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Tethystrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) Plate 4 A * Strombus coronatus Defrance 1827: 124. Strombus italicus Duclos — Mayer 1864: 73, pl. 7, fig. 54. Strombus coronatus Defr. —Pereira da Costa 1867: 137, pl. 17, fig. 3. Strombus coronatus Defrance — Fontannes 1879: 151, pl. 9, fig. 1. Strombus coronatus (Defr.) — Sacco 1893: 7, pl. 1, figs. 19-27. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Palla 1967: 959, pl. 72, fig. 2. Strombus (Strombus) coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Malatesta 1974: 219, pl. 17, figs. 1-7. Strombus coronatus Defrance — Fekih 1975: 111, pl. 33, fig. 1. Strombus (S.) coronatus Defrance — Pavia 1976a, pl. 5, figs. 1-4. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Meco 1977: 56, pl. 14, fig. 2, pl. 15, fig. 2, pl. 16, figs. 1-2, pl. 17, figs. 1-2, pl. 18, figs. 1-2, pl. 19, fig. 1, pl. 20, fig. 1, pl. 21, fig. 1, pl. 22, fig. 1, pl. 23, figs. 1-3, pl. 24, fig. 1, pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pl. 26, fig. 1, pl. 27, figs. 1-2. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Martinell 1979: 123, pl. 3, figs. 5-6. Strombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Ferrero Mortara et al. 1984: 138, pl. 21, figs. 6-7. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Cavallo & Repetto 1992: 58, fig. 101. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Solsona 1998: 169, pl. 8, figs. 1-6. Strombus (Strombus) coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Landau et al. 2004a: 63, pl. 14, fig. 6. Strombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) [sic]—Chirli 2008: 6, pl. 2, figs. 1-6. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Chirli & Richard 2008: 24, pl. 3, fig. 7. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010: 23, 33, unumbered figure second row left. Strombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) [sic]—Brunetti 2014: 30, unumbered fig. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Ávila et al. 2016b: 915, fig. 2A-H. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) —Brunetti & Vecchi 2016: 62, pl. 1, fig. A. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Brunetti & Cresti 2018: 50, fig. 130. non Strombus coronatus Defr. —Ĥrnes 1853: 187, pl. 17, fig. 1 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. non Strombus coronatus Defr. —Hoernes & Auinger (partim) 1884: 163, pl. 18, figs. 4-5, pl. 19. fig. 1 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. non Strombus coronatus Defr. —Hoernes & Auinger (partim) 1884: 163, pl. 18, figs. 1-3 [Persististrombus lapugyensis (Sacco, 1893)]. non Strombus coronatus Defrance — Strausz 1966: 222, figs. 102-103 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. non Strombus coronatus Defrance — Schultz 1998: 60, pl. 23, fig. 6 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. Santa Maria material examined. Maximum height 119.1 mm, width 107.2 mm. Figueiral: CIADP-F 32 (1) Casa dos Fósseis Museum, Santa Maria (collection Dalberto Pombo); DBUA-F 1011 (2), DBUA-F 1236 (1), DBUA-F 533 (1), Malbusca; DBUA-F 928- A (1), Malbusca, Santa Maria Island, Azores, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene. Discussion. Dekkers (2008) erected the genus Tethystrombus with the West African Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791 as type species. He included in his new genus the European fossil Strombus bubonius Lamarck, 1822 and S. coronatus Defrance, 1827. The ongoing heated discussion as to the phylogeny of this group (i.e., Dekkers, 2008, vs. Kronenberg & Vermeij 2002) will not be entered into here. The presence of Tethystrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) in the Santa Maria assemblages and its biogeographic, palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological implications were fully discussed in Ávila et al. (2016b). Distribution. Middle Miocene: Atlantic, Aquitaine Basin (Cossmann & Peyrot 1924), Loire Basin (Glibert 1949). Upper Miocene: Atlantic, Portugal (Pereira da Costa 1867); Proto-Mediterranean, Italy (Sacco 1893). Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (Ávila et al. 2015b, 2016b, 2018a, 2020a, 2022; Rebelo et al. 2016; Uchman et al. 2017, 2020; Dávid et al. 2021), Madeira and Porto Santo (Mayer 1864), Canary Islands (Meco 1977), Morocco (Lecointre 1952); western Mediterranean, NE Spain, (Martinell 1979; Martinell & Marquina 1981), France (Fontannes 1879; Chirli & Richard 2008); central Mediterranean, Italy (Sacco 1893; Pavia 1976a; Cavallo & Repetto 1992; Chirli 2008; Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010; Brunetti & Cresti 2018). Upper Pliocene: central Mediterranean, Italy (Brunetti & Vecchi 2016), western Mediterranean, Estepona Basin (Landau et al. 2004a)., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls.","Fontannes, F. (1879 - 1880) Les inverte´bre´s du bassin tertiaire du Sud-Est de la France. Les mollusques plioce`nes de la Valle´edu Rho ˆ ne et du Roussillon. 1. Gaste´ropodes des formations marines et saumatres. Georg, Lyon & F. Savy, Paris, VIII + 276 pp., 12 pls. [pp. 1 - 76 published in 1879, remainder in 1880] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13209","Sacco, F. (1893). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte XIV. (Strombidae, Terebellidae, Chenopidae ed Haliidae). Carlo Clausen, Torino, 40 pp., 2 pls.","Palla, P. (1967) Gasteropodi pliocenici della Bassa Val d'Elsa (Toscana Occidentale). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 73, 931 - 1020.","Malatesta, A. (1974) Malacofauna pliocenica Umbra. Memorie per Servire alla Carta Geologica d'Italia, 13, 1 - 498.","Fekih, M. (1975) Paleoecologie du Plioce`ne marin au nord de la Tunisie. Annales des Mines et de la Ge´ologie, 27, 1 - 195.","Pavia, G. (1976 a [1975]) I molluschi del Pliocene inferiore di Monteu Roero (Alba, Italia NW). