Search

The present study focused on the combination of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles into the modified hyaluronic acid based injectable hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Self-cross-l...

Weather-related risks in crop production are not only crucial for farmers but also for market participants and policymakers since securing food supply is an important issue for society. Although crop growth condition and phenology represent essential information regarding such risks, extensive observations of these variables are virtually non-existent in many parts of the world. In this study, we developed an integrative approach to remotely monitor crop growth at a large scale. For corn and soybeans in Iowa and Illinois in the United States (2003–2015), we monitored crop growth and crop phenology with earth observation data and compared it against the United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) crop statistics. For crop phenology, we calculated three phenology metrics (i.e., start of season, end of season, and peak of season) at the pixel level from the MODIS 16-day Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). For growth condition, we used two distinct approaches to acquire crop growth condition indicators: a process-based crop growth modeling and a satellite-NDVI-based method. Based on their pixel-wise historical distributions, we monitored relative growth strength and scaled-up that to the state-level. The estimates were compared with the crop progress and condition data of NASS. For the state-level phenology, the avg. root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of the estimates was 8.6 days for the all three metrics after bias correction. The absolute mean errors for the three metrics were smaller than 2.6 days after bias correction. For the condition, the state-level 10-day estimates showed moderate agreements with the observations (avg. RMSE = 10.02%). Notably, the condition estimates were sensitive to the severe degradation in 2003, 2012, and 2013 for both crops. In 2010, 2011 and 2013, unusually high errors occurred at the very beginning stage of growth (DOY 140–150), which attenuated over time. As the cumulative biomass and NDVI showed little change in comparison to the period mean biomass and NDVI for the spikes, this seems to be an error associated with variations in growth timing. Overall, the model using accumulated NDVI (S5) is preferable due to its performance and methodological simplicity. The proposed approach enables us to monitor crop growth for any given period and place where long-term statistics are available. It can be used to assist crop monitoring at large scales.

The present study focused on the combination of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles into the modified hyaluronic acid based injectable hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Self-cross-linked thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-HS) injectable hydrogels loaded with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles were prepared by disulfide cross-linking to mimic the extracellular matrix as a potential material for bone treatment. Varying concentration of HA-HS ranging between 1 and 5w/v% was tested to optimize the optimum concentration and were further modified with varying BCP concentrations for final optimization. Physico-chemical characterizations of the prepared hydrogel such as SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD confirmed that the BCP has effectively loaded and distributed homogeneously in the HA-HS hydrogel. The results showed that the 3% (w/v) HA-HS hydrogel exhibits the appropriate properties for injectable hydrogel system such as gelation times, swelling rate and

We thank the authors for their thought-provoking comments on our paper. Most of the commentators agree that soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving the quality of soil, however they argue that we have overstated the potential of soil carbon sequestration. We welcome the comments and appreciate that the issue of SOC sequestration has always been somewhat factious (Schlesinger, 2000). We shall address the significance of the quantity “4 per mille”, reported sequestration rates, the limitation of carbon sequestration with time, and nutrient requirements. We clarify that our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) mainly deals with potentials for the 20 countries and regions, where SOC sequestration can also be seen as a way to improving the resilience of the soil to future climate change, that is, improving adaptation rather than mitigation. We believe that in some parts of the world where food security is threatened, the benefit of soil carbon management for adaptation should be stressed more than for mitigation. This is the reason why the 4 per mille initiative explicitly includes food security (Chabbi et al., 2017; Soussana et al., 2015). We need to add that the “4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate” initiative is just one of many national and global initiatives on SOC sequestration for mitigating climate change. The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) discussed incorporating the topic of SOC in the IPCC Assessment Report (ARs), from AR6 onwards. The IPCC has also put a focus on soil in their upcoming special report “Climate Change and Land” (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr2/). The recent FAO Global Symposium (GSOC17) assembled experts engaged in FAO, GSP and its ITPS, IPCC, UNCCD-SPI and WMO activities to work together for the common goal of appropriate SOC management as part of overall sustainable soil management within the climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable development, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) and food security agendas (http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/soil-organic-carbon-symposium/en/). The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) focused on opportunities to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration while still helping to meet food security objectives (http://globalresearchalliance.org/about/). The Common Agriculture Policy in the EU is currently being revised to include the potential use of SOC as an indicator. The 4 per mille initiative was launched at COP21, where the Paris Agreement was adopted, and one of the main aims of the Paris Agreement is to stop the planet from warming an additional two Celsius degrees. The two-degree target, although suggested by scientists through modelling work, was chosen more for political and pragmatic reasons whereby countries could agree on a target that they could work towards (Tollefson, 2015). And of course, there are many scientific critiques of this target (Knutti et al., 2016). Similarly, the 4 per mille initiative comes from a politically-driven aspiration, and our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) is a response to such an aspiration, to seek and outline possibilities based on current knowledge. The important concept is that soil and agriculture are part of the solution, and it is an interim and evidence-based solution that we can implement. Now we shall respond to each of the commentaries.

