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14 results on '"Thierry Winkel"'

1. Social capital, biocultural heritage and commoning for ethical and inclusive sustainability of peasant agriculture: three case studies in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile

Author

Lizbeth Núñez-Carrasco, Jorge Cladera, Pablo José Cruz, Nancy Egan, Gabriela Andrea Figlioli, Gaston Godoy-Garraza, Celeste Golsberg, Ximena Quiñones-Díáz, Luís Sáez-Tonacca, Manuela Vieira-Pak, and Thierry Winkel

Subjects
biocultural heritage, collective action, commons, ethical values, inclusive agriculture, participatory-action research, peasant farmers, quinoa, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Social issues and theoretical background: the sustainability of human societies depends on the intergenerational transmission of capital stocks, whether natural, social or economic. With ever more competition for economic resources, sustainability must increasingly focus on the mutual reinforcement of social and natural capital. This perspective is particularly relevant for peasant agriculture and producers, who are constantly at risk of social and economic exclusion, but whose social and natural capital remains important, though often underutilized, even by the peasants themselves. The concepts of commoning and social capital are useful for addressing these issues and activating biocultural heritage from an ethically inclusive sustainability perspective. Objective and methods: We seek to understand how peasants organize to collectively achieve goals of social and economic inclusion that could promote their sustainability and resilience in the face of economic constraints. Using field surveys and participatory action research, we analyzed the social, economic, and environmental factors that fostered the emergence and sustainability of producer organizations and their value chains. This was done in three peasant organizations in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, whose common starting point is the valorization of traditional quinoa grain, but which differ greatly in terms of size, internal dynamics and organizational trajectories. Results: The successes and challenges of the social innovations implemented in the three cases studied provide lessons on how farmers can mobilize their social capital and leverage the resources of their cultural and natural capital to achieve ethically inclusive sustainability. While some lessons remain context-specific, others appear to be independent of the size and place of organizations, and several demonstrate the importance of socio-ethical interactions cultivated both within organizations and with consumers.

Published
2023
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2. Social adaptive responses to a harsh and unpredictable environment: insights from a pre-Hispanic andean society

Author

Pablo Cruz, Richard Joffre, Cyril Bernard, Nancy Egan, Bruno Roux, and Thierry Winkel

Subjects
andean highlands, archaeology, food storage, gini indices, settlement infrastructure, social inequality, sustainability, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

The scarcity or unpredictability of natural resources is a threat to cooperation within human societies. Exacerbated competition between individuals could affect social cohesion and collective action, generate conflicts over natural resources, and compromise their sustainable use. Yet, our in-depth archaeological study of the arid Andean highlands of Bolivia reveals the sustainable development of a complex agrarian society in a harsh environment marked, moreover, by a prolonged climatic degradation from the 13th to the 15th centuries. The 49 community settlements studied comprised independent family households that managed their own economic resources. A detailed study of the granary and housing structures of 549 of these households provided a strong quantitative data set for an analysis of Gini coefficients for grain storage capacity and housing area. This agro-pastoral society flourished with neither notable inequalities of wealth between villagers nor apparent long-lasting conflicts between villages. By sharing local knowledge, labor, and natural resources, this society succeeded both in limiting power and wealth concentration, and in sustainably producing food surpluses to be exchanged with neighboring populations. These results indicate a high degree of social cohesion and low levels of social and wealth inequality, similar to other well-established horticultural and agricultural societies around the world. We propose a conceptual model of low inequality in agrarian societies subject to extreme or unstable environments, where the sharing of knowledge, resources, and labor are the adaptive social responses to cope with the uncertainty in natural resources. The sustainability of the society is then guaranteed by a balance between collective action and family-based social organization.

Published
2022
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3. When the Past Lives in the Present. Agrarian Landscapes and Historical Social Dynamics in the Southern Andes (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina)

Author

Pablo Cruz, Nancy Egan, Richard Joffre, Jorge L. Cladera, and Thierry Winkel

Subjects
agrarian landscape, Andes, landscape mapping, pre-Hispanic agriculture, Spanish colonial period, peasant dynamics, Agriculture
Abstract

