these reasons, quench protection is one of the most challenging aspects of the design of these magnets. In fact, protection studies of a previous design showed that the simulated hot spot temperature was very close to the maximum allowed limit of 350 K; this challenge motivated improvements in the current discharge modeling, taking into account the so-called dynamic effects on the apparent magnet inductance. Moreover, quench heaters design has been studied to be going into more details. In this study, a protection study of the updated MQXF is presented, benefiting from the experience gained by studying the previous design. As a result, a study of the voltages between turns in the magnet is also presented during both normal operation and most important failure scenarios.

Published
2016

40. The EuCARD-2 Future Magnets European Collaboration for Accelerator-Quality HTS Magnets

Author

Luca Bottura, Arnaud Badel, Clement Lorin, Yifeng Yang, N. Zangenberg, Tiina Salmi, J. Fleiter, Carmine Senatore, E. Haro, Antti Stenvall, Marta Bajko, G. de Rijk, J. van Nugteren, Alexander Usoskin, Wilfried Goldacker, Ph. Fazilleau, G. Volpini, Pascal Tixador, Amalia Ballarino, Marco Durante, Marc Dhalle, Glyn Kirby, Anna Kario, Lucio Rossi, Département des Accélérateurs, de Cryogénie et de Magnétisme (ex SACM) (DACM), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Energy, Materials and Systems, and Faculty of Science and Technology

Subjects
Engineering, Aperture, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Accelerators magnets, Quality (physics), High-temperature superconductors, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Large Hadron Collider, Scope (project management), Condensed matter physics, METIS-312068, business.industry, 5 T HTS Dipole Magnet Design and Construction [10.3], Future Magnets (MAG) [10], Superconducting magnets, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, IR-97507, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Magnet, Future magnets, business, EC Grant Agreement nr.: FP7-EUCARD2, Magnetic dipole, EuCARD2
Abstract

International audience; EuCARD-2 is a project supported by FP7-European Commission that includes, inter alia, a work-package (WP10) called ldquoFuture Magnets.rdquo This project is part of the long term development that CERN is launching to explore magnet technology at 16 T to 20 T dipole operating field, within the scope of a study on Future Circular Colliders. The EuCARD2 collaboration is closely liaising with similar programs for high field accelerator magnets in the USA and Japan. The main focus of EuCARD2 WP10 is the development of a 10 kA-class superconducting, high current density cable suitable for accelerator magnets, The cable will be used to wind a stand-alone magnet 500 mm long and with an aperture of 40 mm. This magnet should yield 5 T, when stand-alone, and will enable to reach a 15 to 18 T dipole field by placing it in a large bore background dipole of 12-15 T. REBCO based Roebel cables is the baseline. Various magnet configurations with HTS tapes are under investigation and also use of Bi-2212 round wire based cables is considered. The paper presents the structure of the collaboration and describes the main choices made in the first year of the program, which has a breadth of five to six years of which four are covered by the FP7 frame.

Published
2015

42. Dual n-back training improves functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus at rest

Author

Tiina Salminen, Caroline Garcia Forlim, Torsten Schubert, and Simone Kühn

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Several studies have shown that the benefits of working memory (WM) training can be attributed to functional and structural neural changes in the underlying neural substrate. In the current study, we investigated whether the functional connectivity of the brain at rest in the default mode network (DMN) changes with WM training. We varied the complexity of the training intervention so, that half of the participants attended dual n-back training whereas the other half attended single n-back training. This way we could assess the effects of different training task parameters on possible connectivity changes. After 16 training sessions, the dual n-back training group showed improved performance accompanied by increased functional connectivity of the ventral DMN in the right inferior frontal gyrus, which correlated with improvements in WM. We also observed decreased functional connectivity in the left superior parietal cortex in this group. The single n-back training group did not show significant training-related changes. These results show that a demanding short-term WM training intervention can alter the default state of the brain.