Various methods for assessing soil total nitrogen (TN) and inorganic N content have been developed to manage nutrient and to understand N cycle in soil. This paper address the technical procedures in arable soil samples to conduct soil sampling, sample preparation, and measuring total N and inorganic N. Among various methods for measuring soil total nitrogen contents, Kjeldahl distillation and Indophenol blue method have widely used due to reliability and economic advances. Also, two methods can analyze more samples at the same time compared with other nitrogen measuring methods. For evaluating inorganic N content, mainly in forms of nitrate-N (NO₃ - -N) and ammonium-N (NH₄ + -N), extraction with a single reagent such as 2M KCl has been employed, followed by Kjeldahl distillation or indophenol blue methods.

Recent technological advance in UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology offers new opportunities for assessing crop situation using UAV imagery. The objective of this study was to assess if reflectance and NDVI derived from consumer-grade cameras mounted on UAVs are useful for crop condition monitoring. This study was conducted using a fixed-wing UAV(Ebee) with Cannon S110 camera from March 2015 to March 2016 in the experiment field of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Results were compared with ground-based recordings obtained from consumer-grade cameras and ground multi-spectral sensors. The relationship between raw digital numbers (DNs) of UAV images and measured calibration tarp reflectance was quadratic. Surface (lawn grass, stairs, and soybean cultivation area) reflectance obtained from UAV images was not similar to reflectance measured by ground-based sensors. But NDVI based on UAV imagery was similar to NDVI calculated by ground-based sensors.

For more than 50 years, satellite images have been used to monitor crop growth. Currently, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery is being assessed for analyzing within field spatial variability for agricultural precision management, because UAV imagery may be acquired quickly during critical periods of rapid crop growth. This study refers to the derivation of growth estimating equation for highland Kimchi cabbage using UAV derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and agro-meteorological factors. Anbandeok area in Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea is one of main districts producing highland Kimchi cabbage. UAV imagery was taken in the Anbandeok ten times from early June to early September. Meanwhile, three plant growth parameters, plant height (P.H.), leaf length (L.L.) and outer leaf number (L.N.), were measured for about 40 plants (ten plants per plot) for each ground survey. Six agro-meteorological factors include average temperature; maximum temperature; minimum temperature; accumulated temperature; rainfall and irradiation during growth period. The multiple linear regression models were suggested by using stepwise regression in the extraction of independent variables. As a result, NDVIUAV and rainfall in the model explain 93% of the P.H. and L.L. with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.22, 1.90 cm. And NDVIUAV and accumulated temperature in the model explain 86% of the L.N. with a RMSE of 4.29. These lead to the result that the characteristics of variations in highland Kimchi cabbage growth according to NDVIUAV and other agro-meteorological factors were well reflected in the model.

With increasing social concerns for healthy food, the studies on the cultivation of crops to increase accumulation of functional metabolites in crops have been investigated. Accumulation of the metabolites in crops is highly affected by various types of stress, such as nutrient deficiency, water deficit (WD), extreme temperature and UV-B radiation as well as their own life cycle. This review summarizes the previous studies on the effects of environmental stresses, especially WD and UV-B radiation, on accumulation of functional metabolites in crops. UV-B radiation and WD during specific period (mainly at maturation stage) activates the adaptation and/or defense system in crops, thereby increasing biosynthesis of the metabolites. Although WD and UV-B radiation tend to decrease in crop yield, the decrease can be compensated by the production of high value crops having high content of functional metabolites.

