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The mysterious phrase “Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin” from the Book of Daniel has fascinated scholars and theologians for centuries. Despite its significance in the Judaeo-Christian tradition, in-depth linguistic analysis of the phrase in Aramaic texts is still limited. This study aims to bridge the gap between current knowledge and the desired understanding of the phrase’s linguistic structure, semantic implications, and historical context. Using descriptive and historical linguistic analysis methods on ancient Aramaic script, this study seeks to investigate the origins and development of the phrase while evaluating previous interpretations. This study will contribute to the understanding of ancient Semitic linguistics and culture, enriching theological and historical studies related to the Book of Daniel. Through this combined approach, this study aims to shed light on the linguistics, culture, and history in the broader context of ancient Semitic languages and texts, ultimately providing a clearer understanding of the phrase’s use, impact, and social relevance in ancient times. Thus, it is found that (1) In ancient Mesopotamian culture, supernatural signs such as the writing on the walls of Belshazzar’s palace were viewed as direct divine intervention in human affairs. (2) This phrase carries a very strong message of criticism against the king. (3) Symbolic meaning for communication and narrative was important for the time. In conclusion. This research enhances the understanding of the Old Testament scriptures and the reception and interpretation of divine messages in specific historical settings. This understanding also opens the stage for further investigation of the correlation between sacred texts and their historical environment. Future scholarly investigations could investigate the social and political impact of divine messages in other ancient textual materials.

The 0.6% contribution of the forestry sector to GDP is considered very low despite 64.1% of Indonesia's land area being allocated as forests. Most of the 64.8% production forest allocated is not yet optimized for strengthening national food security, in which Indonesia is ranked 65th in the world. Therefore, an innovative forest management system is needed to synergize timber and non-timber production. This paper presents a multi-business forestry (Mb-F) implementation strategy analyzed through a dynamic system-based multi-criterion decision-making tool named Super Model Mb-F (SM Mb-F). SM Mb-F is built based on a causal loop diagram (CLD), which describes the dynamic relationship between land typology suitability and decisions related to the type of business, commodities, land use area, workload, and financing for many variables relating to 5M business principles and sustainability. Results showed that CLD formulated in 280 sub-models in a total of 4,764 decision variables with an error deviation of 6.4%. The SM Mb-F simulation on two sample concession units produces a projected increase in wood supply, employment, and state revenue, plus the provision of new functions such as food, NTFP, and environmental services. These benefits are obtained by business feasibility. Assuming that gradually until 2030, the Mb-F can be implemented in 32% of Indonesia's production forests, then by 2045, it is projected that there will be an increase in wood production by 296.8%, state revenue by 654.3%, and labor absorption by 985.7%, as well as adding food production up to 19.36 M tons. This is because the land use efficiency of the current operation of forest concessions following the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) under the selective cutting and replanting system in Indonesia (TPTI) is only about 3% of the total area of forest concession. Assuming the cutting cycle is 35 years, timber could be extracted in 1/35 of the total forest concession area. Implementing Mb-F will significantly improve the land use efficiency from about 3% to 90%. The Mb-F will also restrain the rate of decline in carbon stocks, which is deeper if governance is still under the BAU scenario. This research suggests further global research, emphasizing the importance of innovative models for sustainable forestry governance and food security worldwide.

