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The varieties of vines tolerant to the main fungal diseases are the object of growing interest because they require fewer treatments for the production of quality grapes. These varieties are considered qualitatively unsuitable especially for some characteristics such as the foxy aroma, the level of anthocyanin diglucosides and the level of methyl alcohol in wines. In the three-year period 2016-2018, from a population of 74 medium resistant varieties placed in a single collection, in Marlengo (BZ), young leaves were taken for DNA analysis; annually 2 surveys of the OIV 452 453, 455 and 456 descriptors were carried out, and, at 18° Brix, sombunches were collected for the analysis of different metabolites. Nano-vinifications were carried out for 32 genotypes. Genotypes with different levels of stacked loci associated with resistance to downy and powdery mildew were detected, with different resistance behaviors over the years. Only some genotypes have aromas of foxy and only 20% of the genotypes analyzed have levels of anthocyanin diglucosides higher than the levels required by current legislation. Some vinifications showed methanol levels higher than the legal limit set. High percentages of genotypes respected the legal levels of metabolites required by current regulations and only genotypes with the presence of V. labrusca showed the aroma of foxy.

Accurate and non-destructive models for predicting leaf area (LA) are essential for monitoring vineyard growth and developing automated algorithms. In this study, we developed and compared the performance of eight linear regression models for predicting LA in eleven fungal-resistant grapevine genotypes. We also explored the phenotypic plasticity of leaf traits and their relationship with LA using kernel density estimation analysis. We found that genotype played a major role in defining leaf shape, and genotype-environment interaction was observed. The best models for LA estimation were identified for each genotype, and a leaf deformation index was proposed. Our results provide accurate and robust models for estimating LA in fungal-resistant grapevine genotypes and demonstrate the relationship between leaf traits and the environment. Additionally, we present a method for defining leaf asymmetry. Overall, this study contributes to the development of non-destructive and automated techniques for monitoring vineyard growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through fingerprinting analysis using reference microsatellite markers and comparing with the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) database, it was possible to discover that in Brazil, the wine grape variety cultivated for over 70 years, called 'Peverella' (Variety number VIVC = 12963; National Register of Vine Varieties (Italy), code: 254) is actually the grape variety called 'Boschera' (Variety number VIVC = 1576; National Register of Vine Varieties (Italy), code: 326). This discovery makes wines produced in Brazil even rarer (with only approximately 10 hectares planted worldwide), presenting an additional means to promote and market this historic variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Il programma di miglioramento genetico per le resistenze a stress biotici ha avuto inizio presso la Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) nel 2010. Inizialmente è stata condotta una caratterizzazione sia genotipica che fenotipica di materiali acquisiti da altri programmi di breeding e di materiale selvatico raccolto in New Jersey. Sia i genotipi conosciuti nei database internazionali che i genotipi sconosciuti, imparentati e non, sono stati impiegati come linee parentali nel processo di introgressione e di piramidazione di loci di interesse. Una volta pianificati e ottenuti gli incroci, la valutazione delle progenie è avvenuta seguendo un processo di Marker-Assisted Selection: dapprima è avvenuta la selezione fenotipica in serra in base al tipo di malattia e al numero di loci attesi per la medesima malattia; successivamente si è proceduto con lo screening molecolare in base ai loci specifici attesi nei parentali. Cinque sono i loci Run/Ren associati alla resistenza all'oidio presenti nel programma FEM; riguardo ai loci associati alla resistenza alla peronospora, quattro Rpv sono ben rappresentati nel piano di incroci. Ad oggi il 26% delle F1 è piramidizzato per quattro loci di resistenza.