2016Purpose: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetation fraction of soybeans, grown under different cropping conditions using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a red, green, and blue (RGB) camera. Methods: Test plots were prepared based on different cropping treatments, i.e., soybean single-cropping, with and without herbicide application and soybean and barley-cover cropping, with and without herbicide application. The UAV flights were manually controlled using a remote flight controller on the ground, with 2.4 GHz radio frequency communication. For image pre-processing, the acquired images were pre-treated and georeferenced using a fisheye distortion removal function, and ground control points were collected using Google Maps. Tarpaulin panels of different colors were used to calibrate the multi-temporal images by converting the RGB digital number values into the RGB reflectance spectrum, utilizing a linear regression method. Excess Green (ExG) vegetation indices for each of the test plots were compared with the M-statistic method in order to quantitatively evaluate the greenness of soybean fields under different cropping systems. Results: The reflectance calibration methods used in the study showed high coefficients of determination, ranging from 0.8 to 0.9, indicating the feasibility of a linear regression fitting method for monitoring multi-temporal RGB images of soybean fields. As expected, the ExG vegetation indices changed according to different soybean growth stages, showing clear differences among the test plots with different cropping treatments in the early season of 1. Conclusion: Therefore, multi-temporal images obtained with an UAV and a RGB camera could be applied for quantifying overall vegetation fractions and crop growth status, and this information could contribute to determine proper treatments for the vegetation fraction.Keywords: Barley cover cropping, Excess green, Image processing, M-statistic method, UAV, Vegetation index

There is a growing body of knowledge on the spatial distribution of soil properties. Fewer studies have investigated temporal trends in soil properties whereas such information is essential for understanding soil productivity and long-term sustainability of agro-ecosystems. We have investigated temporal trends of soil chemical properties in paddy soils of South Korea using data from over two million topsoil samples (0–15 cm) from soil test laboratories collected between 2000 and 2012. The soil pH increased from 5.6 prior to 2000, to 5.9 after 2009, and the rate of increases was about 0.3 pH units per decade. Based on the confidence interval of spatial prediction, 35% of the paddy area (4180 km 2 ) likely has a pH increase (likelihood >66%), and 20% (2350 km 2 ) was very likely to have an increased soil pH (likelihood >90%). The rate of soil pH increase was higher in more acid soils. In addition to the soil pH increase, soil silicate (SiO 2 ) content increased from a mean of 81 mg kg −1 prior 2000 to 153 mg kg −1 after 2009. This is the result of programs that recommend and subsidise the application of silicate fertilizers that has also caused higher levels of soil exchangeable Ca. The soil test data quantified soil changes over time and demonstrated the long-term effects of soil management on soil chemical properties, which is crucial to develop sustainable soil management systems.

Soil provides ecosystemservices, supports human health and habitation, stores carbon and regulatesemissions ofgreenhouse gases. Unprecedented pressures on soil from degradation and urbanization are threatening agroecologicalbalances and food security. It is important that we learn more about soil to sustainably manage andpreserve it for future generations. To this end, we developed and analyzed a global soil visible–near infrared(vis–NIR) spectral library. It is currently the largest and most diverse database of its kind. We show that the informationencoded in the spectra can describe soil composition and be associated to land cover and its global geographic distribution, which acts as a surrogate for global climate variability. We also show the usefulness ofthe global spectra for predicting soil attributes such as soil organic and inorganic carbon, clay, silt, sand andiron contents, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Usingwavelets to treat the spectra, whichwere recorded in differentlaboratories using different spectrometers and methods, helped to improve the spectroscopic modelling.We found that modelling a diverse set of spectra with a machine learning algorithm can find the local relationshipsin the data to produce accurate predictions of soil properties. The spectroscopic models that we derivedare parsimonious and robust, and using them we derived a harmonized global soil attribute dataset, whichmight serve to facilitate research on soil at the global scale. This spectroscopic approach should help to dealwith the shortage of data on soil to better understand it and to meet the growing demand for information to assessandmonitor soil at scales ranging fromregional to global.New contributions to the library are encouraged sothat this work and our collaboration might progress to develop a dynamic and easily updatable database withbetter global coverage. We hope that this work will reinvigorate our community's discussion towards larger,more coordinated collaborations. We also hope that use of the database will deepen our understanding of soilso that we might sustainably manage it and extend the research outcomes of the soil, earth and environmentalsciences towards applications that we have not yet dreamed of.