This article examines the agrarian landscape in one part of the southern Andes (Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina). The region possesses extensive and well-preserved archaeological remains of agricultural systems, which stretch back to pre-Hispanic times. In this study, we employ an interdisciplinary approach in our analysis of the components that structure the agrarian landscape, especially those historical processes that intervened in its formation. The creation of a cartographic base, built from remote sensing and fieldwork data, allowed for the identification of four principal components of the landscape, each of which correspond to distinct phases or periods that mark the region’s history. Our study shows that, in contrast to what is observed in many other rural areas, the successive productive dynamics that developed in the area did not result in the destruction of previous productive structures. Rather, the agrarian landscape in the study area presents a multi-temporal agglutinating combination or composition, which transcends historical discontinuities in the productive matrix. This is owing to the partial reutilisation of previous structures in each period; however, religious and cultural factors play an important role. The agrarian landscape we studied is not only a passive result of human activity, but also a force influencing the productive and lifestyle decisions of the peasant populations that live there today. Our research amplifies the understanding of agrarian landscapes in the Andes and shows how past temporalities are articulated with the present through a dialectical process.

Published
2021
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4. Discontinuities in quinoa biodiversity in the dry Andes: An 18-century perspective based on allelic genotyping.

Author

Thierry Winkel, María Gabriela Aguirre, Carla Marcela Arizio, Carlos Alberto Aschero, María Del Pilar Babot, Laure Benoit, Concetta Burgarella, Sabrina Costa-Tártara, Marie-Pierre Dubois, Laurène Gay, Salomón Hocsman, Margaux Jullien, Sara María Luisa López-Campeny, María Marcela Manifesto, Miguel Navascués, Nurit Oliszewski, Elizabeth Pintar, Saliha Zenboudji, Héctor Daniel Bertero, and Richard Joffre

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

History and environment shape crop biodiversity, particularly in areas with vulnerable human communities and ecosystems. Tracing crop biodiversity over time helps understand how rural societies cope with anthropogenic or climatic changes. Exceptionally well preserved ancient DNA of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) from the cold and arid Andes of Argentina has allowed us to track changes and continuities in quinoa diversity over 18 centuries, by coupling genotyping of 157 ancient and modern seeds by 24 SSR markers with cluster and coalescence analyses. Cluster analyses revealed clear population patterns separating modern and ancient quinoas. Coalescence-based analyses revealed that genetic drift within a single population cannot explain genetic differentiation among ancient and modern quinoas. The hypothesis of a genetic bottleneck related to the Spanish Conquest also does not seem to apply at a local scale. Instead, the most likely scenario is the replacement of preexisting quinoa gene pools with new ones of lower genetic diversity. This process occurred at least twice in the last 18 centuries: first, between the 6th and 12th centuries-a time of agricultural intensification well before the Inka and Spanish conquests-and then between the 13th century and today-a period marked by farming marginalization in the late 19th century likely due to a severe multidecadal drought. While these processes of local gene pool replacement do not imply losses of genetic diversity at the metapopulation scale, they support the view that gene pool replacement linked to social and environmental changes can result from opposite agricultural trajectories.

Published
2018
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5. Variación fenotípica intra- e inter-poblaciones en siete poblaciones de quinua del Altiplano boliviano

Author

Carmen R. Del Castillo Gutiérrez and Thierry Winkel

Subjects
Análisis jerárquico, Bolivia, Chenopodium quinoa, población, variación fenotípica, Agriculture (General), S1-972, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) muestra una gran variación genética, tanto molecular como morfológica, cuya organización sigue poco conocida. Por medio de ANOVAs y dendrograma caracterizamos la estructura de la variación de marcadores morfofenológicos registrados desde la emergencia hasta la madurez fisiológica en siete poblaciones de quinuas cultivadas dos años en jardín común. Los resultados muestran que la varianza morfo-fenológica se concentra en niveles de población y familia, cuando los rasgos relacionados con la producción de biomasa muestran alta variación a nivel interindividual. Estos resultados tienen implicancias agroecológicas relacionadas con el origen geográfico de las poblaciones. La comparación de clasificaciones fenotípica y molecular sugiere que no hay erosión genética en las poblaciones de quinua muestreadas.

Published
2014

6. Pre-hispanic agricultural dynamics in the Quebrada of Morohuasi (Salta, Argentina)

Author

Pablo Cruz, Richard Joffre, Thierry Winkel, Bruno Roux, Christian Vitry, UE CISOR CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Subsecretaría de Patrimonio de la Provincia de Salta, Argentina, and This research was funded by MSH-SUD (Maison des Sciences de l’Homme SUD, France: Project PANARCHI 2017–2018, IRD/CNRS/UCM/UNJU), and ECOS-SUD (Scientific Cooperation Program Argentina/France: Project ARCHIPA 2020–2022).

