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Copyright of Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural is the property of Sociedad Espanola para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Automatic term extraction (ATE) is a natural language processing task that eases the effort of manually identifying terms from domain-specific corpora by providing a list of candidate terms. In this paper, we treat ATE as a sequence-labeling task and explore the efficacy of XLMR in evaluating cross-lingual and multilingual learning against monolingual learning in the cross-domain ATE context. Additionally, we introduce NOBI, a novel annotation mechanism enabling the labeling of single-word nested terms. Our experiments are conducted on the ACTER corpus, encompassing four domains and three languages (English, French, and Dutch), as well as the RSDO5 Slovenian corpus, encompassing four additional domains. Results indicate that cross-lingual and multilingual models outperform monolingual settings, showcasing improved F1-scores for all languages within the ACTER dataset. When incorporating an additional Slovenian corpus into the training set, the multilingual model exhibits superior performance compared to state-of-the-art approaches in specific scenarios. Moreover, the newly introduced NOBI labeling mechanism enhances the classifier's capacity to extract short nested terms significantly, leading to substantial improvements in Recall for the ACTER dataset and consequentially boosting the overall F1-score performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancements in technology, particularly in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be advantageous for the agricultural sector to enhance the yield. Establishing an agricultural ontology as part of the development would spur the expansion of cross-domain agriculture. Semantic and syntactic knowledge of the domain data is required for building such a domain-based ontology. To process the data from text documents, a standard technique with syntactic and semantic features are needed because the availability of pre-determined agricultural domain-based data is insufficient. In this research work, an Agricultural Ontologies Construction framework (AOC) is proposed for creating the agricultural domain ontology from text documents using NLP techniques with Robustly Optimized BERT Approach (RoBERTa) model and Graph Convolutional Network (GCN). The anaphora present in the documents are resolved to produce precise ontology from the input data. In the proposed AOC work, the domain terms are extracted using the RoBERTa model with Regular Expressions (RE) and the relationships between the domain terms are retrieved by utilizing the GCN with RE. When compared to other current systems, the efficacy of the proposed AOC method achieves an exceptional result, with precision and recall of 99.6% and 99.1% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic term extraction from a biomedical text is a well-known problem in the area of natural language processing. It is carried out by employing four kinds of measures: linguistic and rule-based, dictionary-based, statistical, and machine learning. Automatic term extraction indicates whether or not two or more words come together in the text more often than by chance to form a biomedical term that is automatically extracted using an automated system. A fuzzy set-theoretic approach is presented in this article and compares with the existing statistical measures. The experimental result shows that the fuzzy measure offers better precision than the popular statistical measures for extracting biomedical terms, especially when we have compared more than 60% ranked list of extracted terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are working towards automation of ontology construction to manage the ever-growing data on the web. Currently, there is a shift from the use of machine learning techniques towards exploration of deep learning models for ontology construction. Deep learning model are capable of extracting terms, entities, relations, and classifications, and perform axiom learning from the underutilized richness of web-based knowledge. There has been remarkable progress in automatic ontology creation using deep learning models since they can perform word embedding, long-term dependency acquisition, concept extraction from large corpora, and inference of abstracted relationships based on broad corpora. Despite their emerging importance, deep learning models remain underutilized in ontology construction, and there is no comprehensive review of their application in ontology learning. This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing deep-learning models for the construction of ontologies, the strength and the weaknesses presented by the deep learning models for ontology learning as well as promising directions to achieve a more robust deep learning models. The Deep Learning models reviewed include Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTMs), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) as well as their ensembles. While these traditional deep learning models have achieved great success, one of their limitations is that they struggle to understand the meaning and order of data in sequences. CNNs and RNN-based models such as LSTMs and GRUs can be computationally expensive due to their large number of parameters or complex gating mechanisms. Furthermore, RNN models suffer from vanishing gradients, making it difficult to learn long-term relationships in sequences. Additionally, RNN-based models process information sequentially, limiting their ability to take advantage of powerful parallel computing hardware, slowing down training and inference, especially for long sequences. Consequently, there has been a shift towards Generative Pre-Trained (GPT) models and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models. This paper also reviewed the GPT-3, GPT-4, and the BERT models for extracting terms, entities, relations, and classifications. While GPT models excel in contextual understanding and flexibility, they fall short when handling domain-specific terminology and disambiguating complex relationships. Fine-tuning and domain-specific training data could minimize these shortcomings, and further enhance the performance of GPT in term and relation extraction tasks. On the other hand, the BERT models excel in comprehending context-heavy texts, but struggles with higher-level abstraction and inference tasks due to a lack of explicit semantic knowledge, thus necessitating inference for unspecified relationships. The paper recommends further research on deep learning models for ontology alignment and merging. Also, the ensembling of deep learning models and the use of domain-specific knowledge for ontology learning require further research for ontology construction.

