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1. Reemergence of Oropouche Virus in the Americas and Risk for Spread in the United States and Its Territories, 2024

Author

Sarah Anne J. Guagliardo, C. Roxanne Connelly, Shelby Lyons, Stacey W. Martin, Rebekah Sutter, Holly R. Hughes, Aaron C. Brault, Amy J. Lambert, Carolyn V. Gould, and J. Erin Staples

Subjects
Oropouche virus, viruses, vector-borne infections, preparedness, response, United States, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Oropouche virus has recently caused outbreaks in South America and the Caribbean, expanding into areas to which the virus was previously not endemic. This geographic range expansion, in conjunction with the identification of vertical transmission and reports of deaths, has raised concerns about the broader threat this virus represents to the Americas. We review information on Oropouche virus, factors influencing its spread, transmission risk in the United States, and current status of public health response tools. On the basis of available data, the risk for sustained local transmission in the continental United States is considered low because of differences in vector ecology and in human–vector interactions when compared with Oropouche virus–endemic areas. However, more information is needed about the drivers for the current outbreak to clarify the risk for further expansion of this virus. Timely detection and control of this emerging pathogen should be prioritized to mitigate disease burden and stop its spread.

Published
2024
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2. Oropouche Virus Disease Among U.S. Travelers--United States, 2024

Author

Morrison, Andrea, White, Jennifer L., Hughes, Holly R., Guagliardo, Sarah Anne J., Velez, Jason O., Fitzpatrick, Kelly A., Davis, Emily H., Stanek, Danielle, Kopp, Edgar, Dumoulin, Peter, Locksmith, Timothy, Heberlein, Lea, Zimler, Rebecca, Lassen, Joshua, Bestard, Carolina, Rico, Edhelene, Mejia-Echeverri, Alvaro, Edwards-Taylor, Kay-Anna, Holt, Douglas, Halphen, Dionisia, Peters, Kaitlynn, Adams, Cheryl, Nichols, Amanda M., Ciota, Alexander T., Dupuis, Alan P., II, Backenson, P. Bryon, Lehman, Jennifer A., Lyons, Shelby, Padda, Hannah, Connelly, Roxanne C., Tong, Van T., Martin, Stacey W., Lambert, Amy J., Brault, Aaron C., Blackmore, Carina, Staples, J. Erin, and Gould, Carolyn V.

Subjects
Travel -- Cuba -- Florida -- South America, Infection -- Health aspects, Travelers -- Health aspects, Disease transmission -- Health aspects, Public health -- Health aspects, Bites and stings -- Health aspects, Pregnant women -- Health aspects, Virus diseases -- Health aspects, Health, Pan American Health Organization
Abstract

Investigation and Results Natural History and Clinical Symptoms Oropouche virus (Simbu serogroup, genus Orthobunyavirus) is endemic to the Amazon region and was previously identified as a cause of human disease [...]

Published
2024

3. Tick bite risk factors and prevention measures in an area with emerging Powassan virus disease

Author

Nicolette Wilson, Grace M. Vahey, Emily McDonald, Kelly Fitzpatrick, Jennifer Lehman, Sandhya Clark, Kristine Lindell, Daniel M. Pastula, Stephen Perez, Heather Rhodes, Carolyn V. Gould, J. Erin Staples, Stacey W. Martin, and Kim Cervantes

Subjects
Powassan virus, prevention, risk factors, tick‐borne disease, ticks, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background In the United States (U.S.), Powassan virus is primarily transmitted to humans by the black‐legged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Rarely, infections can present as severe neuroinvasive disease. In 2019, four neuroinvasive disease cases were reported in Sussex County, New Jersey, U.S. We administered a survey to county residents to better understand tick bite risk factors and the performance of personal prevention measures. Methods A survey was administered in October 2019 to adult residents of randomly selected households. Questions focused on tick bite prevention and risk factors. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for various outcomes. Results Of 274 participants, 25% were previously diagnosed with a tick‐borne disease, and 42% reported finding an attached tick in 2019. Yardwork and gardening (OR = 7.38) and spending >50 hours outdoors per week (OR = 8.15) were associated with finding an attached tick. Finding an attached tick was inversely associated with the number of prevention measures used, indicating that a layered approach could reduce the risk of tick bites. Those who performed post‐outdoor activity prevention measures (e.g., tick checks) were less likely to have a tick attached compared to finding a crawling tick. Conclusion Compliance with prevention recommendations was low, despite a high prevalence of reported tick bites and significant outdoor exposures. Older adults and persons who spend significant time outdoors or engage in yardwork or gardening were at the highest risk of tick bites. Additional research is needed to further understand the barriers to tick bite prevention.

Published
2023
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5. Contributors