Subjects
Archeology, southern Andes, Formative Period, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, History of agriculture, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Inka, Land use changes, mitmaqkuna, pre-Hispanic agriculture, Agricultural landscapes
Abstract

Preprint de l'article publié le 06/12/2022 dans la revue "Ñawpa Pacha - Journal of the Institute of Andean Studies (Berkeley)", URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00776297.2022.2136305; International audience; The Quebrada de Morohuasi (Salta Province, Argentina), located in a semi-arid high-altitude environment, is known to host vast pre-Hispanic cultivation areas. Recent archaeological studies carried out in the agricultural area of Morohuasi allow for a better definition and understanding of the social and productive dynamics that took place there. Field records and AMS dating indicate two main productive phases that were discontinuous in time. These show an initial phase during the Formative Period, between the 1st and 4th centuries CE, during which the agricultural substratum was formed, and a final phase during the first decades of the 15th century CE that was related to the establishment of an agricultural colony under the control of the Inkas. Although the same cultivation plots were utilized during both phases, the mode and relations of production were substantially different, particularly in the second phase with the participation of contingents of mitmaqkunas brought from other regions.; Ubicada en un ambiente semiárido de altura, la Quebrada de Morohuasi (Salta, Argentina) es conocida por albergar vastas áreas de cultivo prehispánicas. Los recientes estudios arqueológicos realizados en el área agrícola de Morohuasi permiten una mejor definición y comprensión de las dinámicas sociales y productivas que allí se dieron. Los registros de campo y las dataciones AMS realizadas indican dos fases productivas principales discontinuas en el tiempo. Una fase inicial durante el Período Formativo, entre los siglos I y IV CE, en la cual se conforma el sustrato agrícola, y una fase final durante las primeras décadas del siglo XV CE, relacionada con el establecimiento de una colonia agrícola bajo control de los inkas. Si durante ambas fases se cultivaron las mismas parcelas, el modo y las relaciones de producción fueron sustancialmente distintas, destacándose particularmente en la segunda la participación de contingentes de mitmaqkunas llevados desde otras regiones.

Published
2022

7. Ontogeny modifies the effects of water stress on stomatal control, leaf area duration and biomass partitioning of Pennisetum glaucum

Author

Thierry Winkel, Jean-François Renno, and W. Payne

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Stomatal conductance, Physiology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant Science, 15. Life on land, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Anthesis, Agronomy, Botany, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Poaceae, Biomass partitioning, Leaf area index, Water-use efficiency, Water use, 010606 plant biology & botany, Transpiration
Abstract

• Experiments are presented that test the relative importance, during ontogeny, of stomatal control and leaf area expansion to optimum seasonal water use in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). These parameters play a key role in the compromise between plant growth and water saving under unpredictable conditions of semiarid environments. • The response of growth and water use of crops to successive 15 d drought periods was measured under field conditions in Niger (West Africa). • From emergence to anthesis, biomass partitioning to stems and panicles depended strongly on leaf area development. Water use was linearly related to green leaf area duration in well watered plots, but was reduced proportionally more than green leaf area in drought-affected plots. The relations of crop growth rate and transpiration efficiency to leaf area depended on ontogenetic changes in biomass partitioning. • In P. glaucum, stomata play a dominant role in reducing crop water use under preanthesis drought, although this control becomes negligible after anthesis because of ontogenetic decline in the range of stomatal conductance. The rate of leaf senescence after anthesis is not drought-dependent.

