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We demonstrate how the pitchfork, transcritical and saddle-node bifurcations of steady states observed in dynamical systems with a finite number of isolated equilibrium points occur in systems with lines of equilibria. The exploration is carried out by using the numerical simulation and linear stability analysis applied to a model of a memristor-based oscillator. First, all the discussed bifurcation scenarios are considered in the context of systems including Chua's memristor with a piecewise-smooth characteristic. Then the memristor characteristic is changed to a function that is smooth everywhere. Finally, the action of the memristor forgetting effect is taken into consideration. The presented results are obtained for electronic circuit models, but the considered bifurcation phenomena can be exhibited by systems with a line of equilibria of any nature., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

The effects of the global harmonic force on an ensemble of nonlocally coupled chaotic Rossler oscillators is studied. The autonomous ensemble without external force demonstrates a stable regime of chimera state. We have considered two types of the chimera states, namely phase chimera with a single incoherence cluster and combined chimera state with the incoherence clusters of the phase and amplitude chimeras. We have shown that even the sufficiently weak external influence leads to the qualitative changes in the spatiotemporal behavior of the ensemble under study. The diagram of regimes has been plotted in the plane of external signal parameters, where we detect regions with different dynamical regimes, induced by the external excitation. They are the spatiotemporal intermittence of structures, stable chimera states, stable regimes with a piecewise spatial profile, spatiotemporal chaos, complete chaotic synchronization and spatial incoherence. We have explored each of these regimes in detail and has found out that they are characterized by a certain distinctive range of the maximal Lyapunov exponent. We have found that the change of spatiotemporal behavior is not accompanied by the effects of locking the natural frequency or of suppression of selfoscillation by the external signal.

We study numerically external synchronization of chimera states in a network of many unidirectionally coupled layers, each representing a ring of nonlocally coupled discretetime systems. The dynamics of each element in the network is described by either the logistic map or the bistable cubic map. We consider two cases: when all M unidirectionally coupled layers are identical and when (M − 1) identical layers differ from the first driving layer in their nonlocal coupling parameters. It is shown that the master chimera state in the first layer can be retranslating along the network with small distortions which are defined by a parameter mismatch. We also analyze the dependence of the mean-square deviation of the structure in the ith layer on the nonlocal coupling parameters.

We present an index for the local sensitivity of spatiotemporal structures in coupled oscillatory systems based on the asymptotic scaling of local-in-space, finite-time Lyapunov Exponents. For a system of nonlocally-coupled R\"{o}ssler oscillators, we show that deviations of this index reflect the sensitivity to noise and the onset of spatial chaos for the patterns where coherence and incoherence regions coexist., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures

The influence of noise on chimera states arising in ensembles of nonlocally coupled chaotic maps is studied. There are two types of chimera structures that can be obtained in such ensembles: phase and amplitude chimera states. In this work, a series of numerical experiments is carried out to uncover the impact of noise on both types of chimeras. The noise influence on a chimera state in the regime of periodic dynamics results in the transition to chaotic dynamics. At the same time, the transformation of incoherence clusters of the phase chimera to incoherence clusters of the amplitude chimera occurs. Moreover, it is established that the noise impact may result in the appearance of a cluster with incoherent behavior in the middle of a coherence cluster.

We study the phenomena of chimera destruction and inducing of chimera-like states in an ensemble of nonlocally coupled chaotic Rossler oscillators under an external harmonic force. The localized harmonic influence can lead to both destruction and changing of the spatial topology of chimeras. At the same time this influence can cause the emergence of stable chimera-like states (induced chimeras) for the regime of partial coherent chaos. Induced chimeras are also observed for the global influence. We show the possibility of controlling the chimera-like state topology by varying the parameters of localized external harmonic influence.

We study the boundaries of existence of traveling waves and stationary spatial structures in an active medium model by varying the control parameters. The medium is represented by a ring of diffusively coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo neurons, which, when uncoupled, can demonstrate excitable, self-sustained oscillatory or bistable dynamics depending on control parameter values. The dynamical regimes realized in the medium are compared with those ones observed in an individual FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron. Possible bifurcations of traveling waves are analyzed when the dynamics of the medium elements changes. We also explore the influence of the relaxation level of FitzHugh–Nagumo neurons on the medium dynamics.

We consider ensembles of bistable elements with nonlocal interaction. It is shown that the bistability of units in the case of nonlocal interaction leads to the formation of chimera structures of a special type, which we have called double-well chimeras. Their distinctive feature consists in the formation of incoherence clusters with an irregular distribution of elements between two attractive sets existing in an individual element (two “potential wells”). Ensembles of different bistable units are considered, namely ensembles of cubic maps, FitzHugh–Nagumo oscillators in the regime of two stable equilibrium points and Chua’s circuits. The spatiotemporal behavior of the ensembles is studied in the cases of regular and chaotic dynamics in time, and different types of chimera structures are revealed.