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 14, 99 - 175.","Meco, J. (1977) Los Strombus neogenos y cuaternarios del Atlantico euroafricano (taxonomia, biostratigrafia y paleoecologia). Paleontologia de Canarias vol. 1. Excmo. Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, 142 pp.","Martinell, J. (1979) Mesogastropoda del Plioceno del Emporda (Girona). 1. Descriptiva y sistematica. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, 15, 85 - 165.","Ferrero Mortara, E. L., Montefameglio, L., Novelli, M., Opesso, G., Pavia, G. & Tampieri, R. (1984) Catalogo dei tipi e degli esemplari figurati della collezione Bellardi e Sacco. 2. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Cataloghi 7, 1 - 484.","Cavallo, O. & Repetto, G. (1992) Conchiglie fossili del Roero. Atlante iconografico. Associazione Naturalistica Piemontese Memorie (Associazione Amici del Museo ' Federico Eusebio'), 2, 1 - 251.","Solsona, M. (1998) Paleobiologia dels mesogastero`podes del Plioce`del Mediterrani nord-occidental. Unpublished Tese de Doutoramento, Departamento d'Estratigrafia i Paleontologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 540 pp.","Landau, B. M, Marquet, R. & Grigis, M. (2004 a) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 2. Orthogastropoda, Neotaenioglossa. Palaeontos, 4, 1 - 108.","Chirli, C. & Richard, C. (2008) Les mollusques plaisanciens de la Co ˆ te d'Azur. Chirli, C., Tavarnelle, 128 pp., 25 pls.","Sosso, M. & Dell'Angelo, B. (2010) I fossili del Rio Torsero. Editing Marginalia, Cartotectonica Beusi srl, Prato, 95 pp.","Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. & Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043","Brunetti, M. M. & Cresti, M. (2018) I fossili di Orciano Pisano. Atlante iconografico. Edizioni Danaus, Palermo, 232 pp.","Eichwald, E. (1830) Naturhistorische Skizze von Lithauen, Volhynien und Podolien in geognostisch-mineralogischer, botanischer und zoologischer Hinsicht. Eichwald, Wilna, 256 pp.","Strausz, L. (1966) Die Mioza ¨ n-Mediterranen Gastropoden ungarns. Akade´miai Kiado´, Budapest, 692 pp.","Schultz, O. (1998) Tertia ¨ rfossilien o ¨ sterreichs, Wirbellose, niedere Wirbeltiere und marine Sa ¨ ugetiere; scho ¨ ne, interessante, ha ¨ ufige und wichtige Makrofossilien aus den Besta ¨ nden des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien und Privatsammlungen; eine Bilddokumentation. Golschneck-Verlag, Wien, 159 pp.","Dekkers, A. M. (2008) Revision of the family Strombidae (Gastropoda) on the supraspecific level. Part One. De Kreukel, 44 (3), 35 - 64.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120.","Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. (1822) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans verte`bres, pre´sentant des characte`res ge´ne´raux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espe`ces qui s'y rapportent, pre´ce´de´e d'une introduction offrant la de´termination des caracte`res essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du ve´ge´tal et des autres corps naturels; enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie, 7. Lamarck, Paris, 711 pp.","Kronenberg, G. C. & Vermeij, G. J. (2002) Terestrombus and Tridentarius, new genera of Indo-Pacific Strombidae (Gastropoda), with comments on included taxa and on shell characters in Strombidae. Vita Malacologica, 1, 49 - 54.","Glibert, M. (1949) Gastropodes du Miocene moyen du Bassin de la Loire. 1. Memoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2 (30), 1 - 240.","Avila, S. P., Ramalho, R., Habermann, J., Quartau, R., Kroh, A., Berning, B., Johnson, M., Kirby, M., Zanon, V., Titschack, J., Goss, A., Rebelo, A. C., Melo, C., Madeira, P., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R., Bagaco, L., Hipolito, A., Uchman, A., Da Silva, C. M., Cach \" o, M. & Madeira, J. (2015 b) Palaeoecology, taphonomy, and preservation of a lower Pliocene shell bed (coquina) from a volcanic oceanic island (Santa Maria Island, Azores, NE Atlantic Ocean). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 430, 57 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.04.015","Uchman, A., Quintino, V., Rodrigues, A. M., Johnson, M. E., Melo, C., Cordeiro, R., Ramalho, R. & Avila, S. P. (2017) The trace fossil Diopatrichnus santamariensis nov. sp. - a shell armored tube from Pliocene sediments of Santa Maria Island, Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Geobios, 50 (5 - 6), 459 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.002","Uchman, A., Johnson, M. E., Ramalho, R., Quartau, R., Berning, B., Hipolito, A., Melo, C., Rebelo, A. C., Cordeiro, R. & Avila, S. P. (2020) Neogene marine sediments and biota encapsulated between lava flows on Santa Maria Island (Azores, northeast Atlantic): An interplay between sedimentary, erosional, and volcanic processes. Sedimentology, 67, 3595 - 3618. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / sed. 12763","David, A., Uchman, A., Ramalho, R. S., Madeira, J., Melo, C., Madeira, P., Rebelo, A. C., Berning, B., Johnson, M. E. & Avila, S. P. (2021) Diverse bioerosion structures in lower Pliocene deposits from a volcanic oceanic island: Baia de Nossa Senhora section, Santa Maria Island, Azores (Central Atlantic Ocean). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 569, 110 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2021.110284","Lecointre, G. (1952) Recherches sur le Ne´oge`ne et le Quaternaire marins de la co ˆ te atlantique du Maroc, 2, Pale´ontologie. Notes et Me´moires du Service Ge´ologique du Maroc, 99, 5 - 170.","Martinell, J. & Marquina, J. M. (1981) Malacofauna Pliocenica de St. Vicenc ¸ dels Horts (Baix Llobregat, Barcelona). Iberus, 1, 9 - 22."]}