Published
2021

8. Rooting plasticity in wild and cultivated Andean Chenopodium species under soil water deficit

Author

Richard Joffre, Ricardo Álvarez-Flores, Thierry Winkel, Anh Nguyen-Thi-Truc, Santiago Peredo-Parada, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, root growth, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Taproot, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, phenotypic plasticity, Chenopodium quinoa, C. hircinum, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, water deficit, plant domestication, 2. Zero hunger, Chenopodium pallidicaule, Biomass (ecology), Chenopodium quinoa Willd, root topology, biology, Ecotype, Chenopodium, Plant physiology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, seed mass, Root architecture, Natural and human selection, C. pallidicaule, root shoot ratio, root plasticity, human and natural selection, Chenopodium hircinum, Soil Science, ecotype, root length, rhizotron, complex mixtures, plant adaptation, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Agroecology, root system architecture, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, root traits, Agronomy, Rhizotron, rooting depth, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, biomass allocation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Background and Aims: Rooting plasticity is critical for plants exploiting patchy soil-water resources, but empirical evidence remains controversial due to complex root/soil interactions in natural and agricultural environments. We compared cultivated and wild Chenopodium populations from distinct agroecological background to assess their rooting plasticity when exposed to contrasting wet-dry soil profiles in a controlled environment.Methods: Four treatments of increasing dryness were applied during 6 weeks in plants of Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule and two ecotypes (wet- and dry-habitat) of Chenopodium quinoa grown in rhizotrons. Root system architecture and growth were sequentially mapped. At the end of the experiment, plant and root morphological traits and dry biomass were measured.Results: Contrary to the other two species, C. quinoa showed accelerated taproot growth in dry soil conditions. The dry-habitat C. quinoa ecotype showed consistently higher plant traits related to longer, coarser, and more numerous root segments which give it a faster taproot growth and sustained root branching at depth in dry soil.Conclusions: High rooting plasticity confers the advantage of fast root elongation and deep soil exploration under soil water deficit. Variation in intrinsic root traits and plastic responses among Chenopodium populations controls their root foraging capacity facing patchy soil-water resources.

Published
2018

9. Panarchy of an indigenous agroecosystem in the globalized market: The quinoa production in the Bolivian Altiplano

Author

Muriel Tichit, Jean-Joinville Vacher, Carmen Del Castillo, Marco Chevarria-Lazo, Anaïs Vassas-Toral, Jean-François Tourrand, François Léger, Manuela Vieira-Pak, Thierry Winkel, Juan-Peter Nina-Laura, Richard Joffre, Serge Rambal, Pierre Bommel, Geneviève Cortes, Pierre Gasselin, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement (Cirad-Es-UPR 47 GREEN), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agrónomos y Veterinarios sin Fronteras (AVSF), Federal University of Lavras, Patrimoines locaux, Environnement et Globalisation (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Unité de recherche Paysannerie, Territoires, Environnement, Marchés et politiques Publiques (MONA), Facultad de Agronomia, Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), ANR-06-PADD-011-EQUECO, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement (UPR GREEN), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Geography, Planning and Development, Agency (philosophy), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 11. Sustainability, Economics, integrated assessment, Gouvernance, Economic geography, Structure agricole, Production alimentaire, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Utilisation des terres, adaptive cycle, Ecology, E90 - Structure agraire, 1. No poverty, Social dynamics, Agroécosystème, Psychological resilience, Mondialisation, land use change, Exploitation agricole familiale, media_common.quotation_subject, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Petite exploitation agricole, rural livelihood strategy, Globalization, Vulnerability assessment, Development economics, E50 - Sociologie rurale, transformative change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Adaptive capacity, Moyens d'existence, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, 15. Life on land, Développement régional, approches participatives, Quinoa, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Commons, Panarchy
Abstract

International audience; Agricultural globalization is blamed for destructive impacts on small farms in developing countries. Yet, many local societies are proactive in the face of these changes and show high adaptive capacity. Investigating their transformations with an integrative perspective and enough hindsight may reveal some of the bases of their resilience and adaptive capacity. Using field data and the panarchy concept of resilience theory, we analyzed the territorial and social dynamics of quinoa growers' communities in southern Bolivia over the last four decades, a case study of regime shift in a poverty-stricken rural society which deliberately entered the global food market. Linking the dynamics of the household economy to the territorial and social subsystems over several decades, we gained insights into the interactions that shaped the rise of quinoa production in the region. We found that a vivid tradition of mobility allowing for pluriactivity on-and off-farm, combined with community self-governance, explains how local populations succeeded in articulating individual agency with collective control over their commons of land, seed resources, and social rules. Our vulnerability analysis points to landscape homogenization, social inequity, and increased dependence on external factors as potential sources of unsustainability. We conclude that, to cope with the changes of unprecedented magnitude they are facing, local producers should retain social cohesion and autonomous governance, without giving up on their heritage of mobility and economic redundancy. As regards theory, we identified cross-scale subsystem configurations critical for regime shifts, and confirm the value of panarchy in capturing complex socioecological dynamics.