Author

Abzug, Mark J., primary, Adderson, Elisabeth E., additional, Agarwal, Aastha, additional, Agwu, Allison L., additional, Albenberg, Lindsey, additional, Albert, Jonathan, additional, Alby, Kevin, additional, Aldrovandi, Grace M., additional, Allen, Upton D., additional, Alvarez-Hernndez, Gerardo, additional, Ampofo, Krow, additional, Anderson, Evan J., additional, Appiah, Grace D., additional, Ardura, Monica I., additional, Arnon, Stephen S., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Arvin, Ann M., additional, Ashkenazi, Shai, additional, Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, Liat, additional, Asturias, Edwin J., additional, Aukstuolis, Kestutis, additional, Badalyan, Vahe, additional, Baker, Carol J., additional, Balakrishnan, Karthik, additional, Barnett, Elizabeth D., additional, Bechtel, Kirsten, additional, Benitz, William E., additional, Berkovich, Rachel, additional, Berman, David M., additional, Bialek, Stephanie R., additional, Bijker, Else M., additional, Bizzarro, Matthew J., additional, Bloch, Karen C., additional, Bocchini, Joseph A., additional, Boyce, Thomas G., additional, Bradley, John S., additional, Bratcher, Denise F., additional, Braverman, Paula K., additional, Brook, Itzhak, additional, Brown, Kevin Edward, additional, Bryant, Kristina P., additional, Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F., additional, Caete-Gibas, Connie F., additional, Cantey, Joseph B., additional, Cantey, Paul, additional, Cardemil, Cristina V., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castagnini, Luis A., additional, Cataldi, Jessica R., additional, Chadwick, Ellen Gould, additional, Chancey, Rebecca J., additional, Cherry, Cara C., additional, Chiang, Silvia S., additional, Choi, Mary, additional, Christenson, John C., additional, Coffin, Susan E., additional, Cohn, Amanda, additional, Contopoulos-Ioannidis, Despina G., additional, Conway, James H., additional, Cortese, Margaret M., additional, Creech, C. Buddy, additional, Crews, Jonathan D., additional, Curtis, Donna, additional, Curtis, Nigel, additional, Danziger-Isakov, Lara A., additional, Darville, Toni, additional, Dasch, Gregory A., additional, Daskalaki, Irini, additional, Davies, H. Dele, additional, Dawood, Fatimah S., additional, Day, J. Christopher, additional, Teresa de la Morena, M., additional, DeMuri, Gregory P., additional, Despommier, Dickson D., additional, Dodson, Daniel S., additional, Dolgner, Stephen J., additional, Dunn, Clinton, additional, Dyal, Jonathan, additional, Edwards, Kathryn M., additional, Edwards, Morven S., additional, Eichenfield, Dawn Z., additional, Eichenfield, Lawrence F., additional, Elston, Dirk M., additional, Emerson, Beth, additional, Enane, Leslie A., additional, Ephros, Moshe, additional, Erdem, Guliz, additional, Eremeeva, Marina E., additional, Esposito, Douglas H., additional, Farley, Monica M., additional, Feingold, Anat R., additional, Feja, Kristina N., additional, Finn, Adam, additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Fisher, Brian T., additional, Fisher, Randall G., additional, Flynn, Patricia Michele, additional, Foster, Monique A., additional, Fox, LeAnne M., additional, Frank, Michael M., additional, Fredrick, Douglas R., additional, Frenck, Robert W., additional, Gaensbauer, James, additional, Gans, Hayley A., additional, Gauthier, Gregory M., additional, Gavigan, Patrick, additional, Gerber, Jeffrey S., additional, Gernez, Yael, additional, Gigliotti, Francis, additional, Gilger, Mark A., additional, Glaser, Carol A., additional, Gould, Jane M., additional, Graziano, James, additional, Green, Amanda M., additional, Green, Michael, additional, Griffin, Daniel, additional, Griffin, Patricia M., additional, Griffith, David C., additional, Gupta, Piyush, additional, Gutelius, Bruce J., additional, Gutman, Julie R., additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Hamdy, Rana F., additional, Han, Jin-Young, additional, Handy, Lori K., additional, Hanisch, Benjamin, additional, Harper, Marvin B., additional, Harris, Aaron M., additional, Harrison, Christopher J., additional, Haslam, David B., additional, Haston, Julia C., additional, Hawkes, Sarah.J., additional, Heald-Sargent, Taylor, additional, Hendley, J. Owen, additional, Hersh, Adam L., additional, Hilinski, Joseph A., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Hong, David K., additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Hsu, Katherine K., additional, Huang, Felicia Scaggs, additional, Hunstad, David A., additional, Hunt, W. Garrett, additional, Hwang, Loris Y., additional, Ilboudo, Christelle M., additional, Jaggi, Preeti, additional, Jean, Sophonie, additional, Jhaveri, Ravi, additional, Jirk-Pomajbkov, Kateina, additional, Kadry, Nadia A., additional, Kamb, Mary L., additional, Kapadia, Ronak K., additional, Katz, Ben Z., additional, Katz, Sophie E., additional, Kaur, Ishminder, additional, Kersh, Gilbert J., additional, Khan, Muhammad Ali, additional, Khurana, Ananta, additional, Kimberlin, David W., additional, Klein, Bruce, additional, Kobayashi, Miwako, additional, Kociolek, Larry K., additional, Koh, Andrew Y., additional, Kotloff, Karen L., additional, Kroger, Andrew T., additional, Kronman, Matthew P., additional, Lalor, Leah, additional, Lauren, Christine T., additional, Leber, Amy, additional, Leshem, Eyal, additional, Lewis, David B., additional, Livingston, Robyn A., additional, Llata, Eloisa, additional, Lloyd, Kevin, additional, Loh, Katrina, additional, Long, Sarah S., additional, Lopman, Benjamin A., additional, Lucero, Yalda C., additional, Lugo, Debra