Soil moisture content is generally accepted as an important factor to understand the process of crop growth and is the basis of earth system models for analysis and prediction of the crop condition. To continuously monitor soil moisture changes at kilometer scale, it is demanded to create high resolution data from the current, several tens of kilometers. In this paper we described a downscaling method for Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) Soil Moisture Content (SMC) from 10 km to 30 m resolution using a soil texture and field measurements that have a high correlation with the SMC. As a result, the soil moisture variations of both data (before and after downscaling) were identical, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of SMC exhibited the low values. Also, time series analyses showed that three kinds of SMC data (field measurement, original AMSR2, and downscaled AMSR2) had very similar temporal variations. Our method can be applied to downscaling of other soil variables and can contribute to monitoring small-scale changes of soil moisture by roviding high resolution data.

Temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture is important for understanding patterns of climate change, for developing and evaluating land surface models, for designing surface soil moisture observation networks, and for determining the appropriate resolution for satellite-based remote sensing instruments for soil moisture. In this study, we measured several soil moistures in upland soil using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) Soil Moisture Content (SMC) during eight-month period in Chungbuk province. The upland soil moisture properties were expressed by simple statistical methods (average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) from the monthly context. Supplementary studies were also performed about the effect of top soil texture on the soil moisture responses. If the results from this study were utilized well in specific cities and counties in Korea, it would be helpful to establish the countermeasures and action plans for preventing disasters because it was possible to compare with the relationship between soil moisture and top soil texture of each region. And it would be the fundamental data for estimating the effect of future agricultural plan.

The NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) is used as indicators of crop growth situation in remote sensing. To measure or validate the NDVI, reliable NDVI sensors have been needed. We tested new fixed-field NDVI sensor, “SRS (Spectral Reflectance Sensor)” developed by Decagon Devices, during Kimchi cabbage growing season at the cultivation area located in Gochang, Gangneung and Taebaek in Korea from 2014 to 2015. The diurnal variation of NDVI measured by SRS (SRS NDVI) showed a slight ∩-profile shape and was affected by water on the sensor surface. This means that SRS NDVI around noontime is resonable, except rainy day. Comparisons were made between the SRS NDVI and NDVI of used widely mobile sensor (Cropcircle NDVI). The comparisons indicate that SRS NDVI are close to Cropcircle NDVI (R=0.99). SRS NDVI time series displayed change of the plant height and leaf width of Kimchi cabbage. An obvious exponential relationship is found between SRS NDVI and the plant height (R 2 ≥0.92) and leaf width(R 2 ≥0.92) of Kimchi cabbage. Thus, SRS NDVI will be used as indicator of crop growth situation and a very powerful tool for evaluation of remote sensing NDVI estimates and associated corrections.

Chinese cabbage is one of the most important vegetables in Korea and a target crop for market stabilization as well. Remote sensing has long been used as a tool to extract plant growth, cultivated area and yield information for many crops, but little research has been conducted on Chinese cabbage. This study refers to the derivation of simple Chinese cabbage growth prediction equation by using RapidEye derived vegetation index. Daesan-myeon area in Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea is one of main producing district of Chinese cabbage. RapidEye multi–spectral imagery was taken on the Daesan-myeon five times from early September to late October during the Chinese cabbage growing season. Meanwhile, field reflectance spectra and five plant growth parameters, including plant height (P.H.), plant diameter (P.D.), leaf height (L.H.), leaf length (L.L.) and leaf number (L.N.), were measured for about 20 plants (ten plants per plot) for each ground survey. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for each of the 20 plants was measured using an active plant growth sensor (Crop Circle TM ) at the same time. The results of correlation analysis between the vegetation indices and Chinese cabbage growth data showed that NDVI was the most suited for monitoring the L.H. (r=0.958~0.978), L.L. (r=0.950~0.971), P.H. (r=0.887~0.982), P.D. (r=0.855~0.932) and L.N. (r=0.718~0.968). Retrieval equations were developed for estimating Chinese cabbage growth parameters using NDVI. These results obtained using the NDVI is effective provided a basis for establishing retrieval algorithm for the biophysical properties of Chinese cabbage. These results will also be useful in determining the RapidEye multi-spectral imagery necessary to estimate parameters of Chinese cabbage.