Manual term extraction is similar to literal meaning: A translator browses text, classifies words, and prepares for translation. Terminology, as a centralized carrier of expertise, creation, popularization, and disappearance, dynamically reflects the development and evolution of an industry. The automatic extraction of terminology is a key technology for creating a professional terminology database, and it is also a key topic in the field of natural language processing. The purpose of this paper is to study how to analyse a term extraction algorithm based on machine learning and a comprehensive feature strategy. Focusing on the problems of poor generality and single statistical features of current term extraction algorithms, this paper proposes an improved domain ontology term extraction algorithm based on a comprehensive feature strategy. Moreover, automatic term extraction experiments based on a word-based maximum entropy model and a conditional random field model based on machine learning are conducted in this paper. Its word-based conditional random field model outperforms the maximum entropy model. The experimental results show that the algorithm based on the comprehensive feature strategy improves the accuracy by 8.6% compared with the TF-IDF algorithm and the C-value term extraction algorithm. This algorithm can be used to effectively extract the terms in a text and has good generality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Terminology is the property of China Terminology Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Term extraction from textbooks is the cornerstone of many different intelligent natural language processing systems, especially those that support learners and educators in the education system. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised domain-independent model that automatically extracts relevant and domain-related key terms from a single PDF textbook, without relying on a statistical technique or external knowledge base. It only relies on the basic linguistic techniques of the natural language processing: pattern recognition, sentence tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and chunking. The model takes a PDF textbook as an input and produces a list of key terms as an output. Furthermore, the model proposes a novel classification of sentences from which the concept of defining sentences is proposed. The defining sentences are the main textual units that the model revolves around to identify the key terms. The architecture of the proposed work consists of 21 processes distributed across three phases. The first phase consists of five processes for extracting text from a PDF textbook and cleaning it for the next phases. The second phase consists of eight processes for identifying the defining sentences and extracting them from all the textbook's sentences. The last phase consists of eight processes for identifying and extracting the key terms from every defining sentence. The proposed work was evaluated by two experiments in which two PDF textbooks from different fields are used. The experimental evaluation showed that the results were promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in technology brought various innovations to agricultural practices. As a part of the development, establishing an agricultural ontology would unleash the growth of cross-domain agriculture and Natural Language Processing (NLP). For constructing such domain-based ontology, semantic and syntactic understanding of the domain data is needed. In agriculture, the availability of pre-determined domain-based data is not sufficient hence, a standard methodology with syntactic and general semantic features are required for processing the data. In this research work, Agricultural Domain based Ontology Construction (ADOC) is proposed and the overall framework has three approaches for establishing the agriculture domain based ontologies. The input text documents undergo anaphora resolution phase utilizing the semantic-based method. In the first method of ADOC the ontology is developed using the terms and relationships that are extracted from the NLP techniques. The second method of ADOC uses pretrained BERT model and Hearst patterns while the third model of ADOC is based on pretrained BERT with regular expressions and unsupervised Graph Neural Network (GNN) for creating the agricultural ontology. The efficacy of the proposed ADOC utilizing BERT with regular expressions and GNN method shows an outstanding result when compared to other proposed and prevailing systems, with a precision and recall of 96.67% and 98.31%.