Stomata control CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration, thus playing a key role in leaf thermoregulation, water-use efficiency (iWUE), and plant productivity. In this work, we investigated the relationship between several leaf traits and hypothesized that stomatal behavior to fast (i.e. minutes) environmental changes co-determines, along with steady-state traits, the physiological response of grapevine to the surrounding fluctuating environment over the growing season. No relationship between iWUE, heat stress tolerance, and stomatal traits was observed in field-grown grapevine, suggesting that other physiological mechanisms are involved in determining leaf evaporative cooling capacity and the seasonal ratio of CO2 uptake (A) to stomatal conductance (g s). Indeed, cultivars that in the field had an unexpected combination of high iWUE but low sensitivity to thermal stress displayed a quick stomatal closure to light, but a sluggish closure to increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD) levels. This strategy, aiming both at conserving water under a high to low light transition and in prioritizing evaporative cooling under a low to high VPD transition, was mainly observed in the cultivars Regina and Syrah. Moreover, cultivars with different known responses to soil moisture deficit or high air VPD (isohydric versus anisohydric) had opposite behavior under fluctuating environments, with the isohydric cultivar showing slow stomatal closure to reduced light intensity but quick temporal responses to VPD manipulation. We propose that stomatal behavior to fast environmental fluctuations can play a critical role in leaf thermoregulation and water conservation under natural field conditions in grapevine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A promising way to overcome the susceptibility of Vitis vinifera L. to fungal diseases is the integration of genetic resistance by the interspecific crossing between V. vinifera varieties and resistant species. However, the products of such hybrids are still not accepted by customers, particularly due to their organoleptic characteristics, not least influenced by their polyphenolic profile. RESULTS: A total of 58 resistant breeding lines, 41 from international programs and 17 new progeny individuals, were grown in one untreated vineyard to exclude any variances by climatic and pedologic conditions or vineyard practice. A total of 60 polyphenols (including acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan‐3‐ols, and stilbenoids) were determined in grapevine berries by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in two consecutive years. The overall profiles were rather consistent (variation P > 0.05) within the two harvests, with the exceptions of epicatechin and caftaric acid. Anthocyanin diglucosides were found in ten of the red breeding lines, malvidin‐3,5‐O‐diglucoside being predominant in nine of them. Total polyphenol content of the unknown progeny individuals and international breeding lines was comparable, with the exception of significantly increased amounts of gallic acid and some flavonoids. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive study reported herein of the polyphenolic profile of hybrids from international breeding programs, but also of new breeds from private initiatives, all cultivated in the same vineyard, will support the selection of promising candidates for further breeding programs to overcome impairment due to undesired sensory characteristics of new highly resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Downy mildew is a major grapevine disease caused by the biotrophic oomycete, Plasmopara viticola. Numerous disease resistance studies of diverse Vitis germplasm have been previously carried out to identify downy mildew resistance sources; however, ratings were mainly reported using leaf disc in vitro testing and foliage field assessment, or upon leaf and cluster field evaluations. In the current study, 28 grapevine hybrid cultivars were screened using leaf disc bioassay, for disease resistance characterization of both existing and wild-collected materials. 16 hybrids were identified as highly resistant or resistant, and will serve as relevant resistance donors in future pre-breeding and breeding programs. All grapevine hybrids were evaluated for foliar and cluster downy mildew resistance in an untreated field trial over three successive years. This study showed that the leaf disc bioassay provided some information on the resistance level of the genotypes under scrutiny, but it was a weak predictor of their resistance level under field conditions on leaves and even more on bunches. These findings are relevant to future applications in both traditional and marker-assisted breeding programs which promote sustainable viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grapevine breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to promote the viticulture sustainability worldwide. Due the perennial nature of grapevine, it is essential that the genetic resistance should be durable. However, biotrophic pathogens with a mixed reproduction systems associated with heterotalism, such as Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, have a high evolutionary potential that confers a strong capacity to overcome resistance mechanisms. Thus, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the level of adaptation of P. viticola populations to resistant grape varieties/genotypes carrying different combinations of R-Gene alleles in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. For this purpose, P. viticola inocula were collected from two sites of the State (Curitibanos and Urussanga) in the year of 2021. The inoculum was composed of a mixture of sporangia sampled at the end of the grapevine cycles, from hosts containing the R-alleles Rpv3, Rpv10, Rpv1+3, Rpv3+10. The sporangia suspension was prepared from each population and used in cross inoculations using leaf discs of the susceptible variety Cabernet Sauvignon and a panel of ten cultivars/genotypes containing different R-alleles combinations (Rpv3.1, Rpv3.1+3.2, Rpv3.1+3.3, Rpv1+3.1, Rpv10, Rpv10+3.3, Rpv10+3.1+3.3, Rpv12 and Rpv12+3.1). At six days after cross-inoculation (dai), disease severity, resistance level (OIV 452-1 descriptor) and sporulation incidence were evaluated; at 7 dai, sporangia production was measured. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of normality and variance, followed by the Freedman, Dunn's and Tukey tests. The Rpv12 allele was the most effective source of resistance, limiting completely the sporulation of the pathogen. Rpv10 allele was also highly efficient, and no additive effect was observed when combined with the Rpv3 allele. In addition, an erosion of the resistance conferred by Rpv3 allele was observed, manifested as a dense sporulation as Cabernet Sauvignon. However, when Rpv3 was combined with Rpv1, a high level of resistance was generally observed. Isolates collected from Curitibanos and Urussanga were able to sporulate in host carrying Rpv1+3, and Rpv3+10, bringing concerns about the durability. This knowledge is fundamental for the definition of breeding strategies for the release of grapevine varieties with durable resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A grapevine germplasm collection including more than 2,000 unique genetic profiles, distinguished by their origin and/or distinctive phenotypic characteristics, is maintained and preserved at the Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM, Italy). Each genotype is represented by 1-20 accessions. New acquisitions from repositories around the world and wild collections consist of released or naturalized Vitis hybrids as well as Vitis species, useful to scout new genetic resources for diversity studies and breeding purposes (wine/table grapes and rootstocks). Most accessions were genotyped with the reference set of 9 microsatellite markers to verify their trueness-to-type against international and national databases. Moreover, the entire germplasm collection has been phenotyped during three successive years for several traits related to ampelography, vine development (e.g. phenological stages, fertility), biotic stress response, berry and wine composition (e.g. chemical parameters). In parallel, crossbreeding programs have been carried out to obtain new genotypes coupling winemaking quality and resistance to different biotic stresses. We developed the FEMVitisDB database to host the above information and that produced by the current and future grape breeding programs. This infrastructure is focused on the "FAIR" paradigm which emphasizes the importance of organizing data and metadata. The infrastructure core is a PostgreSQL database compliant with the MIAPPE (Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment) standard. The database can host both genotyping and phenotyping data allowing the storage of heterogeneous datasets including dense time series and high throughput genotyping data. The architecture is ontology driven (i.e. the semantics of all the terms can be specified by a suitable ontology) to provide a powerful system to integrate data originating from different experiments and platforms. Where feasible, the OIV code - as described in the Vitis ontology - has been applied for the standardization of the phenotype description; alternatively, the grape or plant ontologies have been used. The database is integrated with standardized RESTful Web Service API based on BrAPI (brapi.org) which provides access to the data. The data management system is completed by the BrAPIViewer, a web frontend returning all the necessary information in a user-friendly way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the value of human economic activities is no longer measured only in terms of efficiency and profit, but also in terms of sustainability. When it comes to agriculture, one of the biggest areas of improvement involves the decrease of chemicals. Although vineyards cover less than 5% of agricultural land in Europe, viticulture is responsible for the use of more than 60% of all fungicides. The exploitation of grapevine varieties resistant to mildews is an efficient strategy already implemented in integrated/organic farming to reduce treatments. However, from the beginning of this century, European viticulture has been threatened by severe outbreaks of black rot (BR), an emergent and destructive disease caused by the ascomycete Phyllosticta ampelicida (sexual morph Guignardia bidwellii). These events introduced the urgent need for the introgression of BR resistance in mildewtolerant genotypes. For this purpose, a set of parental lines and breeding selections of the Fondazione Edmund Mach has been screened for BR resistance in a growing chamber with in vivo produced spores using an optimized artificial infection protocol. Given the good performance of 'Merzling' (a complex genotype derived from V. vinifera and V. rupestris × V. aestivalis var. lincecumii), this cultivar was used for a cross with the susceptible variety 'Teroldego' (V. vinifera) and the segregating offspring was genetically characterized by means of the GrapeReSeq 18K Vitis SNP chip. Five phenotypic experiments were carried out under controlled conditions on leaves of potted plants, and three on bunches in the field. A dense genetic map was constructed combining 7,175 SNP with 194 SSR markers of a previous map. All QTL analyses revealed the presence of a strong major BR resistance locus on chromosome 14. It explains up to 45% of the trait variability (LOD 10.5) and spans a genomic region of 1.36 Mb. A specific SNP marker was found robustly associated with the resistance trait. No minor QTLs were detected. The genes underlying this region are currently under investigation via bioinformatic analysis, and microscopic inspections of disease progression are in place to understand the biological causes of the resistance trait. Finally, new molecular markers will be developed and validated on segregating populations with different genetic backgrounds, to be implemented in marker-assisted selection for BR resistance in grapevine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]