To understand the impact of 2015 spring drought on crop production of DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea), we analyzed satellite and weather data to produce 2015 spring outlook of rice paddy field and rice growth in relation to weather anomaly. We defined anomaly of 2015 for weather and NDVI in comparison to past 5 year-average data. Weather anomaly layers for rainfall and mean temperature were calculated based on 27 weather station data. Rainfall in late April, early May, and late May in 2015 was much lower than those in average years. NDVI values as an indicator of rice growth in early June of 2015 was much lower than in 2014 and the average years. RapidEye and Radarsat-2 images were used to monitor status of rice paddy irrigation and transplanting. Due to rainfall shortage from late April to May, rice paddy irrigation was not favorable and rice planting was not progressed in large portion of paddy fields until early June near Pyongyang. Satellite images taken in late June showed rice paddy fields which were not irrigated until early June were flooded, assuming that rice was transplanted after rainfall in June. Weather and NDVI anomaly data in regular basis and timely acquired satellite data can be useful for grasping the crop and land status of DPRK, which is in high demand.

Remote sensing can be used to provide information about the monitoring of crop situation. This study was conducted to estimate the amount of nitrogen present in paddy fields by measuring the amount of nitrogen in hairy vetch using an UAV (Unmaned Aerial Vehicle). NDVIs (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were calculated using UAV images obtained from paddy fields in Seocheon on May 14 th 2015. There was strong relationship between UAV NDVI and the amount of nitrogen in hairy vetch (R 2 =0.79). Spatial distribution maps of green manure nitrogen were generated on each paddy field using the nitrogen-vegetation index relations to help farmers determine the amount of N fertilizers added to their rice fields after the application of green manure such as hairy vetch.

In developed countries such as USA and Europe, agricultural monitoring system is developed and utilized in various fields in order to predict crop yield, observe weather conditions and anomaly, categorize crop fields, and calculate areas for each crop. These system is Web Map Service(WMS) which utilizes open source and commercial softwares, and various information collected from remote sensing data are provided. This study will utilize tools such as Geoserver, ArcGIS server, which are widely used to monitor agricultural production, to publish Map Server and Web Application Server. This enables performance test study for future agricultural production monitoring system by making use of response time and data transfer test. When tested in identical condition Geoserver showed a better result in response time and data transfer for performance test.

Soil carbon is a key component of functional ecosystems and crucial for food, soil, water and energy security. Climate change and altered land-use are having a great impact on soils. The influence of these factors creates a dynamic feedback between soil and the environment. There is a crucial need to evaluate the responses of soil to global environmental change at large spatial scales that occur along natural environmental gradients over decadal timescales. This work provides a suite of new data on global soil change which will uniquely utilize the world’s prior investment in soil data infrastructure. Here we attempt a comprehensive global space–time assessment of soil carbon dynamics in different ecoregions of the world accounting for impacts of climate change and other environmental factors.