Published
2020
Full Text
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43. Exposure to loud noise and risk of vestibular schwannoma: results from the INTERPHONE international case‒control study

Author

Isabelle Deltour, Brigitte Schlehofer, Amélie Massardier-Pilonchéry, Klaus Schlaefer, Bruce Armstrong, Graham G Giles, Jack Siemiatycki, Marie-Elise Parent, Daniel Krewski, Mary McBride, Christoffer Johansen, Anssi Auvinen, Tiina Salminen, Martine Hours, Lucile Montestrucq, Maria Blettner, Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff, Siegal Sadetzki, Angela Chetrit, Susanna Lagorio, Ivano Iavarone, Naohito Yamaguchi, Toru Takebayashi, Alistair Woodward, Angus Cook, Tore Tynes, Lars Klaeboe, Maria Feychting, Stefan Lönn, Sarah Fleming, Anthony J Swerdlow, Minouk J Schoemaker, Monika Moissonnier, Ausrele Kesminiene, Elisabeth Cardis, Joachim Schüz, and INTERPHONE Study Group

Subjects
vestibular schwannoma, interphone, case‒control study, acoustic neuroma, epidemiology, exposure, noise, noise exposure, international, loud noise, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Studies of loud noise exposure and vestibular schwannomas (VS) have shown conflicting results. The population-based INTERPHONE case‒control study was conducted in 13 countries during 2000–2004. In this paper, we report the results of analyses on the association between VS and self-reported loud noise exposure. METHODS: Self-reported noise exposure was analyzed in 1024 VS cases and 1984 matched controls. Life-long noise exposure was estimated through detailed questions. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using adjusted conditional logistic regression for matched sets. RESULTS: The OR for total work and leisure noise exposure was 1.6 (95% CI 1.4–1.9). OR were 1.5 (95% CI 1.3–1.9) for only occupational noise, 1.9 (95% CI 1.4–2.6) for only leisure noise and 1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.2) for exposure in both contexts. OR increased slightly with increasing lag-time. For occupational exposures, duration, time since exposure start and a metric combining lifetime duration and weekly exposure showed significant trends of increasing risk with increasing exposure. OR did not differ markedly by source or other characteristics of noise. CONCLUSION: The consistent associations seen are likely to reflect either recall bias or a causal association, or potentially indicate a mixture of both.

Published
2019
Full Text
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44. A community proposal to integrate structural bioinformatics activities in ELIXIR (3D-Bioinfo Community) [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 3 approved with reservations]

Author

Christine Orengo, Sameer Velankar, Shoshana Wodak, Vincent Zoete, Alexandre M.J.J. Bonvin, Arne Elofsson, K. Anton Feenstra, Dietland L. Gerloff, Thomas Hamelryck, John M. Hancock, Manuela Helmer-Citterich, Adam Hospital, Modesto Orozco, Anastassis Perrakis, Matthias Rarey, Claudio Soares, Joel L. Sussman, Janet M. Thornton, Pierre Tuffery, Gabor Tusnady, Rikkert Wierenga, Tiina Salminen, and Bohdan Schneider

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Structural bioinformatics provides the scientific methods and tools to analyse, archive, validate, and present the biomolecular structure data generated by the structural biology community. It also provides an important link with the genomics community, as structural bioinformaticians also use the extensive sequence data to predict protein structures and their functional sites. A very broad and active community of structural bioinformaticians exists across Europe, and 3D-Bioinfo will establish formal platforms to address their needs and better integrate their activities and initiatives. Our mission will be to strengthen the ties with the structural biology research communities in Europe covering life sciences, as well as chemistry and physics and to bridge the gap between these researchers in order to fully realize the potential of structural bioinformatics. Our Community will also undertake dedicated educational, training and outreach efforts to facilitate this, bringing new insights and thus facilitating the development of much needed innovative applications e.g. for human health, drug and protein design. Our combined efforts will be of critical importance to keep the European research efforts competitive in this respect. Here we highlight the major European contributions to the field of structural bioinformatics, the most pressing challenges remaining and how Europe-wide interactions, enabled by ELIXIR and its platforms, will help in addressing these challenges and in coordinating structural bioinformatics resources across Europe. In particular, we present recent activities and future plans to consolidate an ELIXIR 3D-Bioinfo Community in structural bioinformatics and propose means to develop better links across the community. These include building new consortia, organising workshops to establish data standards and seeking community agreement on benchmark data sets and strategies. We also highlight existing and planned collaborations with other ELIXIR Communities and other European infrastructures, such as the structural biology community supported by Instruct-ERIC, with whom we have synergies and overlapping common interests.

Published
2020
Full Text
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