The purpose of this study was to explore the role, experiences, and challenges of principals in Orang Asli primary schools during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study is a qualitative study using purposive sampling to select the informants. The data was gathered from in-depth semi-structured interviews with the principals. "Roles and responsibilities," "challenges during the Covid-19 epidemic," and "strategies and expectations" were the three primary themes discovered throughout the analysis. The findings of the study emphasized the critical role of principals in managing their schools, especially during unprecedented situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic. By identifying these emerging themes, principals and educational policy-makers can focus on their current efforts while facilitating and accommodating the needs of their workforce, families, and students. This study also contributed to the body of knowledge regarding the importance of leadership in school organizations.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Tablet-based perimetry could be used to test for glaucomatous visual field defects in settings without easy access to perimeters, although few studies have assessed diagnostic accuracy of tablet-based tests. The goal of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of iPad perimetry using the visualFields Easy application. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of patients undergoing their first Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) visual field test at a glaucoma clinic in India. Participants underwent 24-2 SITA Standard HFA testing and iPad-based perimetry with the visualFields Easy application. Reference standards for both visual field loss and suspected glaucoma were determined by ophthalmologist review of HFA results and optic disc photographs. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess diagnostic accuracy at various test thresholds. RESULTS: 203 eyes from 115 participants were included, with 82 eyes classified as moderate or worse glaucoma. iPad perimetry had an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.64 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.71) for detection of any visual field defect relative to HFA and an AUROC of 0.68 (0.59 to 0.76) for detection of moderate or worse glaucoma relative to ophthalmologist examination. At a set specificity of 90%, the sensitivity of iPad perimetry for detection of moderate or worse glaucoma was 35% (22-48%). CONCLUSIONS: iPad perimetry using the visualFields Easy application had inadequate diagnostic accuracy to be used as a screening tool for glaucoma in this South Indian population.

This study evaluates the usability of a Moodle-based online learning system at a university using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Introduced in 2019, the platform has been instrumental in facilitating access to educational resources, enhancing the distribution of course materials, and supporting academic activities through interactive features. The SUS was employed to gather subjective feedback from 120 student respondents, providing insights into the system's efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction. Statistical analysis was performed using methods including the Shapiro-Wilk test to address the skewed distribution of the original dataset with a mean SUS score of 71.52 and a high standard deviation of 16.18, indicating varied user experiences. Analysis of sample means was also conducted to achieve a more stable estimate of usability, resulting in a mean of 71.51 with a significantly reduced standard deviation of 2.44, suggesting a more consistent assessment across users. The final SUS score placed the system in the 'C+' category according to the Sauro and Lewis grading scale, indicating that while usability is acceptable, substantial improvements are necessary.

Dysmenorrhea, or primary dysmenorrhea (PD), marked by menstrual cramps in the lower abdomen, is a common but often overlooked condition affecting a considerable number of women. The impact of dysmenorrhea extends beyond physical pain, often causing considerable disruption to daily activities, work, and social interactions. It significantly affects the quality of life, often causing absenteeism from school or work. Increased intrauterine prostaglandin secretion is linked to pelvic pain in PD. Diagnosis relies mainly on clinical assessment, considering symptoms and physical examination, with treatment aimed to enhance the quality of life. These menstrual cramps are frequently accompanied by other symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, which are believed to be due to prostaglandins released as the endometrium breaks down. A literature search using the keywords dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, and hormonal contraceptives was done using the following databases: Google Scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Pubmed, and Scopus for articles published from 2015 to 2024. The literature study was done to find the connection of dysmenorrhea and menstrual pain with hormonal contraceptives. Common treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal contraceptives, and non-pharmacological interventions. This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent treatment advancements for dysmenorrhea, focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and impact on women's quality of life. It evaluates current and emerging treatments, including pharmacological interventions, non-pharmacological therapies, surgical approaches, hormonal treatments, and investigational drugs, aiming to identify improvements in efficacy and side effects.

Background: Eriobotrya japonica is economically significant as an ornamental tree, and its leaves have medicinal properties. Question: What are the main chemical components of loquat leaves grown in a population of Central Veracruz Mexico? and does the methanolic extract have potential antidiabetic properties through α-glucosidase inhibition? Species study: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae) Study site and date: Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, 2021-2022. Methods: Total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined in leaves powder. Leaf methanol extract of E. japonica was tested for α-glucosidase inhibition. Also, different groups of secondary metabolites were detected by the phenolics/volatile-targeted metabolomic analysis. Results: The leaves of E. japonica are rich in C and minerals such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg, and contain high levels of flavonoids, and procyanidin B2. The leaf methanol extract (LME) effectively inhibited α-glucosidase activity (86.05 ± 0.73 %) in vitro. In addition, a leaf petroleum ether extract (LPE) contains mainly phytol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and phytol acetate. Conclusions: The leaf methanolic extract exhibited antidiabetic potential due to its potent α-glucosidase inhibition, and the presence of diverse phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and their glycoside derivatives, and some fatty acids further supports the traditional use of E. japonica as an herbal medicine with antidiabetic properties.