In this work, all the Lower Pliocene gastropod assemblages of Santa Maria Island are revised. These all form part of the Touril Complex. Seventy-seven species are identified representing 61 genera. Two species are described as new: Bittium miradouroense nov. sp. and Erato mayeri nov. sp. The name Tritonium secans Bronn in Reiss 1862 is considered a junior subjective synonym of Monoplex comptus (A. Adams, 1855). Pleurotoma perturrita Bronn in Reiss 1862 is considered a junior subjective synonym of Crassopleura maravignae (Bivona, 1838). However, due to the difficulties in collecting from these deposits, this is likely to be a considerable underestimate of the original diversity of local Early Pliocene gastropod faunas. The assemblage reflects a fully tropical with mean annual sea surface temperatures (SSTs) estimated about 3.7°C to 6.3°C higher than the present-day 20.6°C, and with mean monthly SSTs ranging from 20°C to 28°C, with six months with mean SSTs over 24°C. The assemblages all represent relatively shallow water, fully saline marine environments. At genus level the assemblage is typical of that seen in the tropical Mediterranean-West African Palaeobiogeographical Province during the early Pliocene (MPPMU1; roughly equivalent to the Zanclean and earliest Piacenzian). At species level, 35% of the species taxa found in Santa Maria are also found in the Mediterranean during MPPMU1. There is a much weaker association with the northern warm temperate Pliocene Boreal-Celtic Province, with only 17% of species occurring in both. Moreover, most of those are ubiquitous European species with both wide geographic and stratigraphic distributions. The assemblage is relatively endemic (29%) suggesting that the Azorean subprovince/ecoregion, which is recognised today, was already in place in the Lower Pliocene. A small number of tonnoidean species found in Santa Maria are species known to have had an amphiatlantic distribution during the Pliocene, and for Distorsio mcgintyi Emerson & Puffer, 1953, a well-known and widely distributed tropical American Atlantic species from the Early Miocene to present-day, its presence in Santa Maria marks the most easterly range expansion for the species, as today is not found in the Azores.