J., additional, Lujn-Zilbermann, Jorge, additional, Maldonado, Yvonne A., additional, Manaloor, John J., additional, Manthiram, Kalpana, additional, Martin, Stacey W., additional, Mathew, Roshni, additional, Mazzulli, Tony, additional, McFarland, Elizabeth J., additional, McGann, Kathleen A., additional, McNamara, Lucy A., additional, Meislich, Debrah, additional, Meissner, H. Cody, additional, Mejias, Asuncion, additional, Mertsola, Jussi, additional, Messacar, Kevin, additional, Mhaissen, Mohammad Nael, additional, Michaels, Marian G., additional, Miller, Melissa B., additional, Miller-Handley, Hilary, additional, Mintz, Eric, additional, Mohan, Parvathi, additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Montoya, Jose G., additional, Moorman, Anne C., additional, Moro, Pedro L., additional, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, additional, Muller, William J., additional, Myers, Angela L., additional, Nadel, Simon, additional, Nayak, Jennifer Lynn, additional, Neely, Michael Noel, additional, Neil, Karen P., additional, Nelson, Christina A., additional, Nelson, Noele P., additional, Nichols, Megin, additional, Nicholson, William, additional, Nopper, Amy Jo, additional, Norton, Laura E., additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, Olarte, Liset, additional, Onarecker, Timothy R., additional, Orenstein, Walter A., additional, ORyan, Miguel, additional, Otto, William R., additional, Ouellette, Christopher P., additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Palazzi, Debra L., additional, Panuganti, Suresh Kumar, additional, Pappas, Diane E., additional, Paret, Michal, additional, Pastula, Daniel M., additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Petersen, Brett W., additional, Petrosyan, Mikael, additional, Pickering, Larry K., additional, Pindyck, Talia, additional, Pinninti, Swetha, additional, Pittet, Laure F., additional, Planet, Paul J., additional, Pollard, Andrew J., additional, Posfay-Barbe, Klara M., additional, Poulsen, Casper S., additional, Poutanen, Susan M., additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Prasanphanich, Nina Salinger, additional, Pritt, Bobbi S., additional, Prober, Charles G., additional, Puar, Neha, additional, Quilter, Laura A.S., additional, Ramilo, Octavio, additional, Rao, Suchitra, additional, Ratner, Adam J., additional, Rawstron, Sarah A., additional, Read, Jennifer S., additional, Relich, Ryan F., additional, Reller, Megan E., additional, Robinson, Candice L., additional, Romero, Jos R., additional, Rosen, David A., additional, Ross, Shannon A., additional, Rours, G. Ingrid J.G., additional, Rowe, Peter C., additional, Rowley, Anne H., additional, Rubin, Lorry G., additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Sacharok, Alexandra, additional, Sandora, Thomas J., additional, Sapp, Sarah G.H., additional, Sardana, Kabir, additional, Sauberan, Jason B., additional, Schaffzin, Joshua K., additional, Schillie, Sarah, additional, Schuster, Jennifer E., additional, Schwartz, Kevin L., additional, Sederdahl, Bethany K., additional, Serpa-Alvarez, Jose, additional, Shah, Kara N., additional, Shah, Samir S., additional, Shaikh, Nader, additional, Shane, Andi L., additional, Shapiro, Eugene D., additional, Shaw, Jana, additional, Shetty, Avinash K., additional, Shope, Timothy R., additional, Dairiki Shortliffe, Linda M., additional, Shulman, Stanford T., additional, Shust, Gail F., additional, Siberry, George Kelly, additional, Siegel, Jane D., additional, Siegel, Robert David, additional, Simonsen, Kari A., additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Smith, Lauren L., additional, Song, Eunkyung, additional, Souder, Emily, additional, Spearman, Paul, additional, St. Geme, Joseph W., additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Starke, Jeffrey R., additional, Statler, Victoria A., additional, Steinbach, William J., additional, Stensvold, Christen Rune, additional, Stokes, Erin K., additional, Stoner, Bradley P., additional, Storch, Gregory A., additional, Straily, Anne, additional, Sullivan, Kathleen E., additional, Swanson, Douglas S., additional, Tanz, Robert R., additional, Taormina, Gillian, additional, Tate, Jacqueline E., additional, Taveras, Jeanette, additional, Tebruegge, Marc, additional, Teshale, Eyasu H., additional, Thompson, George R., additional, Thompson-Stone, Robert, additional, Thomsen, Isaac, additional, Thomson, Richard B., additional, Thorell, Emily A., additional, Tien, Vivian, additional, Tobin, Nicole H., additional, Toltzis, Philip, additional, Treat, James, additional, Troy, Stephanie B., additional, Van Dvke, Russell B., additional, Vaz, Louise Elaine, additional, Vijayan, Vini, additional, Vodzak, Jennifer, additional, Wagner, Thor A., additional, Wald, Ellen R., additional, Wallihan, Rebecca, additional, Wang, Huanyu, additional, Wangu, Zoon, additional, Washam, Matthew, additional, Waters, Valerie, additional, Watson, Joshua R., additional, Weatherhead, Jill E., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Weng, Mark K., additional, Wiederhold, Nathan P., additional, Wiesenfeld, Harold C., additional, Williams, Cydni, additional, Williams, John V., additional, Willoughby, Rodney E., additional, Wittler, Robert R., additional, Wood, James B., additional, Woods, Charles Reece, additional, Workowski, Kimberly A., additional, Wright, Terry W., additional, Wu, Hsi-Yang, additional, Xu, Huan, additional, Yagupsky, Pablo, additional, Yi, Jumi, additional, Yoder, Jonathan, additional, Young, Edward J., additional, Zaenglein, Andrea L., additional, Zimmermann, Petra, additional, and Zong, Wenjing, additional