이 연구에서는 자료변환기법을 이용해 추출된 여러 특징과 다양한 분류방법론을 결합하여 다중시기 SAR 자료를 위한 새로운 토지피복 분류기법을 제안하였다. 먼저, 다중시기 SAR 자료로부터 원본자료와는 다른 새로운 정보를 추출하기 위해 주성분분석과 3차원 웨이블렛 변환을 이용한 자료변환을 수행하였다. 그리고 나서 최대우도법 분류자, 신경망, support vector machine을 포함한 세 가지 다른 분류자를 변환된 특징자료들과 원본 후방산란계수 자료를 포함한 세가지 자료에 적용하여 다양한 초기 분류 결과를 얻도록 한다. 이후 다수결규칙을 통해 모든 초기결과를 결합하여 최종 분류 결과를 생성하게 된다. 다중시기 ENVISAT ASAR 자료를 이용한 사례연구에서 모든 초기 결과는 사용한 특징자료와 분류자의 종류에 따라 매우 다양한 분류정확도를 보였다. 이러한 9개의 초기 분류 결과를 결합한 최종 분류 결과는 가장 높은 분류 정확도를 보여주고 있는데, 이는 각 초기 분류 결과가 토지피복을 결정하기 위한 상호 보완적인 정보를 제공하기 때문이다. 이 연구에서의 분류정확도 향상은 주로 자료변환을 통해 얻어진 각기 다른 특징자료와 다른 분류자를 결합에 의한 다양성 확보에서 기인한다. 그러므로 이 연구에서 제안한 토지피복 분류방법론은 다중시기 SAR자료의 분류에 효과적으로 적용가능하며, 또한 다중센서 원격탐사 자료융합으로 확장이 가능하다. 【In this study, a novel land-cover classification framework for multi-temporal SAR data is presented that can combine multiple features extracted through data transforms and multiple classifiers. At first, data transforms using principle component analysis (PCA) and 3D wavelet transform are applied to multi-temporal SAR dataset for extracting new features which were different from original dataset. Then, three different classifiers including maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), neural network (NN) and support vector machine (SVM) are applied to three different dataset including data transform based features and original backscattering coefficients, and as a result, the diverse preliminary classification results are generated. These results are combined via a majority voting rule to generate a final classification result. From an experiment with a multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR dataset, every preliminary classification result showed very different classification accuracy according to the used feature and classifier. The final classification result combining nine preliminary classification results showed the best classification accuracy because each preliminary classification result provided complementary information on land-covers. The improvement of classification accuracy in this study was mainly attributed to the diversity from combining not only different features based on data transforms, but also different classifiers. Therefore, the land-cover classification framework presented in this study would be effectively applied to the classification of multi-temporal SAR data and also be extended to multi-sensor remote sensing data fusion.】

원격탐사 자료 기반의 식생지수 시계열 자료를 이용함에 있어서 가장 중요한 것은 구름이나 에어로졸에 의한 자료의 품질저하 문제이다. 이 연구에서는 MODIS09 지표 분광반사도 자료를 이용하여 구름영향에 의한 저품질 자료를 제거한 뒤 결손자료를 내삽, 평활하여 연속적인 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 시계열 자료를 생산하였다. 구름에 의한 영향을 제거하기 위한 방법으로 MODIS 분광반사도 자료를 이용한 5가지의 구름탐지기법을 선정하여 비교, 평가하였다. 위성자료에서 제공하는 품질관리정보 (Quality Assessment, QA)에서 구름이라고 판단한 경우, MODIS09 Band 3 반사도가 10% 이상인 경우와 20% 이상인 경우, Cloud Detection Index (CDI)가 임계값 이상인 경우, 센서 천정각이 $32.25^{\circ}$ 이상인 경우를 각각 구름으로 판단하였다. 구름탐지로 인해 발생한 자료의 결손은 선형적 내삽 기법을 이용하여 보정한 뒤 Savitzky-Golay (S-G) 필터와 웨이브렛 변환을 각각 적용하여 평활하였다. 구름 탐지 기법은 10% 이상 Band 3 반사도 제거 기법(85%), Quality Control (QC) (82%), 20% 이상 Band 3 반사도 제거 기법(81%)의 순으로 높은 구름탐지율을 보였다. 웨이브렛 변환은 선형의 시계열 패턴을 얻을 수 있지만 원 자료의 최대값을 반영하지 못하는 반면 S-G 필터는 구름에 의한 신뢰도 낮은 값은 제거하면서도 NDVI 원 자료의 최대값을 유지하여 시계열 자료의 계절적 특성을 잘 보여주는 것을 확인하였다. 이 연구에서는 구름의 탐지, 결손 내삽, 평활 기법의 순차적인 자료처리기법을 적용하여 구름 영향을 제거한 고품질의 시계열 자료의 생산이 가능함을 확인하였다. 【A comparative study was conducted for alternative consecutive procedures of detection of cloud-contaminated pixels and gap-filling and smoothing of time-series data to produce high-quality gapless satellite vegetation index (i.e. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI). Performances of five alternative methods for detecting cloud contaminations were tested with ground-observed cloudiness data. The data gap was filled with a simple linear interpolation and then, it was applied two alternative smoothing methods (i.e. Savitzky-Golay and Wavelet transform). Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were used in this study. Among the alternative cloud detection methods, a criterion of MODIS Band 3 reflectance over 10% showed best accuracy with an agreement rate of 85%, which was followed by criteria of MODIS Quality assessment (82%) and Band 3 reflectance over 20% (81%), respectively. In smoothing process, the Savitzky-Golay filter was better performed to retain original NDVI patterns than the wavelet transform. This study demonstrated an operational framework of gapdetection, filling, and smoothing to produce high-quality satellite vegetation index.】