Published
2016

10. Trends in quinoa yield over the southern Bolivian altiplano : lessons from climate and land-use projections

Author

Serge Rambal, Jean-Pierre Ratte, Florent Mouillot, Thierry Winkel, Murphy, K. (ed.), Matanguihan, J. (ed.), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Murphy, Kevin, Matanguihan, Janet, and ANR-06-PADD-0011,EQUECO,L'émergence de la Quinoa dans le commerce mondial : quelles conséquences sur la durabilité sociale et agricole dans l'Altiplano bolivien ?(2006)

Subjects
Prospective Modeling, Geography, Land use, Bolivian Altiplano, Agroforestry, General Circulation Model, Yield (finance), Forestry, Sustainability Assessment, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, climate model, Land use and climate changes
Abstract

International audience; The Southern Altiplano of Bolivia is the world-leader in quinoa export. In these arid highlands, quinoa yield is largely influenced by on-going changes affecting both climate drivers and land-use practices. We developed a simple “what-if” simulation model for anticipating such changes in quinoa yields over three time-slices: a recent past (1961-2000), a near future (2046-2065), and finally a remote one (2081-2100). Outputs from a global climate model (GCM) were used as drivers for projections of regional climate patterns and for providing risk information. For tackling further problems arising from our limited understanding of what the local-level impacts of climate change are likely to be in this arid mountain area, we decided to consider a grid level area centered on the salar of Uyuni, a region experiencing marked changes in climate and land-use for the past four decades. Local land-use change scenarios were derived from aerial photographs and data from high-resolution remote-sensing validated by ground truth observations on sample areas representative of the region. Climate change scenarios were linked to our yield model composed of a soil water balance model coupled with a simple crop growth component. The daily climate from GCM runs has been used for driving the soil water balance model and calculating the drought severity that the crop might undergo. At the field plot level, the yield index (defined as the the simulated yield relative to a fixed yield potential) depends on soil drought, mean air temperature that largely affects carbon assimilation through photosynthesis, and minimal temperature that impairs the yield during frost nights. At the landscape scale, a mosaic of three land units is considered: cerros (steep slopes), faldas (gentle slopes in piedmonts) and pampas (flat plains). We simulated 2-year crop cycles taking into account complementarities among these landscape units. In each land unit, growth efficiency parameters are affected by the decline in the biological potential of the land. These parameters parallel the rate of encroachment of the quinoa crop, the subsequent decline of pasture lands in the pampa area and the soil aeolian erosion caused by such intensification. Results show an on-going decrease in the occurrence of frost that will be followed by an increasing drought frequency in the forthcoming decades. Long-term increase in soil dryness associated with a decline in the biological potential of the land may largely impair the sustainability of this area. This type of analysis, although speculative, provides insights which can assist research and development organizations target options for sustainability in crop production.

Published
2015

11. El presunto desastre ambiental y social de la quinua real: desarmar los clichés para reforzar la ética

Author

Thierry Winkel, Pablo Cruz, Ricardo Alvarez-Flores, Daniel Bertero, Carmen del Castillo, Pierre Gasselin, Richard Joffre, Santiago Peredo Parada, Luis Sáez Tonacca, Anaïs Vassas Toral, Manuela Viera-Pako, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiologicas y Ecologicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), consultant, ANR-06-PADD-11-EQUECO, ECOS-Sud A11B03, PCCI-2012 12051, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Agronomía [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)

Subjects
quinua, agricultural sustainability, preconception, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], technoscience, ethics, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The quinoa boom has provoked a lively debate about its social and ecological impacts in the southern Bolivian highlands, the world's leading export zone. An interdisciplinary analysis puts in perspective those changes seen in the last 40 years. While acknowledging the need for further support to local agrarian dynamics around quinoa production, we challenge affirmations about its unsustainability in southern Bolivia.; El auge de la quinua genera un vivo debate sobre sus impactos sociales y ecológicos en el altiplano sur de Bolivia, primer exportador mundial. Un análisis interdisciplinario permite poner en perspectiva los cambios ocurridos desde hace más de 40 años. Sin negar la necesidad de un apoyo a las dinámicas agrarias locales en torno a la quinua, se contestan aquellas afirmaciones que aseguran la insustentabilidad de la producción en el sur de Bolivia.