Published
2023
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6. Reemergence of Oropouche Virus in the Americas and Risk for Spread in the United States and Its Territories, 2024.

Author

Guagliardo, Sarah Anne J., Connelly, C. Roxanne, Lyons, Shelby, Martin, Stacey W., Sutter, Rebekah, Hughes, Holly R., Brault, Aaron C., Lambert, Amy J., Gould, Carolyn V., and Staples, J. Erin

Subjects
DEATH rate, PUBLIC health
Abstract

Oropouche virus has recently caused outbreaks in South America and the Caribbean, expanding into areas to which the virus was previously not endemic. This geographic range expansion, in conjunction with the identification of vertical transmission and reports of deaths, has raised concerns about the broader threat this virus represents to the Americas. We review information on Oropouche virus, factors influencing its spread, transmission risk in the United States, and current status of public health response tools. On the basis of available data, the risk for sustained local transmission in the continental United States is considered low because of differences in vector ecology and in human-vector interactions when compared with Oropouche virus-endemic areas. However, more information is needed about the drivers for the current outbreak to clarify the risk for further expansion of this virus. Timely detection and control of this emerging pathogen should be prioritized to mitigate disease burden and stop its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Symptom Profiles and Progression in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease, Colorado, USA, 2020

Author

Grace M. Vahey, Kristen E. Marshall, Emily McDonald, Stacey W. Martin, Jacqueline E. Tate, Claire M. Midgley, Marie E. Killerby, Breanna Kawasaki, Rachel K. Herlihy, Nisha B. Alden, and J. Erin Staples

Subjects
2019 novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, viruses, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

To improve recognition of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and inform clinical and public health guidance, we randomly selected 600 COVID-19 case-patients in Colorado. A telephone questionnaire captured symptoms experienced, when symptoms occurred, and how long each lasted. Among 128 hospitalized patients, commonly reported symptoms included fever (84%), fatigue (83%), cough (73%), and dyspnea (72%). Among 236 nonhospitalized patients, commonly reported symptoms included fatigue (90%), fever (83%), cough (83%), and myalgia (74%). The most commonly reported initial symptoms were cough (21%–25%) and fever (20%–25%). In multivariable analysis, vomiting, dyspnea, altered mental status, dehydration, and wheezing were significantly associated with hospitalization, whereas rhinorrhea, headache, sore throat, and anosmia or ageusia were significantly associated with nonhospitalization. General symptoms and upper respiratory symptoms occurred earlier in disease, and anosmia, ageusia, lower respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms occurred later. Symptoms should be considered alongside other epidemiologic factors in clinical and public health decisions regarding potential COVID-19 cases.

Published
2021
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11. Symptom Profiles and Progression in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease, Colorado, USA, 2020

Author

Vahey, Grace M., Marshall, Kristen E., McDonald, Emily, Martin, Stacey W., Tate, Jacqueline E., Midgley, Claire M., Killerby, Marie E., Kawasaki, Breanna, Herlihy, Rachel K., Alden, Nisha B., and Staples, J. Erin

Subjects
Epidemics -- Control -- United States, Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) -- Management, Public health administration -- Evaluation, Company business management, Health
Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), was first detected in China in December 2019 (2,2). Within 1 month, COVID-19 cases were reported [...]

Published
2021
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13. Estimating the number of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among vaccinated individuals in the United States—January–July, 2021

Author

Kiersten J. Kugeler, John Williamson, Aaron T. Curns, Jessica M. Healy, Leisha D. Nolen, Thomas A. Clark, Stacey W. Martin, and Marc Fischer

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

As of March 2021, three COVID-19 vaccines had been authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States. Each has substantial efficacy in preventing COVID-19. However, as efficacy from trials was 156 million fully vaccinated people. With high SARS-CoV-2 transmission and increasing numbers of people vaccinated in the United States, vaccine breakthrough infections will continue to accumulate. Understanding expectations regarding number of vaccine breakthrough infections enables accurate public health messaging to help ensure that the occurrence of such cases does not negatively affect vaccine perceptions, confidence, and uptake.

Published
2022

15. Tick bite risk factors and prevention measures in an area with emerging Powassan virus disease

Author

Wilson, Nicolette, primary, Vahey, Grace M., additional, McDonald, Emily, additional, Fitzpatrick, Kelly, additional, Lehman, Jennifer, additional, Clark, Sandhya, additional, Lindell, Kristine, additional, Pastula, Daniel M., additional, Perez, Stephen, additional, Rhodes, Heather, additional, Gould, Carolyn V., additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Martin, Stacey W., additional, and Cervantes, Kim, additional

Published
2023
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16. Zika Virus IgM Detection and Neutralizing Antibody Profiles 12–19 Months after Illness Onset

Author

Isabel Griffin, Stacey W. Martin, Marc Fischer, Trudy V. Chambers, Olga Kosoy, Alyssa Falise, Olga Ponomareva, Leah D. Gillis, Carina Blackmore, and Reynald Jean

Subjects
Zika virus, immunoglobulin, IgM, MAC-ELISA, flaviviruses, neutralizing antibodies, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Data on the duration of detectable Zika virus–specific IgM in infected persons are limited. Neutralizing antibody cross-reactivity occurs between Zika virus and related flaviviruses, but the degree to which this confounds diagnosis is uncertain. We tested serum specimens collected 12–19 months after illness onset from patients with confirmed Zika virus disease for Zika virus IgM and Zika virus and dengue virus neutralizing antibodies. Among 62 participants, 45 (73%) had detectable Zika virus IgM and 12 (19%) had an equivocal result. Although all patients tested had Zika virus neutralizing antibodies, 39 (63%) also had neutralizing antibodies against dengue virus; of those, 12 (19%) had 4-fold higher than Zika virus titer. Prolonged detection of IgM and neutralizing antibody cross-reactivity make it difficult to determine the timing of Zika virus infection and differentiate between related flaviviruses.

Published
2019
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20. Risk factors for hospitalization among persons with COVID-19-Colorado.