International audience; The ‘4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was launched at the COP21 with an aspiration to increase global soil organic matter stocks by 4 per 1000 (or 0.4 %) per year as a compensation for the global emissions of greenhouse gases by anthropogenic sources. This paper surveyed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock estimates and sequestration potentials from 20 regions in the world (New Zealand, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, China Taiwan, South Korea, China Mainland, United States of America, France, Canada, Belgium, England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Russia). We asked whether the 4 per mille initiative is feasible for the region. The outcomes highlight region specific efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration. Reported soil C sequestration rates globally show that under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher sequestration rates can be accomplished. High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha−1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices. In addition, areas which have reached equilibrium will not be able to further increase their sequestration. We found that most studies on SOC sequestration only consider topsoil (up to 0.3 m depth), as it is considered to be most affected by management techniques. The 4 per mille number was based on a blanket calculation of the whole global soil profile C stock, however the potential to increase SOC is mostly on managed agricultural lands. If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year−1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a strategy for climate change mitigation, soil carbon sequestration buys time over the next ten to twenty years while other effective sequestration and low carbon technologies become viable. The challenge for cropping farmers is to find disruptive technologies that will further improve soil condition and deliver increased soil carbon. Progress in 4 per mille requires collaboration and communication between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers.

This study was implemented as a part of the experiment to develop two kinds of soil-based Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) proficiency testing materials (PTMs) for soil analysis. A test was carried out for the check of solubility of the reference material (high purity reagent) using several solvents. Another test was also conducted for the evaluation of homogeneity and stability of two kinds of candidate soil reference materials. The test analysis of BaP in terms of the candidate materials was conducted according to the Standard Soil Analytical Methods by Ministry of Environment. Dissolution of the reference material was shown to vary depending on solvent type and was higher in the order of Dichloromethane > Acetone > Acetone/MeOH (9 : 1) > Nhexane. In addition, the slope on calibration curve for BaP standard solutions was largest on BaP standard solutions prepared with dichloromethane of the tested solvents. Such tendency appeared egually in the commercial BaP standard solution. Therefore, it is thought to be reasonable to use dichloromethane as the solvent in case of the standard stock solution that is used for the measurement of BaP concentration in soil. ISO 13528 and IUPAC protocol were used for verification of homogeneity on the two kinds of soil candidate materials, Both candidate materials were sufficiently homogeneous. Stability assessment of the two candidate materials was made according to ISO Guide 35 and the result showed that both batches did not have any long-term and short term stability issues that might occur during shipping. However, monitoring results of BaP concentration in soil showed that BaP concentration of the two batches measured at 15 days after the sample preparation was reduced by about 24~37% compared with that of the samples measured on 0 day of the sample preparation. Identification was done with several treatments such as irradiation and sterilization etc. The major cause was shown to be irradiation to the samples.