Published
2015

12. Sostenibilidad de la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia: un enfoque desde la panarquía

Author

Thierry Winkel, Pierre Pommel, Jean Bourliaud, Marco Allan Chevarria Lazo, Geneviève Cortes, Pierre Gasselin, Richard Joffre, Francois Leger, Serge Rambla, Gilles Rivière, Muriel Tichit, Jean-François Tourrand, Anaïs Vassas, Manuela Veira Pak, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Unité de recherche Paysannerie, Territoires, Environnement, Marchés et politiques Publiques (MONA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Mondes Américains (CERMA), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement (Cirad-Es-UPR 47 GREEN), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ANR-06-PADD-011-EQUECO, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement (UPR GREEN), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
quinua, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], sostenibilidad, bolivia
Abstract

Capitulo 10; Sostenibilidad de la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia: un enfoque desde la panarquía

Published
2015

13. Racionalidades campesinas en los Andes del Sur

Author

CRUZ, Pablo, Joffre, Richard, Winkel, T., Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Pablo Cruz, Richard Joffre, Thierry Winkel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Bolivia, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, arqueología, Argentina, pequeños agricultores, sostenibilidad, Andes, palaeobotany, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Peasants, biocultural landscape, smallholder farmers, Chile, panarchy, sociología rural, Chenopodium quinoa Willd, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, historia de la agricultura, archaeology, rural sociology, plant genetics, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, sustainability, human migrations, paisaje biocultural, history of agriculture, Migraciones laborales, genética vegetal, panarquía, Campesinos, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, paleobotánica
Abstract

International audience; This book originated in a workshop organised in La Paz (Bolivia) in December 2008, as part of the Franco-Bolivian ANR-EQUECO programme, with the aim of reflecting on socio-environmental changes in agriculture in the southern Andes over the last 1,000 years. Subsequently, as a result of international collaborations, including the Franco-Argentine ECOS programme, the editors invited other experts to contribute their work to these reflections. The authors of this book - archaeologists, anthropologists, geographers, geneticists, agronomists and ecologists - represent a balanced panel of human and biophysical sciences. All have direct and recent experience of the current or past reality of the societies and natural environment of the Southern Andes. Despite the diversity of their respective disciplines and perspectives, the authors have endeavoured to make their contributions accessible to a non-specialist audience, presenting tables and figures to facilitate understanding of the data and using a glossary to define, where necessary, certain technical or vernacular terms. The temporal scope of the book covers pre-Hispanic periods to the present, while geographically, it covers the southern altiplano and inter-Andean valleys of southern Bolivia, the puna and valleys of northwestern Argentina, and the contrasting regions of Chile.; Este libro tuvo su origen en un taller cuyo objetivo fue reflexionar sobre los cambios socio ambientales en la agricultura del sur andino en los últimos 1.000 años, encuentro organizado en La Paz (Bolivia) en diciembre de 2008, en el marco del programa franco-boliviano EQUECO. Luego, como fruto de colaboraciones internacionales entre ellas el programa franco-argentino ECOS, los editores invitaron a otros expertos más para que aporten con sus trabajos a estas reflexiones.Los autores de este libro –arqueólogos, antropólogos, geógrafos, genetistas, agrónomos y ecólogos– representan un panel equilibradoentre ciencias humanas y biofísicas. Todos cuentan con una experiencia directa y reciente de la realidad actual o pasada de las sociedades y del ambiente natural de los Andes del Sur. A pesar de la diversidad de sus respectivas disciplinas y perspectivas, los autores se aplicaron en hacer sus contribuciones accesibles al público no especializado, presentando tablas y figuras que faciliten la comprensión de los datos y utilizando un glosario para definir, cuando necesario, ciertos términos técnicos o vernaculares. El alcance temporal del libro cubre desde los períodos prehispánicos hasta el presente mientras que en lo geográfico, recorre desde el altiplano sur y los valles interandinos del sur de Bolivia, hasta la puna y los valles del noroeste de Argentina pasando por las contrastadas regiones de Chile.