We study spatial structures arising in an ensemble of Anishchenko–Astakhov chaotic self-sustained oscillators with non-local coupling. Diagrams of the regimes realizing in this system are constructed numerically. The peculiarities of formation of chimera states appearing with decreasing the coupling strength are analyzed. A new type of the chimera state which is born from the traveling wave regime is demonstrated.

Using numerical simulation methods and analytical approach, we demonstrate hard self-oscillation excitation in systems with infinitely many equilibrium points forming a line of equilibria in the phase space. The studied bifurcation phenomena are equivalent to the excitation scenario via the subcritical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation observed in classical self-oscillators with isolated equilibrium points. The hysteresis and bistability accompanying the discussed processes are shown and explained. The research is carried out on an example of a nonlinear memristor-based self-oscillator model. First, a simpler model including Chua's memristor with a piecewise-smooth characteristic is explored. Then the memristor characteristic is changed to a function being smooth everywhere. Finally, the action of the memristor forgetting effect is taken into consideration., 8 Pages, 6 Figures

A model of two self-sustained oscillators interacting through memristive coupling is studied. The memristive coupling is realized by using a cubic memristor model. Numerical simulation is combined with theoretical analysis by means of quasi-harmonic reduction. It is shown that the specifics of the memristor nonlinearity results in the appearance of infinitely many equilibrium points which form a line of equilibria in the phase space of the system under study. It is established that the possibility to observe the effect of phase locking in the considered system depends on both parameter values and initial conditions. Consequently, the boundaries of the synchronization region are determined by the initial conditions. It is demonstrated that introducing or adding a small term into the memristor state equation gives rise to the disappearance of the line of equilibria and eliminates the dependence of synchronization on the initial conditions.

The model of a non-autonomous memristor-based oscillator with a line of equilibria is studied. A numerical simulation of the system driven by a periodical force is combined with a theoretical analysis by means of the quasi-harmonic reduction. Both two mechanisms of synchronization are demonstrated: capture of the phase and frequency of oscillations and suppression by an external signal. Classification of undamped oscillations in an autonomous system with a line of equilibria as a special kind of self-sustained oscillations is concluded due to the possibility to observe the effect of frequency-phase locking in the same system in the presence of an external influence. It is established that the occurrence of phase locking in the considered system continuously depends both on parameter values and initial conditions. The simultaneous dependence of synchronization area boundaries on the initial conditions and the parameter values is also shown., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures

The intrinsic features of systems with a line of equilibria are analyzed by studying of memristor-based Chua's oscillator. The analog modeling of the system is carried out together with its numerical simulation. The characteristics of stochastic oscillations in the system under study are explored in the presence of noise. The issues concerning the physical realization of a system with a line of equilibria are also considered.

A model of memristor-based Chuas oscillator is studied. The considered system has infinitely many equilibrium points, which build a line of equilibria. Bifurcational mechanisms of oscillation excitation are explored for different forms of nonlinearity. Hard and soft excitation scenarios have principally different nature. The hard excitation is determined by the memristor piecewise-smooth characteristic and is a result of a border-collision bifurcation. The soft excitation is caused by addition of a smooth nonlinear function and has distinctive features of the supercritical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation. Mechanisms of instability and amplitude limitation are described for both two cases. Numerical modelling and theoretical analysis are combined with experiments on an electronic analog model of the system under study. The issues concerning physical realization of the dynamics of systems with a line of equilibria are considered. The question on whether oscillations in such systems can be classified as the self-sustained oscillations is raised., 14 pages, 5 figures

We study numerically forced synchronization of a heterogeneous multilayer network in the regime of a complex spatiotemporal pattern. Retranslating the master chimera structure in a driving layer along subsequent layers is considered, and the peculiarities of forced synchronization are studied depending on the nature and degree of heterogeneity of the network, as well as on the degree of asymmetry of the inter-layer coupling. We also analyze the possibility of synchronizing all the network layers with a given accuracy when the coupling parameters are varied.

We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of a ring of nonlocally coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators in the bistable regime. A new type of chimera patterns has been found in the noise-free network and when isolated elements do not oscillate. The region of existence of these structures has been explored when the coupling range and the coupling strength between the network elements are varied., Comment: 5 figures

The problem of spatiotemporal pattern formation in the wall of arterial vesselsmay be reduced to 1D or 2D models of nonlinear active medium. We address this problem using the discrete array of non-oscillating (bistable) active units. We show how the specific choice of initial conditions in a 1D model with periodic boundary conditions triggers the self-sustained behaviour. We reveal the core of observed effects being the dynamical formation of localized (few-element size) autonomous pacemakers.

We present numerical results for a set of bifurcations occurring at the transition from complete chaotic synchronization to spatio-temporal chaos in a ring of nonlocally coupled chaotic logistic maps. The regularities are established for the evolution of cross-correlations of oscillations in the network elements at the bifurcations related to the coupling strength variation. We reveal the distinctive features of cross-correlations for phase and amplitude chimera states. It is also shown that the effect of time intermittency between the amplitude and phase chimeras can be realized in the considered ensemble.