The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils has completed the first State of the World’s Soil Resources Report. Globally soil erosion was identified as the gravest threat, leading to deteriorating water quality in developed regions and to lowering of crop yields in many developing regions. We need to increase nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use in infertile tropical and semi-tropical soils - the regions where the most food insecurity among us are found - while reducing global use of these products overall. Stores of soil organic carbon are critical in the global carbon balance, and national governments must set specific targets to stabilize or ideally increase soil organic carbon stores. Finally the quality of soil information available for policy formulation must be improved - the regional assessments in the State of the World’s Soil Resources Report frequently base their evaluations on studies from the 1990s based on observations made in the 1980s or earlier. Fil: Montanarella, Luca. European Commission Joint Research Centre; Fil: Pennock, Daniel Jon. University of Saskatchewan; Canadá Fil: McKenzie, Neil. Csiro Agriculture Flagship, Brisbane; Australia Fil: Badraoui, Mohamed. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Morocco; Fil: Chude, Victor. National Programme For Food Security; Nigeria Fil: Baptista, Isaurinda. Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário; Cabo Verde Fil: Mamo, Tekalign. Ministry of Agriculture; Etiopía Fil: Yemefack, Martin. International Institute Of Tropical Agriculture Yaounde; Fil: Aulakh, Mikha Singh. Banda University Of Agriculture And Technology; India Fil: Yagi, Kazuyuki. Institute For Agro-environmental Sciences, Naro; Fil: Hong, Suk Young. Rural Development Administration; Fil: Vijarnsorn, Pisoot. Chaipattana Foundation; Fil: Zhang, Gan-Lin. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Arrouays, Dominique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. InfoSol Unit; Francia Fil: Black, Helaina. The James Hutton Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Krasilnikov, Pavel. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Fil: Sobocká, Jaroslava. National Agricultural And Food Centre; Fil: Alegre, Julio. Fil: Henriquez, Carlos Roberto. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Mendonça-Santos, Maria de Lourdes. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; Brasil Fil: Taboada, Miguel Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Suelos; Argentina Fil: Espinosa-Victoria, David. Colegio de Postgraduados; México Fil: AlShankiti, Abdullah. International Center For Biosaline Agriculture; Fil: AlaviPanah, Sayed Kazem. University Of Tehran; Irán Fil: Mustafa Elsheikh, Elsiddig Ahmed El. Khartoum University; Sudán Fil: Hempel, Jon. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Arbestain, Marta Camps. Institute Of Agriculture And Environment; Fil: Nachtergaele, Freddy. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations; Fil: Vargas, Ronald. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized-Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and soil moisture data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) were utilized to derive Soil Moisture Use Efficiency (SMUE). SMUE, serving here as a proxy for the commonly used Water Use Efficiency (WUE), was used to evaluate drought vulnerability (i.e., the degree of drought stress and sensitivity) in the Northeast Asia drylands for the period of 1987e2006. SMUE was defined as the ratio of Jun–August NDVI accumulation (NDVIacc) to average soil moisture (SM avg ). This ratio was utilized to derive two additional indices representing drought stress (DSI) and sensitivity (DVI). We confined our vulnerability analyses to low NDVI regions because the determination of SSM/I soil moisture is unreliable in areas with high biomass. Both DSI and DVI identified high drought vulnerability in regions of the eastern Kazakhstan grasslands, western portions of the Hexi Corridor in the mid-north of China, the Gobi region, and the southwestern Mongolia grasslands. The identified vulnerable regions covered most of regions with land-degradation expansions or increased sand storm occurrence reported from previous individual studies. This study demonstrated the applicability of our SMUE-based vulnerability indices for identifying drought vulnerability across wide geographic regions.

Traditional classification accuracy assessments based on summary statistics from a confusion matrix furnish a global (location invariant) view of classification accuracy. To estimate the spatial distribution of classification accuracy, a geostatistical integration approach is presented in this paper. Indicator kriging with local means is combined with logistic regression to integrate an image-derived ambiguity index with classification accuracy values at reference data locations. As for the ambiguity measure, a novel discrimination capability index (DCI) is defined from per class posteriori probabilities and then calibrated via logistic regression to derive soft probabilities. Integration of indicator-coded reference data with soft probabilities is finally carried out for mapping classification accuracy. It is demonstrated via a case study involving classification of multi-temporal and multi-sensor SAR datasets, that the proposed approach can provide a map of locally-varying accuracy values, while respecting the overall accuracy derived from the confusion matrix. It can also highlight areas where the benefit of data fusion was significant. It is expected that the indicator approach presented in this paper could be a useful methodology for assessing the spatial quality of classification results in a probabilistic way.