PURPOSE: Portable perimetric testing could be useful for community-based glaucoma screening programs. Frequency-doubling technology (FDT) and the Moorfields motion displacement test (MDT) are portable perimeters that have shown promise as potential screening tools for glaucoma. This studys goal was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FDT and MDT for visual field defects and glaucoma. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study. PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive series of patients aged ≥ 50 years who presented to a glaucoma clinic in South India and had never undergone Humphrey field analyzer (HFA) visual field testing in the past. METHODS: Participants underwent 24-2 Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA) Standard HFA perimetry, FDT perimetry, MDT perimetry, and iPad perimetry using visualFields Easy in random order. Ophthalmologist grades of HFA and optic nerve head photographs were used as reference standards for glaucoma and field defect presence. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of various parameters for each test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS: Overall, 292 eyes from 173 participants were included, with 112 eyes classified as moderate or worse glaucoma. For moderate or worse glaucoma detection, the best parameter on FDT was mean deviation (MD) (AUROC, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-0.89) and the best parameter on MDT was global probability of true damage (GPTD) (AUROC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82-0.91). When specificity was set to 90%, the sensitivity for detection of moderate or worse glaucoma was 55% (95% CI, 39%-68%) for FDT MD and 62% (95% CI 52%-71%) for MDT GPTD. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency-doubling technology and MDT perimetry had fair diagnostic accuracy for glaucoma detection when administered to naïve test takers in this South Indian population. Although not appropriate for use as a sole glaucoma screening test, these perimetric tests may be useful as ancillary tests. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

The hydrological function of peatlands, one of which is acting as a medium for storing and releasing water, undergoes alteration due to degradation. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is a pivotal parameter for comprehending the hydraulic properties of peatlands. Ks plays a crucial role in the transmission and release of water influenced by other peat properties. This research examined the impact of Ks and selected peat properties, namely bulk density and available water content, to depict the hydrological function in rewetted peatlands. The study sites are rubber plantation (RB), oil palm plantation (OP), and drained secondary forest (SF). Results revealed a significantly higher Ks in OP (106.7 cm hr-1) compared to RB (19.56 cm hr-1) and DSF (15.1 cm hr-1). The hydrological function at all study sites was categorized as high, with minor degradation in OP and moderate degradation in RB and SF. Nonetheless, these findings necessitate fundamental interpretation and adjustment. The outcomes of this study can be utilized to prioritize rewetting efforts in the study sites, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing immature peat (fibric) with high Ks.

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of credit risk, liquidity, and capital adequacy level (CAR) on profitability in the Indonesian banking sector while accounting for bank size moderation. The results of a linear regression study of panel data using annual financial report data from banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (2017–2022) show that although credit risk has an adverse effect and liquidity does not affect profitability, CAR does not significantly affect profitability. While bank size enhances the beneficial moderation of credit risk on profitability, it does not mitigate the impact of CAR and liquidity. Encouragement of Indonesian banks to enhance credit risk management while taking into account extra elements like operational effectiveness and product innovation are some of the practical ramifications. Additionally, these findings offer theoretical advancements in the field of agency. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini menguji dampak risiko kredit, likuiditas, dan tingkat kecukupan modal (CAR) terhadap profitabilitas di sektor perbankan Indonesia dengan memperhitungkan moderasi ukuran bank. Hasil studi regresi linier data panel dengan menggunakan data laporan keuangan tahunan dari bank-bank yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (2017-2022) menunjukkan bahwa meskipun risiko kredit memiliki pengaruh negatif dan likuiditas tidak berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas, namun CAR tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap profitabilitas. Meskipun ukuran bank meningkatkan moderasi yang menguntungkan dari risiko kredit terhadap profitabilitas, namun tidak mengurangi dampak CAR dan likuiditas. Dorongan bagi bank-bank di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan manajemen risiko kredit dengan mempertimbangkan elemen-elemen lain seperti efektivitas operasional dan inovasi produk merupakan beberapa konsekuensi praktisnya. Selain itu, temuan ini juga memberikan kemajuan teoritis mengenai keagenan.