Published
2015

14. Sostenibilidad de la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia: un enfoque desde la panarquía

Author

Winkel, T., Bommel, Pierre, Bourliaud, Jean, Chevarria, Marco, Cortes, Geneviève, Gasselin, Pierre, Joffre, Richard, Léger, François, Rambal, Serge, Rivière, Gilles, Tichit, Muriel, Tourrand, Jean-François, Vassas, Anaïs, Vieira-Pak, Manuela, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Pablo Cruz, Richard Joffre, Thierry Winkel, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
altiplano, Chenopodium quinoa Willd, Bolivia, sostenibilidad, peasant agriculture, Andes, sustainability, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Agricultura campesina, Peasant communities, panarquía, smallholder farmers, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, panarchy
Abstract

Capitulo 10; International audience; The current production of quinoa for export in the southern highlands of Bolivia raises the question of the sustainability of an agriculture that has apparently been successfully introduced into economic globalisation. In its ecological, social and economic aspects, this success seems paradoxical, turning an inhospitable region and a long-marginalised crop into a dynamic production area for a cereal that is highly valued in the organic and fair trade markets of the northern hemisphere. The producers of the altiplano, the initiators of this success, are now concerned about the sustainability of their agricultural activities and the conservation of the social and natural capital of their territories. The complexity of this particular agrosystem results from ecological and social processes operating simultaneously at various scales of time and space. Panarchy theory offers a conceptual framework for integrating this diversity of entities, scales and processes. A diagnosis of socio-ecological vulnerability in the region highlights the sensitivity of local agrosystems to changes affecting the management of territorial resources and also underlines the adaptability of producer families thanks to a diversified system of mobility and pluriactivity. Leaving behind agro-technical solutions based on sectoral visions, the panarchy articulates three interlocking subsystems, focusing on their respective fields of vulnerability/adaptability: families and their economic choices, space and its territorial dynamics, and society and its regulations. This systemic analysis reveals the circumstances that promoted the dynamics observed over the last 40 years. It identifies some of the conditions necessary for the adaptive management of the socio-ecosystems of Bolivia's southern highlands. Among them, the redundancy of economic activities carried out by families and the ambivalence of social regulation facilitate the adaptability and capacity for transformation of local socio-ecosystems. However, in the necessary renewal of social norms of land use, the challenge for local populations lies in devising a more secure and equitable management of territorial resources without giving in to the command-and-control tendency promoted by the various actors that have multiplied in the area.; La producción actual de quinua de exportación en el altiplano sur de Bolivia plantea la cuestión de la sostenibilidad de una agricultura introducida, aparentemente con éxito, en la mundialización económica. Tanto en sus aspectos ecológicos, como sociales y económicos, este éxito parece paradójico, haciendo de una región inhóspita y un cultivo marginalizado por mucho tiempo una zona dinámica de producción para un cereal muy apreciado en los mercados orgánicos y de comercio justo del hemisferio norte. Los productores del altiplano, iniciadores de este éxito, están ahora preocupados por la sostenibilidad de sus actividades agrícolas y la conservación del capital social y natural de sus territorios. La complejidad de este agrosistema particular resulta de procesos ecológicos y sociales operando simultáneamente en varias escalas de tiempo y espacio. La teoría de la panarquía ofrece un marco conceptual para integrar esta diversidad de entidades, escalas y procesos. Un diagnóstico de la vulnerabilidad socioecológica en la región resalta la sensibilidad de los agrosistemas locales a los cambios que afectan el manejo de los recursos territoriales y recalca también la adaptabilidad de las familias de productores gracias a un sistema diversificado de movilidad y pluriactividad. Dejando atrás las soluciones agrotécnicas elaboradas en base a visiones sectoriales, la panarquía articula tres subsistemas encajados, focalizando en sus respectivos campos de vulnerabilidad/adaptabilidad: las familias y sus opciones económicas, el espacio y su dinámica territorial, la sociedad y sus regulaciones. Este análisis sistémico revela las circunstancias que promovieron la dinámica observada en los últimos 40 años. Se identifican así algunas condiciones necesarias para un manejo adaptativo de los socioecosistemas del altiplano sud de Bolivia. Entre ellas, la redundancia de las actividades económicas desempeñadas por las familias y la ambivalencia de la regulación social facilitan la adaptabilidad y la capacidad de transformación de los socioecosistemas locales. Sin embargo, en la necesaria renovación de las normas sociales de uso de las tierras, el reto para las poblaciones locales se suma en concebir un manejo más seguro y equitativo de los recursos territoriales sin ceder a la tendencia de comando-y-control promovida por los varios actores que se multiplicaron en la zona.

Published
2015

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