Author

Grace M Vahey, Emily McDonald, Kristen Marshall, Stacey W Martin, Helen Chun, Rachel Herlihy, Jacqueline E Tate, Breanna Kawasaki, Claire M Midgley, Nisha Alden, Marie E Killerby, J Erin Staples, and Colorado Investigation Team

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundMost current evidence on risk factors for hospitalization because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) comes from studies using data abstracted primarily from electronic health records, limited to specific populations, or that fail to capture over-the-counter medications and adjust for potential confounding factors. Properly understanding risk factors for hospitalization will help improve clinical management and facilitate targeted prevention messaging and forecasting and prioritization of clinical and public health resource needs.ObjectivesTo identify risk factors for hospitalization using patient questionnaires and chart abstraction.MethodsWe randomly selected 600 of 1,738 laboratory-confirmed Colorado COVID-19 cases with known hospitalization status and illness onset during March 9-31, 2020. In April 2020, we collected demographics, social history, and medications taken in the 30 days before illness onset via telephone questionnaire and collected underlying medical conditions in patient questionnaires and medical record abstraction.ResultsOverall, 364 patients participated; 128 were hospitalized and 236 were non-hospitalized. In multivariable analysis, chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure with oxygen requirement (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 14.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45-147.93), taking opioids (aOR 8.05; CI 1.16-55.77), metabolic syndrome (aOR 5.71; CI 1.18-27.54), obesity (aOR 3.35; CI 1.58-7.09), age ≥65 years (aOR 3.22; CI 1.20-7.97), hypertension (aOR 3.14; CI 1.47-6.71), arrhythmia (aOR 2.95; CI 1.00-8.68), and male sex (aOR 2.65; CI 1.44-4.88), were significantly associated with hospitalization.ConclusionWe identified patient characteristics, medications, and medical conditions, including some novel ones, associated with hospitalization. These data can be used to inform clinical and public health resource needs.

Published
2021
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21. Zika Virus IgM Detection and Neutralizing Antibody Profiles 12-19 Months after Illness Onset

Author

Griffin, Isabel, Martin, Stacey W., Fischer, Marcs, Chambers, Trudy V., Kosoy, Olga, Falise, Alyssa, Ponomareva, Olga, Gillis, Leah D., Blackmore, Carina, and Jean, Reynald

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antigen-antibody reactions -- Health aspects, Dengue virus -- Health aspects, Zika virus -- Health aspects, Antibodies -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Zika virus is a flavivirus closely related to dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses (1,2). Diagnostic testing for Zika virus infection is conducted using both molecular and [...]

Published
2019
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23. Update : Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States (Including U.S. Territories), July 2017

Author

Oduyebo, Titilope, Polen, Kara D., Walke, Henry T., Reagan-Steiner, Sarah, Lathrop, Eva, Rabe, Ingrid B., Kuhnert-Tallman, Wendi L., Martin, Stacey W., Walker, Allison T., Gregory, Christopher J., Ades, Edwin W., Carroll, Darin S., Rivera, Maria, Perez-Padilla, Janice, Gould, Carolyn, Nemhauser, Jeffrey B., Beard, C. Ben, Harcourt, Jennifer L., Viens, Laura, Johansson, Michael, Ellington, Sascha R., Petersen, Emily, Smith, Laura A., Reichard, Jessica, Munoz-Jordan, Jorge, Beach, Michael J., Rose, Dale A., Barzilay, Ezra, Noonan-Smith, Michelle, Jamieson, Denise J., Zaki, Sherif R., Petersen, Lyle R., Honein, Margaret A., and Meaney-Delman, Dana

Published
2017

25. Zika Virus — 10 Public Health Achievements in 2016 and Future Priorities

Author

Oussayef, Nadia L., Pillai, Satish K., Honein, Margaret A., Beard, C. Ben, Bell, Beth, Boyle, Coleen A., Eisen, Lars M., Kohl, Katrin, Kuehnert, Matthew J., Lathrop, Eva, Martin, Stacey W., Martin, Rebecca, McAllister, Janet C., McClune, Elizabeth Pantino, Mead, Paul, Meaney-Delman, Dana, Petersen, Brett, Petersen, Lyle R., Polen, Kara N.D., Powers, Ann M., Redd, Stephen C., Sejvar, James J., Sharp, Tyler, Villanueva, Julie, and Jamieson, Denise J.

Published
2017

27. Zika Virus IgM 25 Months after Symptom Onset, Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA

Author

Isabel Griffin, Stacey W. Martin, Marc Fischer, Trudy V. Chambers, Olga L. Kosoy, Cynthia Goldberg, Alyssa Falise, Vanessa Villamil, Olga Ponomareva, Leah D. Gillis, Carina Blackmore, and Reynald Jean

Subjects
Zika virus, immunoglobulin M, IgM, MAC-ELISA, Miami-Dade County, Florida, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

We assessed IgM detection in Zika patients from the 2016 outbreak in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA. Of those with positive or equivocal IgM after 12–19 months, 87% (26/30) had IgM 6 months later. In a survival analysis, ≈76% had IgM at 25 months. Zika virus IgM persists for years, complicating serologic diagnosis.

Published
2019
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29. Update : Interim Guidance for Preconception Counseling and Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Persons with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, September 2016

Author

Petersen, Emily E., Meaney-Delman, Dana, Neblett-Fanfair, Robyn, Havers, Fiona, Oduyebo, Titilope, Hills, Susan L., Rabe, Ingrid B., Lambert, Amy, Abercrombie, Julia, Martin, Stacey W., Gould, Carolyn V., Oussayef, Nadia, Polen, Kara N.D., Kuehnert, Matthew J., Pillai, Satish K., Petersen, Lyle R., Honein, Margaret A., Jamieson, Denise J., and Brooks, John T.