Subfamily Strombinae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Tethystrombus Dekkers, 2008 Type species. Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791 (Dekkers 2008: 35), by original designation. Present-day, West Africa., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organiseis. Rafinesque, Palermo, 223 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106607","Dekkers, A. M. (2008) Revision of the family Strombidae (Gastropoda) on the supraspecific level. Part One. De Kreukel, 44 (3), 35 - 64.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120."]}

The new species of Lichtenstein’s catalog (1794: part 2) were discussed by Geiger (2003). Here a facsimile edition and full translation of the work is given. Additional insights into select Lichtenstein species are provided. Tentative identifications include Mya papyracea Lichtenstein, 1794 as a member of Thraciidae, Helix porphyrostoma Lichtenstein, 1796 from Ambon as a member of Planorbidae and Helix australasiae Lichtenstein, 1794 from Tahiti as a Partula sp. Trochus tahitiensis Lichtenstein, 1794 is here designated as a nomen oblitum with Trochus histrio Reeve, 1861 [1842 in error] as its nomen protectum. Oliva brasiliensis Chemnitz and Murex galea Chemnitz (now Coralliophila galea) were first made available by Lichtenstein (1794), not by Schumacher (1817) and Dillwyn (1823), respectively. Olivancillaria brasiliensis (Lichtenstein, 1794) is senior synonym of O. urceus (Röding, 1798).

This part of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) revision after Abbott (1960) revision examines the northwest Pacific specimens, which are currently synonymised under Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758). Canarium (Canarium) nipponium n. sp. is known from the Ryukyuan Subprovince, Mariana Islands and Palau. The new species differs from others in lacking the fine sculpture on the early whorls and triangulate from. Given the propensity for species of Strombidae to disperse widely, to show a high degree of variability across their ranges, and to hybridise, it is expected that traits of this new species will be present in populations of neighbouring species, particularly within the Canarium (Canarium) complex.

This part of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) after Abbott (1960) revision examines the Australian species of that complex. Currently, there is one recognised species, Canarium (Canarium) orrae (Abbott, 1960), which is divided herein into two species, with the description of Canarium (Canarium) darwinense n. sp. from the Van Diemen Gulf and Darwin surrounds. The C. (C.) darwinense is distinguished from C. (C.) orrae in morphological form. The southern range of C. (C.) orrae is extended to Monkey Mia, Shark Bay. Examples of C. (C.) orrae were also noted from the North Coast of Sumbawa, Indonesia, and Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. While there is a geographic break in the distribution of C. (C.) orrae creating two populations, Western Australian and Gulf of Carpentaria, populations from these two ranges could not be distinguished using morphology. Future research will likely show genetic differences as a consequence of drift caused by isolation, thus leading to the potential recognition of two cryptic subspecies.

Aberrations on the number of eyes and strombid notches, the evolution of the eye- sight, the use of the anterior canal and other morphological adaptions to the shells of the family are discussed. Animals with 3 and 4 eyes instead of 2 eyes are reported just as shells with 2 strombid notches instead of one strombid notch. The use of the term ‘siphonal canal’ is discouraged and replaced by ‘anterior canal’. A new term is introduced: the strombid lobe for the broadly rounded projection on the outer lip posterior to the strombid notch.

This paper describes a new species of Ophioglossolambis Dekkers, 2012 from the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues, and Réunion) and Saint Brandon (also known as Cargados Carajos) Shoals in the western Indian Ocean as Ophioglossolambis itsumiae. It is separated from Ophioglossolambis digitata (Perry, 1811), its closest congener from the coastal waters of Madagascar and East Africa, by its typically larger and broader build, longer spines, lighter coloration, a more flared labral flange, and, most especially, very compact and short spire.