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intent classification is an essential task for goal-oriented dialogue systems for automatically identifying customers' goals. Although intent classification performs well in general settings, domain-specific user goals can still present a challenge for this task. To address this challenge, we automatically generate knowledge graphs for targeted data sets to capture domain-specific knowledge and leverage embeddings trained on these knowledge graphs for the intent classification task. As existing knowledge graphs might not be suitable for a targeted domain of interest, our automatic generation of knowledge graphs can extract the semantic information of any domain, which can be incorporated within the classification process. We compare our results with state-of-the-art pre-trained sentence embeddings and our evaluation of three data sets shows improvement in the intent classification task in terms of precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a new complex solution for automatic analysis and terms identification in regulatory and technical documentation (RTD). The task of terms identification in the documentation is one of the key issues in the digitalization dealing with the design and construction of buildings and structures. At the moment, the search and verification of RTD requirements is performed manually, which entails a significant number of errors. Automation of such tasks will significantly improve the quality of computer-aided design. The developed algorithm is based on such methods of natural language analysis as tokenization, search for lemmas and stems, analysis of stop words and word embeddings applied to tokens and phrases, part-of-speech tagging, syntactic annotation, etc. The experiments on the automatic extraction of terms from regulatory documents have shown great prospects of the proposed algorithm and its application for building knowledge graphs in the design domain. The recognition accuracy for 202 documents selected by experts was 79 % for the coincidence of names and 37 % for the coincidence of term identifiers. This is a comparable result with the known approaches to solving this problem. The results of the work can be used in computer-aided design systems based on Building information modeling (BIM) models, as well as to automate the examination of design documentation.

Intent classification is an essential task for goal-oriented dialogue systems for automatically identifying customers’ goals. Although intent classification performs well in general settings, domain-specific user goals can still present a challenge for this task. To address this challenge, we automatically generate knowledge graphs for targeted data sets to capture domain-specific knowledge and leverage embeddings trained on these knowledge graphs for the intent classification task. As existing knowledge graphs might not be suitable for a targeted domain of interest, our automatic generation of knowledge graphs can extract the semantic information of any domain, which can be incorporated within the classification process. We compare our results with state-of-the-art pre-trained sentence embeddings and our evaluation of three data sets shows improvement in the intent classification task in terms of precision.

The development of terminologies for domains where these are lacking is a time-consuming and costly task. This article takes a methodological perspective and addresses a general methodological question: how can we, with limited funding, utilise to a maximal degree, existing language resources to create a terminology at a relatively low cost? Although an important player in the maritime industries for many centuries, Norway has not prioritised the systematic development of an official maritime terminology. The article therefore focuses specifically on efforts to develop a national resource for maritime domains. The article describes efforts to create a corpus of popular science and a parallel corpus of technical texts. Six different term extraction methods are applied. These include corpus-based statistical analyses of frequency, collocation and keyness, as well as bilingual term extraction. Finally, the pros and cons of each method are evaluated by means of a cost-benefit analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the utility infrastructure domain becoming more technologically advanced with the modeling of all types of information across varying sectors, it is imperative to develop a domain ontology to enable the interoperability across the heterogeneous landscape of information modeling. This paper develops an ontology for the utility infrastructure domain by coupling the semantics of City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Utility Network application domain extension (ADE)—a candidate open standard for modeling utilities—and domain glossaries, lists of utility terms with their textual definitions. First, a base ontology is formalized by abstracting the modeling information in the ADE through a series of semantic mappings. Second, a novel integrated natural language processing (NLP) approach is devised to automatically learn the semantics from the glossaries. The learning process includes the extraction of utility product terms using conditional random field (CRF) and the classification of semantic relationships between the terms using long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. Finally, the semantics learned from the glossaries are incorporated into the base ontology to result in a domain ontology for utility infrastructure. The NLP approach was evaluated using human-annotated test sets, and results show an average accuracy of 96% in term extraction and 86% in semantic relationship classification. For the case demonstration, a glossary of water product terms was learned to enrich the base ontology and the resulting ontology was evaluated to be an accurate, sufficient, and shared conceptualization of the domain. The newly developed ontology is expected to function effectively as an interoperability facilitator for the utility infrastructure domain, attributed to the semantic compatibility with existing utility modeling initiatives and the