Published
2016

32. Contributors

Author

Abzug, Mark J., primary, Adderson, Elisabeth E., additional, Agwu, Allison L., additional, Alby, Kevin, additional, Aldrovandi, Grace M., additional, Allen, Upton D., additional, Alvarez-Hernández, Gerardo, additional, Ampofo, Krow, additional, Anderson, Evan J., additional, Anderson, Margot, additional, Antonara, Stella, additional, Ardura, Monica I., additional, Arguin, Paul M., additional, Arnold, John C., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Arvin, Ann M., additional, Ashkenazi, Shai, additional, Asturias, Edwin J., additional, Badalyan, Vahe, additional, Baker, Carol J., additional, Balakrishnan, Karthik, additional, Barros, Brittany S., additional, Barson, William J., additional, Bausch, Daniel G., additional, Bechtel, Kirsten, additional, Benjamin, Daniel K., additional, Berman, David M., additional, Blanco, David A., additional, Bloch, Karen C., additional, Blythe, Margaret J., additional, Bocchini, Joseph A., additional, Bowen, Anna, additional, Bowie, William R., additional, Boyce, Thomas G., additional, Bradley, John S., additional, Brady, Michael T., additional, Bratcher, Denise F., additional, Braverman, Paula K., additional, Bresee, Joseph, additional, Brook, Itzhak, additional, Brown, Kevin E., additional, Bryant, Kristina, additional, Buescher, E. Stephen, additional, Burns, Jane L., additional, Byington, Carrie L., additional, Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F., additional, Cantey, Paul, additional, Carter, Bryan D., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castagnini, Luis A., additional, Cerini, Chiara, additional, Chadwick, Ellen Gould, additional, Chiang, Silvia S., additional, Christenson, John C., additional, Coffin, Susan E., additional, Collier, Melissa G., additional, Collins, Jennifer P., additional, Conklin, Laurie S., additional, Connelly, Beverly L., additional, Contopoulos-Ioannidis, Despina, additional, Conway, James H., additional, Cortese, Margaret M., additional, Cox, Elaine G., additional, Creech, C. Buddy, additional, Crews, Jonathan D., additional, Cunningham, Dennis J., additional, Curtis, Nigel, additional, Dailey, Natalie J.M., additional, Danziger-Isakov, Lara A., additional, Darville, Toni, additional, Dasch, Gregory A., additional, Daskalaki, Irini, additional, Daum, Robert S., additional, Davenport, Michael, additional, Davies, H. Dele, additional, Dawood, Fatimah S., additional, Day, J. Christopher, additional, de la Morena, Maite, additional, Demmler-Harrison, Gail J., additional, DeMuri, Gregory P., additional, Despommier, Dickson D., additional, Diefenbach, Karen A., additional, Edwards, Kathryn M., additional, Edwards, Morven S., additional, Eichenfield, Lawrence F., additional, Elston, Dirk M., additional, Emerson, Beth, additional, Ephros, Moshe, additional, Erdem, Guliz, additional, Eremeeva, Marina E., additional, Ericson, Jessica E., additional, Esposito, Douglas H., additional, Farley, Monica M., additional, Feingold, Anat R., additional, Feja, Kristina N., additional, Finn, Adam, additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Flynn, Patricia M., additional, Fox, LeAnne M., additional, Frank, Michael M., additional, Fredrick, Douglas R., additional, Frenck, Robert W., additional, Friedlander, Sheila Fallon, additional, Gans, Hayley A., additional, Gauthier, Gregory M., additional, Gerber, Jeffrey S., additional, Gigliotti, Francis, additional, Gilger, Mark A., additional, Glaser, Carol A., additional, Goddard, Amanda F., additional, Gold, Benjamin D., additional, Gould, Jane M., additional, Green, Michael, additional, Greenberg, David, additional, Greywal, Tanya, additional, Griffin, Daniel, additional, Griffin, Patricia M., additional, Grom, Alexei A., additional, Gutierrez, Kathleen, additional, Gutman, Julie, additional, Guzman-Cottrill, Judith A., additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Han, Jin-Young, additional, Harper, Marvin B., additional, Harris, Julie R., additional, Harrison, Christopher J., additional, Haslam, David B., additional, Hawkes, Sarah J., additional, Hendley, J. Owen, additional, Henry, Marion C.W., additional, Hilinski, Joseph A., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Holmberg, Scott D., additional, Holtzman, Deborah, additional, Hong, David K., additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Hsu, Katherine K., additional, Hunstad, David A., additional, Hwang, Loris Y., additional, Jackson, Mary Anne, additional, Jacobs, Richard F., additional, Jhaveri, Ravi, additional, Jirků-Pomajbíková, Kateřina, additional, Jones, Jeffrey L., additional, Karki, Mahima, additional, Karlowicz, M. Gary, additional, Katz, Ben Z., additional, Kaur, Ishminder, additional, Kersh, Gilbert J., additional, Keystone, Jay S., additional, Khan, Muhammad Ali, additional, Kimberlin, David W., additional, Kleiman, Martin B., additional, Klein, Bruce S., additional, Klontz, Karl, additional, Knust, Barbara, additional, Koh, Andrew Y., additional, Korgenski, E. Kent, additional, Krogstad, Paul, additional, Kutty, Preeta Krishnan, additional, Lauren, Christine T., additional, Lawrence, Hillary S., additional, Leber, Amy, additional, Lee, Grace M., additional, Leibovitz, Eugene, additional, Leshem, Eyal, additional, Levasseur, Stéphanie, additional, Lewis, David