Gastropoda merupakan keong yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi karena cangkangnya diambil sebagai bahan untuk perhiasan dan cinderamata, sedangkan dagingnya merupakan makanan yang lezat. Beberapa jenis keong yang bernilai ekonomis diantaranya dari famili Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Olividae, Conidae, dan Tonnidae. Mempelajari pentingnya manfaat Gastropoda, maka diperlukan adanya kajian tentang hewan tersebut. Oleh karena itu peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai hewan Gastropoda yang meliputi jenis dan kelimpahan gastropoda di perairan Kota Bengkulu khususnya di Pantai Teluk Sepang Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan menggunakan transek 1x1 meter. Data yang diukur berupa data identifikasi dan data kelimpahan Gastropoda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat sembilan jenis Gastropoda dengan kelimpahan yaitu 216 ind/m2 Cerithidea cingulata, 7 ind/m² Natica gualteriana, 3 ind/m² Trochusconus, 8 ind/m² Turbo chrysostomus, 7 ind/m2 Telescopium telescopium, 9 ind/m2 Strombus labiatus, 162 ind/m2 Cerithidea obtuse, 3 ind/m2 Vexillum rugosum, dan 164 ind/m2 Cerithide aquadrata. Kata kunci: Gastropoda, Pantai Teluk Sepang, identifikasi, Moluska

Two species, viz., Euprotomus bulla (Roding, 1798) and Tridentarius dentatus (Linnaeus, 1758) belonging to the family Strombidae are reported for the first time from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The close similarity in the morphological character sets between Euprotomous bulla and Euprotomous aurisdianae may be a reason for overlooking the former species by early workers. We have defined the dissimilarity between both species and have confirmed its occurrence in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the genus Euprotomous, E. bulla is the second species reported from this region. Tridentarius dentatus has been previously reported from mainland India; however, it is reported from these islands for the first time. There exists a paucity of literature on Bufonaria elegans from Indian waters; however, it has been included in OBIS Indo—Pacific Molluscan Database from the vicinity of these Islands at an earlier date. As no comprehensive literature on its occurrence from Indian waters exists, the current report confirms its occurrence and provides notes on its morphology from this region.

The Red Sea is known for its unique coral reef topography that harbors many marine species making the Red Sea a biodiversity hot spot. The molluscan fauna of the Red Sea has been extensively studied for its ecology, biology and economic importance. In the present study, numerous live specimens and gastropod shells were collected from Ain El-Sokhna area on the western shore of the Red Sea’s Gulf of Suez. Samplings were done during June-October, 2020. The collected species were identified based on published keys for the identification of Red Sea molluscs. A total of 24 gastropod species belonging to 12 families were identified. Among these, the highest abundant species was Thais savignyi (Muricidae) followed by Cellana rota (Nacellidea). Some other species were rarely abundant such as Conomurex fasciatus (Strombidae), the reef-eating snail, Drupella cornus (Muricidae), Nassarius fenistratus, N. castus (Nassariidae), and Polinices pecelephanti (Naticidae). The present findings demonstrate high molluscan biodiversity at Ain El-Sokhna region of the Red Sea and set the platform for further studies and assessments of biological and biomedical importance of identified molluscs species either as intermediate hosts for parasites or sources for bioactive compounds.

The dog conch, Laevistrombus turturella, is an important marine resource of ecological and economic importance in the Southeast Asian region. Natural populations of L. turturella are under threat due to development and overexploitation, so efforts should be taken in culturing this species for commercial and conservation purposes. This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap in the life-history characteristics of L. turturella by investigating the growth and behavior of early juvenile L. turturella under laboratory conditions. Egg masses of L. turturella were collected from conch natural-spawning habitat. Upon reaching the late veliger stage (stage IV), L. turturella larvae was chemically induced, and newly metamorphosed juveniles were reared in small-scale laboratory microcosms. The microcosms were placed in an incubator at 28 °C and under 12:12 h light-dark condition, with very minimal aeration. Specific behavioral characteristics were observed at the onset and during the metamorphosis, and these characteristics resulted in highly camouflaged juveniles covered by surrounding sediment and debris. Burrowing behavior was first observed at day 56 post settlement, but they were only partially buried. Generally, juvenile conch showed fast and continuous growth, which were best modelled by fitting linear equations. Thus, a minimum size of 10 mm-shell-length juveniles is recommended for restocking. All these results indicated the technical viability of producing hatchery-reared juveniles for commercial purposes and for enhancing natural-stock populations.