Multifunctional landscapes, such as agroforestry, that improve soil health are essential in sustaining terrestrial life by supporting various ecosystem services (ESs). However, decision-making often requires more attention to soil health because its parameters have no market value. In this study, we aim to evaluate soil health parameters in cacao agroforestry and monoculture and their degradation due to erosion and to estimate their indirect use value (IUV). We develop a soil health economic valuation approach bridged by ESs because the economic valuation of ESs tends to be better studied. We estimated the IUVs of the eight soil health parameters by using the direct proxy revealed prevalence valuation method on the basis of the valuation of the four ESs they support: water regulation, climate regulation, nutrient retention and biodiversity. The total IUVs for cacao agroforestry were USD 633 with Endoaquepts and USD 723 with Dystrudepts and for cacao monoculture were USD 415 with Endoaquepts and USD 575 with Dystrudepts. Soil carbon has the highest contribution to IUV, followed by soil nitrogen. Agroforestry not only increases IUV but also minimises its decrease due to erosion. Despite economic valuations being subject to uncertainty, these results encourage the internalisation of soil health values in sustainable land management design.

Outdoor activities can harness children's personal and social abilities differently than indoor activities. Children experience a variety of words associated with science learning through smelling, feeling, and tasting. The direct contact with nature and vegetation is the point where children's communication ability is harnessed as they begin to use proper vocabulary. Yet, they are less educated on the importance of appropriate vocabulary learning, particularly using scientific vocabulary when confronted with the outdoor environment. Therefore, this study aims to identify children's vocabulary knowledge on science learning towards supporting their personality development through hands-on engagement with farming activities. Ten children aged 6-12 years old were recruited for a programme in a rural area at Laman Tamara, Kg. Sikai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. They were observed for changes in their vocabulary using hands-on techniques. Data on their hands-on approaches and perceptions were elicited from a participatory behavioural approach, photo-taking, and interviews. Content analysis of the data was performed using Nvivo 12 Plus. The results indicated that the children developed a greater emotional affinity from the various hands-on approaches through specific vocabulary such as "feel," "activities," "soil," "vegetables" and "farming" when dealing with life experiences. They were observed to possess good vocabulary following the high correlation between listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Their perceptions of their knowledge and vocabulary strategies were congruent with their content achievements. These findings align with early childhood education development and growth, such as teachers, playmakers, and parents. Such could expand the quality of science learning on the correct path to be skilled lifelong learners.

The Batang Merao Watershed, has been experiencing a decline in water quality due to human activities involving waste utilization and disposal. Therefore, an analysis is necessary to determine the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). This study aims to calculate the TMDL of the Batang Merao Watershed and the current as well as the five-year future pollution load capacity using the QUAL2Kw water quality model based on the regulations outlined in the Minister of Environment and Forestry's Regulation No. 01 of 2010. The calibration results of the model using the Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) for TSS, BOD5, and COD parameters were 0.766, 0.574, and 0.633, respectively, indicating that water quality modeling can be used to predict river pollution loads. The modeling results indicate that the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the Batang Merao Watershed are 95,057 kg day-1 for TSS parameters, 5,739 kg day-1 for BOD5 parameters, and 46,774 kg day-1 for COD parameter. Meanwhile, the current pollution loads are 147,962 kg day-1 for TSS, 10,086 kg day-1 for BOD5, and 60,369 kg day-1 for COD. In the estimated condition, in the year 2028, the pollution loads will amount to 163,023 kg day-1 for TSS parameters, 11,432 kg day-1 for BOD5 parameter, and 69,211 kg day-1 for COD parameter.