B., additional, Livingston, Robyn A., additional, Llata, Eloisa, additional, Long, Sarah S., additional, Lopman, Ben A., additional, Lucero, Yalda C., additional, Luján-Zilbermann, Jorge, additional, Luzuriaga, Katherine, additional, MacDonald, Noni E., additional, Maldonado, Yvonne A., additional, Manaloor, John, additional, Mani, Chitra S., additional, Manthiram, Kalpana, additional, Marshall, Gary S., additional, Martin, Stacey W., additional, Matanock, Almea, additional, Matiz, Catalina, additional, Mawle, Alison C., additional, Mazzulli, Tony, additional, McGann, Kathleen A., additional, McIntosh, Kenneth, additional, McNamara, Lucy A., additional, Meir, Michal, additional, Meislich, Debrah, additional, Meissner, H. Cody, additional, Meites, Elissa, additional, Mejías, Asunción, additional, Mertsola, Jussi, additional, Messacar, Kevin, additional, Mhaissen, Mohammed Nael, additional, Michaels, Marian G., additional, Miller, Melissa B., additional, Mintz, Eric D., additional, Modlin, John F., additional, Mohan, Parvathi, additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Montoya, José G., additional, Moro, Pedro L., additional, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, additional, Moss, R. Lawrence, additional, Myers, Angela L., additional, Nadel, Simon, additional, Neely, Michael N., additional, Neil, Karen P., additional, Nelson, Joanna, additional, Nelson, Noele P., additional, Nicholson, William L., additional, Nizet, Victor, additional, Nopper, Amy Jo, additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, Orenstein, Walter A., additional, O'Ryan, Miguel, additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Pall, Harpreet, additional, Panuganti, Suresh Kumar, additional, Pappas, Diane E., additional, Pass, Robert F., additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Patton, Monica E., additional, Pelton, Stephen I., additional, Petersen, Brett W., additional, Pickering, Larry K., additional, Pinninti, Swetha, additional, Planet, Paul J., additional, Pollard, Andrew J., additional, Posfay-Barbe, Klara M., additional, Poulsen, Casper S., additional, Poutanen, Susan M., additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Prober, Charles G., additional, Ramilo, Octavio, additional, Rangel, Shawn J., additional, Rao, Suchitra, additional, Rawstron, Sarah A., additional, Read, Jennifer S., additional, Reed, Michael D., additional, Relich, Ryan F., additional, Reller, Megan E., additional, Rellosa, Neil, additional, Rempe, Katherine A., additional, Reyes, Melissa A., additional, Rice-Townsend, Samuel E., additional, Richards, Frank O., additional, Romero, José R., additional, Rosen, David A., additional, Rostad, Christina A., additional, Rours, G. Ingrid J.G., additional, Routh, Janell A., additional, Rowley, Anne H., additional, Rubin, Lorry G., additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Saiman, Lisa, additional, Sammons, Julia S., additional, Sass, Laura, additional, Sauberan, Jason B., additional, Schillie, Sarah, additional, Schulert, Grant S., additional, Schuster, Jennifer E., additional, Schwartz, Kevin L., additional, Sederdahl, Bethany K., additional, Serpa, Jose A., additional, Shah, Kara N., additional, Shah, Samir S., additional, Shane, Andi L., additional, Shapiro, Eugene D., additional, Shaw, Jana, additional, Shetty, Avinash K., additional, Dairiki, Linda M., additional, Siberry, George Kelly, additional, Siegel, Jane D., additional, Siegel, Robert David, additional, Simonsen, Kari A., additional, Singh, Nalini, additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Smith, P. Brian, additional, Snyder, John D., additional, Song, Eunkyung, additional, Sorrell, Jennifer L., additional, Souder, Emily, additional, St. Geme, Joseph W., additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Starke, Jeffrey R., additional, Steinbach, William J., additional, Stensvold, Christen R., additional, Stoner, Bradley P., additional, Strikas, Raymond A., additional, Strober, Jonathan B., additional, Sue, Paul K., additional, Sutton, Deanna A., additional, Swanson, Douglas, additional, Tate, Jacqueline E., additional, Tebruegge, Marc, additional, Teshale, Eyasu H., additional, Thompson, Amelia B., additional, Thompson, George R., additional, Thompson-Stone, Robert, additional, Thomson, Richard B., additional, Thorell, Emily A., additional, Tobin, Nicole H., additional, Toltzis, Philip, additional, Treat, James, additional, Troy, Stephanie B., additional, Van, Russell B., additional, Vaz, Louise Elaine, additional, Vodzak, Jennifer, additional, Wald, Ellen R., additional, Wallihan, Rebecca, additional, Wangu, Zoon, additional, Washam, Matthew, additional, Watson, Joshua R., additional, Wattier, Rachel L., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, White, A. Clinton, additional, Wiesenfeld, Harold C., additional, Williams, John V., additional, Willoughby, Rodney E., additional, Wingerter, Sarah L., additional, Wittler, Robert R., additional, Wong, Karen K., additional, Workowski, Kimberly A., additional, Wright, Terry W., additional, Yagupsky, Pablo, additional, Yen, Catherine, additional, Yi, Jumi, additional, Yoder, Jonathan S., additional, Young, Edward J., additional, Zaenglein, Andrea L., additional, and Zimmerman, Kanecia, additional