This revision of the genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817 after Abbott (1960) advances our understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Morphological characters were used to generate a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and including all of the recognised species. This resulted in the recognition of one tree, and within that tree the existing genera Canarium Schumacher, 1817 Tridentarius Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002 and Terestrombus Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002, and two more Maculastrombus n. gen. and Neostrombus n. gen. were recognisable clades. Furthermore, within the genus Canarium, four subgenera, Canarium (Canarium), Canarium (Conundrum), Canarium (Elegantum), and Canarium (Stereostrombus), were identified and described. We describe and define taxa that are compatible with the requirements of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision assists in generating a system of nomenclature that reflects the hypothetical relationships, and is at the same time practical in its application. We designate type localities and types for included species that were not yet addressed up until now.

Many valid species can hide buried within prior taxonomic revisions. These need to be examined before the taxonomist embarks on the challenging task of naming new taxa. In this study we re-examine the synonyms complied by Abbott (1960) under Canarium urceus (Linné, 1758), examining each taxon for morphological clarity and distinctiveness. After considering the written descriptions and type material in light of prior revisions, we suggest that there are three valid species buried within the C. urceus synonymy of Abbott. All three species can be differentiated from C. urceus in general form, being less equi-triangulate and lacking the strong shoulder knobbing of that species. In addition, all three species are distinguishable by their distinctive aperture colouration. Canarium urceus possesses a typically black aperture, Canarium anatellum (Duclos, 1844) can be differentiated by its typically uniformly red/orange aperture, while Canarium incisum (Wood, 1828)is recognisable by the typically orange columella and outer lip, and a more triangular form. Strombus ustulatus form laevis Dodge, 1946 is the classical well-known form from the Philippines and elsewhere that is recognisable by its white columella. As the name laevis was preoccupied, we have renamed the species Canarium esculentum nomen novem. We assessed Strombus crassilabrum Anton, 1839 to be a nomen dubium. Further, our revision provides an improved hypothetical framework for the evolution and radiation of this most adaptable and variable of organisms, through increased clarity, and the re-circumscription of hitherto described taxa with distinctive morphotypes and separate biogeographical ranges.

This study introduces four new species within the Canarium urceus complex. Canarium daveyi nov. sp. and the sympatric C. geelvinkbaaiensis nov. sp. from the region surrounding Geelvink Bay in north-eastern Indonesia, C. youngorum nov. sp. from the island of north-eastern Papua New Guinea, and finally Canarium manintveldi nov. sp from the southern South Pacific centred on Fiji and Vanuatu. These new species differ from, and are described based on, the morphology and geographical distribution from known species belonging to the C. urceus complex. This study comprises part three in a series examining the broader C. urceus complex.

Seagrass is a community that consists a large number of organisms which associated within. Organisms associated with seagrass are gastropods. The purpose of this research is to determine the structure of gastropods community at seagrass on Pulau Panjang, Jepara. Exploration methods was applied and data was analyzed descriptively. The location of research are divided into 3 locations based on 3 different densities of seagrass : sparse, medium and dense. Every location consists of 4 stations with 3 repetitions. The research was held during Desember 2014. Sampling using quadratic a frame size of 1x1 m. The result, there are were 15 genera gastropods of 8 families as followed Trochus (Ciridae), Strombus (Strombidae), Turbo, Astralium, Dentarene, Liotina (Turbinidae), Cantharus, Nassaria, Engina (Buccinidae), Cerithium, Rhinoclavis, Clypeomorus (Cerithiidae), Morulla (Muricidae), Columbella (Columbellidae), and Neritodryas (Neritidae). The abundance in location I 108.75 ind/????2 with dense of seagrass density, location II 91 ind/m2 with medium of seagrass density, and location III 47,25 ind/m2 with rare of seagrass density. Index value of Gastropod diversity classified medium category, index value of gastropod similarity classified high category, it means abudance from each spesies can be said to be similar, and evenly distributed and not on domination by a specific species. Community similarity index classified in the category of medium to very large

We use scanning electron microscopy imaging to examine the shell microstructure of fossil and living species in five families of caenogastropods (Strombidae, Volutidae, Olividae, Pseudolividae, and Ancillariidae) to determine whether parallel or convergent evolution is responsible for the development of a unique caenogastropod trait, the extreme parietal callus (EPC). The EPC is defined as a substantial thickening of both the spire callus and the callus on the ventral shell surface such that it covers 50% or more of the surface. Caenogastropods as a whole construct the EPC convergently, using a variety of low-density, poorly organized microstructures that are otherwise uncommon in caenogastropod non-callus shell construction. Within clades, however, we see evidence for parallelism in decreased regulation in both the shell and callus microstructure. Low-density and poorly ordered microstructure—such as used for the EPC—uses less organic scaffolding and is less energetically expensive than normal shell microstructure. This suggests the EPC functions to rapidly and inexpensively increase shell thickness and overall body size. Tests of functional ecology suggest that the EPC might function both to defend against crushing predation through increased body size and dissipation of forces while aiding in shell orientation of highly mobile gastropods. These interpretations hinge on the current phylogenetic placement of caenogastropod families, emphasizing the essential contribution of phylogeny when interpreting homoplasy.