enriched/expandable semantic vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to terminology, the Dutch-speaking regions have a long tradition of collaboration. Since the eighties there have been several partnerships and committees, all lead by the Dutch Language Union. There was a growing awareness that a central point was needed to bring together all information concerning Dutch terminology and to make it generally accessible. Since 2016, the Dutch Language Institute (INT) in Leiden manages and develops all Dutch language materials. The whole spectrum of language, including professional language, regional languages and dialects, is now given attention, making it no more than logical for the INT to accommodate the Centre of Expertise for Dutch Terminology (ENT). The main task of the ENT is to offer information, facilities, products and services in the field of terminology. Apart from that, research is done into the professional language of three specific fields: legal language, medical language and the language of higher education. In this article I will go deeper into the wide range of information supplied by the ENT, including specific software tools for terminological tasks. I will also describe several of the terminology projects that are being conducted at the Dutch Language Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era of Big Data the demand for developing efficient information processing techniques for different applications is expanding steadily. One such possible application is automatic creation of ontology. Such an ontology is often found to be helpful for answering queries for the underlying domain. The present work proposes a scheme for designing an ontology for agriculture domain. The proposed scheme works in two steps. In the first step it uses domain-dependent regular expressions and natural language processing techniques for automatic extraction of vocabulary pertaining to agriculture domain. In the second step semantic relationships between the extracted terms and phrases are identified. A rule-based reasoning algorithm RelExOnt has been proposed for the said task. Human evaluation of the term extraction output yields precision and recall of 75.7% and 60%, respectively. The relation extraction algorithm, RelExOnt performs well with an average precision of 86.89%.

Understanding knowledge co-creation in key emerging areas of European research is critical for policy makers wishing to analyze impact and make strategic decisions. However, purely data-driven methods for characterising policy topics have limitations relating to the broad nature of such topics and the differences in language and topic structure between the political language and scientific and technological outputs. In this paper, we discuss the use of ontologies and semantic technologies as a means to bridge the linguistic and conceptual gap between policy questions and data sources for characterising European knowledge production. Our experience suggests that the integration between advanced techniques for language processing and expert assessment at critical junctures in the process is key for the success of this endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we describe ways to profile the domain specificity, a.k.a. domainhood, of specialized web corpora in English and in Swedish. Several studies have been carried out to measure the "qualities" of general-purpose web corpora. On the contrary, less attention has been paid to the evaluation of specialized or domain-specific web corpora. To fill this gap, in this article we present case studies where we explore the effectiveness of several statistical measures -- i.e. rank correlation coefficients (Kendall and Spearman), Kullback--Leibler divergence, log-likelihood and burstiness - to assess domainhood. Our findings indicate that it is possible to profile the domainhood quality of a corpus. However, further research is needed to generalize on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new system for semi-automatically building, extending and managing a terminological thesaurus — a multilingual terminology dictionary enriched with relationships between the terms themselves to form a thesaurus. The system allows to radically enhance the workow of current terminology expert groups, where most of the editing decisions still come from introspection. The presented system supplements the lexicographic process with natural language processing techniques, which are seamlessly integrated to the thesaurus editing environment. The system's methodology and the resulting thesaurus are closely connected to new domain corpora in the six languages involved. They are used for term usage examples as well as for the automatic extraction of new candidate terms. The terminological thesaurus is now accessible via a web-based application, which (a) presents rich detailed information on each term, (b) visualizes term relations, and (c) displays real-life usage examples of the term in the domain-related documents and in the context-based similar terms. Furthermore, the specialized corpora are used to detect candidate translations of terms from the central language (Czech) to the other languages (English, French, German, Russian and Slovak) as well as to detect broader Czech terms, which help to place new terms in the actual thesaurus hierarchy. This project has been realized as a terminological thesaurus of land surveying, but the presented tools and methodology are reusable for other terminology domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the corpus-based investigation of a collection of historical broadsheets from the 18th century with regards to the use of legal terminology and explores the specific language features of the genre in terms of legal terminology with the help of digital methods. Elements of specialized language cannot only be found in specialized text but also in other text genres, among them media texts. The article aims to contribute to research into historical legal terminology of the 18th century, while simultaneously bringing into focus a little-explored media format, the historical execution broadsheets also known as "Death Sentences". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]