The term “i-FinTech” refers to businesses or entrepreneurs that integrate modern, Shariah-compliant technologies with financial services. Nevertheless, MSMEs are typically having lack internal knowledge or poor management, incompetent entrepreneurs, and limited financial resources. The purpose of this research is to analyse if financial literacy elements affect i-FinTech adoption and, in turn, promote sustainable entrepreneurship among Bumiputera SMEs in Selangor, Malaysia. A convenience sample strategy was used to disseminate 1,394 surveys to the Bumiputera entrepreneurs, utilizing a quantitative approach. PLS-SEM and mediation analysis are used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that financial literacy and digital financial literacy have a favorable and significant impact on the adoption of i-Fintech. On the other hand, the adoption of i-Fintech is adversely affected by financial management behavior. Furthermore, this study shows that the relationship between financial literacy and digital financial literacy towards sustainable entrepreneurship is mediated in a complimentary way by the adoption of i-FinTech. This result indicates that Bumiputera business owners that are financially and digitally literate are more likely to use i-FinTech and ultimately make a substantial contribution to sustainable entrepreneurship. The results should improve knowledge of the dynamics between the potential of i-FinTech and sustainable entrepreneurship for researchers, regulators, entrepreneurs, and i-FinTech service providers. It is advised that MSMEs keep using i-FinTech to support their operations in order to minimise the effects of a downturn in the market and maintain seamless operations.

Introduction: This study was undertaken to investigate students’ perceptions of innovation-integrated learning, adopted as an alternative approach for special care dentistry (SCD) training. Methods: Ninety final-year dental students from the 2021 cohort were divided into eight groups to complete an innovation project dedicated to eight categories of patients with special health care needs. Discussion and final presentations, involving related experts were conducted remotely via an online platform. Then, students were invited to answer a validated online feedback survey on their perceptions of the learning approach. Results: The response rate for the feedback survey was 91.1% (n=82). Most students agreed that the activity was interesting, improved their knowledge and understanding of SCD, allowed engagement between peers, supported sharing of ideas and experiences, encouraged student–lecturer interactions, and enhanced knowledge integration and application. Students also expressed that the activity enhanced creativity and innovation, instilled an interest and positive attitude toward learning SCD, and encouraged teamwork. However, a few students noted facing some limitations in completing their projects (i.e., technological challenges and reduced physical access to purchase materials). Around half felt neutral about having an increased workload from this activity. Moreover, perceptions differed regarding time and financial commitments, as well as supervisors’ and patients’ involvement during the project development process. Conclusion: Students perceived that the innovation-oriented learning activity, was beneficial in multiple aspects of SCD training.

Ovarian cancer is usually confined intraperitoneally. Distant metastases at presentation is unusual. Its spread via lymphatics is uncommon, and metastasis to axillary lymph nodes is very rare. We report two cases with presentation of axillary lymphadenopathy without breast involvement. Computed tomography scan identified the ovarian masses. Both had elevated Serum Ca 125. The first case had a Grade 2 ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. The second case had a high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. These cases illustrate the rarity of axillary lymphadenopathy from ovarian cancer. It is important to identify the primary ovarian carcinoma in order to offer appropriate management. Despite surgery and chemotherapy, both succumbed within 3 years from diagnosis.

The Muslim community in East Java has a tradition of marriage that is believed to be a virtue. The tradition of marriage must provide legal protection for women and children. This study aims to (1) analyze the legal culture in the marriage tradition of the Muslim community in East Java and (2) find a model of preventive legal protection for women and children in the marriage tradition of the Muslim community in East Java. This research method is sociological research, which is expressed in quantitative data. Based on the research results, it is known that preventive legal protection for the Muslim community in East Java can be done by making the dowry an economic guarantee, providing monthly money, and the need for a prenuptial agreement. The Muslim marriage tradition in East Java typically sees wives joining their husbands' homes or establishing a shared residence, leading to a customary practice where wives may return to their own families upon divorce despite contributing to jointly owned homes. To address the economic vulnerabilities women and children face post-divorce, legal provisions should include stipulations on marriage dowry amounts, monthly financial obligations for wives, and requirements for prenuptial agreements to safeguard their interests. Implementing such protections would mitigate the financial repercussions experienced by wives and children following divorce.