Strombus urceus Linné, 1758 is a gastropod species that is one of the most variable and well documented through the centuries. However, we found the present identity of Strombus urceus misleading. Abbott (1960) designated the type locality, and confirmed type specimen, based on the microfiche of the Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution Zoology Section Collection, which formed the basic reference set for the Museum S:æ R:æ M:tis Luovicæ Ulricæ (1764), Linné’s primary set of organisms from which he ordered the species in the Systema Naturae. This review resolves the taxonomic identity of Strombus urceus Linné, 1758 (= Canarium urceus (Linné, 1758)) through conforming the type and explicitly defining a range for that phenotype, and this then providesthebasisforfutureworkthatwilldeal withthegreaterStrombusurceus Linné,1758diverse phenotypiccomplexanditscurrentlyassignedregionalformsandvarietiesbythepresentauthors.

The phylogeny of the American Strombidae the genus Lobatus is limited to the extant Lobatus raninus and several fossil precursors, the genera Macrostrombus, Aliger and Titanostrombus are re-installed as valid genera. The genus Persististrombus which was used as a sink for a plethora of species, is limited to the extant Persististrombus granulatus, fossil American species and a few Eocene to Miocene European species, which we enclose within Persististrombini nov. tribus along with Thetystrombus. Two new genera for the Miocene ancestral basal taxa of Aligerini nov. tribus, Edpetuchistrombus nov. gen. and Antestrombus nov. gen., both of which represent basal reference points enabling greater clarity in the resolution of early West African and American Strombidae radiations are proposed. This revised phylogeny informed by total evidence and historical revisions will assist in providing an evolutionary-based nomenclature that offers a structural basis for further explanation of the radiation and diversification of taxa within the Strombidae.

This paper presents an examination of the relationships between Dolomena, Doxander, Mirabilistrombus, Neodilatilabrum and Labiostrombus using character state analysis and maximum parsimony. Hypothesized relationships are presented through the introduction of definitions that bridge the understanding of the evolutionary relationships with the applied nomenclature. Dolomenini is introduced to incorporate two new subtribes: Dolomenina which combines parts of Dolomena ex Abbott (1960) and Labiostrombus; and Doxanderina, which encloses Doxander and Neodilatilabrum. Based on the generated phylogeny, Amabiliplicatus, Pacificus and Dominus are introduced, while Ministrombus is validated as monophyletic. The clustering of Neodilatilabrum and Doxander within Doxanderina, and the nesting of Labiostrombus within the Dolomenini are major revisions to Stromboid systematics.

The investigation of sex bias and pseudohermaphroditism is a relatively unexplored area of research in the Neostromboidae. Here, we inform on these phenomena in a population of Gibberulus dekkersi Maxwell, Hernandez Duran, Rowell & Rymer, 2021 on Green Island, Great Barrier Reef. We collected 598 individuals, and noted the size of the cluster in which it occurred. Each individual was placed ventral side up and the body of the animal observed at the time of righting. Sex was determined by the presence or absence of a verge. During this sexing process, females were inspected for the presence of external male sexual organs to indicate the presence or absence of pseudohermaphroditism. We found that, overall, the population was not sexually biased towards one sex. However, we did find that individual clusters within the population showed significant sex bias, with different clusters favouring either males or females. Smaller clusters had a structural sex-ratio bias in favour of females. No evidence for pseudohermaphroditism was recorded, which indicates that the marine pollutant tributyltin (TBT) may not be present or at harmful levels in the surrounding environment. This study adds information from an unstudied Queensland taxon to the growing evidence on sex bias, clustering effects and pseudohermaphroditism within the Neostromboidae.

Belgrade area is a region of high paleobiodiversity, being ranked among the best known in Serbia. The prominent position among a number of Middle Miocene (Badenian) fossiliferous sites in the vicinity of Belgrade (southern Pannonian Basin, Central Paratethys) are occupied with sediments of Rakovica stream, also known as ?Rakovica sands?. Here, the integrated evidence based on new fossil findings of calcareous nannoplankton, foraminifera and molluscs assemblages, allows the stratigraphic revision of the clastic facies of the Rakovica succession. Based on the studies of lithological composition, high paleodiversity molluscs fauna and local palaeogeographical setting, it can be concluded with reasonable certainty that deposits of Rakovica stream entitled ?Rakovica sand? represents a sandstone of the shallow marine (littoral) environment during Lower Badenian time. Large benthic foraminifera Ammonia viennensis (d?ORBigny), and Borelis haueri (d?ORBigny) as well as zone marker nn5 Sphaenolithus heteromorphus defLandRe correspond to this biostratigraphic level. during the late early Miocene and Middle Miocene (Badenian), the climate in the Central Paratehys was mainly subtropical. This is supported at its southern margin by the presence of thermophilous mollusc taxa, as well as the Conidae, Strombidae, Xenophoridae, Pleurotomidae, Turridae, Muricidae, etc. Consequently, the investigated deposit can be ascribed to the early Badenian which biostratigraphically corresponds to the nn5 nannozone by correlation with successions in theirs type-areas to the Central Paratethys, and defines preciously the time of the marine transgression in this area.

This paper defines a new crown clade Neostromboidea to separate the Strombidae, Rostellariidae, and Seraphsidae from their sister families Struthiolariidae and Aporrhaidae. There is significant value to understanding evolutionary processes within Stromboidea to recognise the universal similarity in the position of the eye on the end of peduncles and a diminished cephalic tentacle that arises from the middle to the end on that peduncle. This is in contrast to other members of the Stromboidea where the eye is located at the base of the cephalic tentacle. These physiological differences represent two set of organisms with divergent and independent evolutionary life histories and therefore these differences need to be identifiable within the nomenclature to bring meaning to the way we name things.

The gastropod family Strombidae has sparked the recent interest of taxonomists as early revisions of the family are re-examined, with a plethora of new species and genera being described. This has brought a greater understanding of the level of diversity within the family, which has assisted in conceptualizing its evolutionary intergeneric relationships. However, gaps in the revisions remain. This paper examines the extant members of the genus Gibberulus after half a century of neglect. After examination of type material and original descriptions, the species are recircumscribed, and a new species, G. dekkersi, new species, is presented, bringing the total number of species in the genus to four. In addition, information of the geographic range of each species is provided. We suggest that, as further revisions of the Strombidae are conducted, particularly of those species with large fragmented distributions, a greater diversity of species will be found and described.

Aliger gigas is an economically important and vulnerable marine species. We present a new mitogenome of A. gigas from the Mexican Caribbean and use the eight publicly available Strombidae mitogenomes to analyze intra- and interspecific variation. We present the most complete phylogenomic understanding of Hypsogastropoda to date (17 superfamilies, 39 families, 85 genera, 109 species) to revisit the phylogenetic position of the Stromboidea and evaluate divergence times throughout the phylogeny. The A. gigas mitogenome comprises 15,460 bp including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. Nucleotide diversity suggested divergence between the Mexican and Colombian lineages of A. gigas. Interspecific divergence showed high differentiation among Strombidae species and demonstrated a close relationship between A. gigas and Strombus pugilis, between Lambis lambis and Harpago chiragra, and among Tridentarius dentatus/Laevistrombus canarium/Ministrombus variabilis. At the intraspecific level, the gene showing the highest differentiation is ATP8 and the lowest is NAD4L, whereas at the interspecific level the NAD genes show the highest variation and the COX genes the lowest. Phylogenomic analyses confirm that Stromboidea belongs in the non-Latrogastropoda clade and includes Xenophoridea. The phylogenomic position of other superfamilies, including those of previously uncertain affiliation, is also discussed. Finally, our data indicated that Stromboidea diverged into two principal clades in the early Cretaceous while Strombidae diversified in the Paleocene, and lineage diversification within A. gigas took place in the Pleistocene.

This study provides a checklist of the distribution and relative abundance of Strombidae from the near-shore environment of Green Island, Queensland, Australia. Historical records indicate that this island has not been surveyed for at least half a century. We used an opportunistic sighting survey method, where we walked the path of the receding tidal line around the island, counting and measuring all species that we observed directly. We also recorded the substrate on which each individual was collected as sand, sand-seagrass or seagrass. Eleven species of Strombidae were found. The survey provided the first record of Ministrombus athenius (Duclos, 1844) from North Queensland. This study provides base-line data on the presence and distribution of near-shore Stromboidea that will enable future studies to detect and monitor changes in the composition of near-shore strombid species.