Published
2018
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35. Sustained Transmission of Pertussis in Vaccinated, 1–5-Year-Old Children in a Preschool, Florida, USA

Author

James Matthias, P. Scott Pritchard, Stacey W. Martin, Cristina Dusek, Erika Cathey, Rebecca D’Alessio, and Marjorie Kirsch

Subjects
pertussis, Bordetella pertussis, bacteria, outbreak, sustained transmission, preschool, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

In September 2013, local county health officials in Tallahassee, Florida, USA, were notified of a laboratory-confirmed pertussis case in a 1-year-old preschool attendee. During a 5-month period, 26 (22%) students 1–5 years of age, 2 staff from the same preschool, and 11 family members met the national case definition for pertussis. Four persons during this outbreak were hospitalized for clinical management of pertussis symptoms. Only 5 students, including 2 students with pertussis, had not received the complete series of vaccinations for pertussis. Attack rates in 1 classroom for all students who received the complete series of vaccinations for pertussis approached 50%. This outbreak raises concerns about vaccine effectiveness in this preschool age group and reinforces the idea that recent pertussis vaccination should not dissuade physicians from diagnosing, testing, or treating persons with compatible illness for pertussis.

Published
2016
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36. Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health

Author

Lucy A McNamara and Stacey W. Martin

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Family medicine, Public health, Epidemiology, medicine, business
Published
2023

37. Contributors

Author

Mark J. Abzug, Elisabeth E. Adderson, Aastha Agarwal, Allison L. Agwu, Lindsey Albenberg, Jonathan Albert, Kevin Alby, Grace M. Aldrovandi, Upton D. Allen, Gerardo Alvarez-Hernndez, Krow Ampofo, Evan J. Anderson, Grace D. Appiah, Monica I. Ardura, Stephen S. Arnon, Naomi E. Aronson, Ann M. Arvin, Shai Ashkenazi, Liat Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, Edwin J. Asturias, Kestutis Aukstuolis, Vahe Badalyan, Carol J. Baker, Karthik Balakrishnan, Elizabeth D. Barnett, Kirsten Bechtel, William E. Benitz, Rachel Berkovich, David M. Berman, Stephanie R. Bialek, Else M. Bijker, Matthew J. Bizzarro, Karen C. Bloch, Joseph A. Bocchini, Thomas G. Boyce, John S. Bradley, Denise F. Bratcher, Paula K. Braverman, Itzhak Brook, Kevin Edward Brown, Kristina P. Bryant, Andres F. Camacho-Gonzalez, Connie F. Caete-Gibas, Joseph B. Cantey, Paul Cantey, Cristina V. Cardemil, Mary T. Caserta, Luis A. Castagnini, Jessica R. Cataldi, Ellen Gould Chadwick, Rebecca J. Chancey, Cara C. Cherry, Silvia S. Chiang, Mary Choi, John C. Christenson, Susan E. Coffin, Amanda Cohn, Despina G. Contopoulos-Ioannidis, James H. Conway, Margaret M. Cortese, C. Buddy Creech, Jonathan D. Crews, Donna Curtis, Nigel Curtis, Lara A. Danziger-Isakov, Toni Darville, Gregory A. Dasch, Irini Daskalaki, H. Dele Davies, Fatimah S. Dawood, J. Christopher Day, M. Teresa de la Morena, Gregory P. DeMuri, Dickson D. Despommier, Daniel S. Dodson, Stephen J. Dolgner, Clinton Dunn, Jonathan Dyal, Kathryn M. Edwards, Morven S. Edwards, Dawn Z. Eichenfield, Lawrence F. Eichenfield, Dirk M. Elston, Beth Emerson, Leslie A. Enane, Moshe Ephros, Guliz Erdem, Marina E. Eremeeva, Douglas H. Esposito, Monica M. Farley, Anat R. Feingold, Kristina N. Feja, Adam Finn, Marc Fischer, Brian T. Fisher, Randall G. Fisher, Patricia Michele Flynn, Monique A. Foster, LeAnne M. Fox, Michael M. Frank, Douglas R. Fredrick, Robert W. Frenck, James Gaensbauer, Hayley A. Gans, Gregory M. Gauthier, Patrick Gavigan, Jeffrey S. Gerber, Yael Gernez, Francis Gigliotti, Mark A. Gilger, Carol A. Glaser, Jane M. Gould, James Graziano, Amanda M. Green, Michael Green, Daniel Griffin, Patricia M. Griffin, David C. Griffith, Piyush Gupta, Bruce J. Gutelius, Julie R. Gutman, Aron J. Hall, Rana F. Hamdy, Jin-Young Han, Lori K. Handy, Benjamin Hanisch, Marvin B. Harper, Aaron M. Harris, Christopher J. Harrison, David B. Haslam, Julia C. Haston, Sarah.J. Hawkes, Taylor Heald-Sargent, J. Owen Hendley, Adam L. Hersh, Joseph A. Hilinski, Susan L. Hills, David K. Hong, Peter J. Hotez, Katherine K. Hsu, Felicia Scaggs Huang, David A. Hunstad, W. Garrett Hunt, Loris Y. Hwang, Christelle M. Ilboudo, Preeti Jaggi, Sophonie Jean, Ravi Jhaveri, Kateina Jirk-Pomajbkov, Nadia A. Kadry, Mary L. Kamb, Ronak K. Kapadia, Ben Z. Katz, Sophie E. Katz, Ishminder Kaur, Gilbert J. Kersh, Muhammad Ali Khan, Ananta Khurana, David W. Kimberlin, Bruce Klein, Miwako Kobayashi, Larry K. Kociolek, Andrew Y. Koh, Karen L. Kotloff, Andrew T. Kroger, Matthew P. Kronman, Leah Lalor, Christine T. Lauren, Amy Leber, Eyal Leshem, David B. Lewis, Robyn A. Livingston, Eloisa Llata, Kevin Lloyd, Katrina Loh, Sarah S. Long, Benjamin A. Lopman, Yalda C. Lucero, Debra J. Lugo, Jorge Lujn-Zilbermann, Yvonne A. Maldonado, John J. Manaloor, Kalpana Manthiram, Stacey W. Martin, Roshni Mathew, Tony Mazzulli, Elizabeth J. McFarland, Kathleen A. McGann, Lucy A. McNamara, Debrah Meislich, H. Cody Meissner, Asuncion Mejias, Jussi Mertsola, Kevin Messacar, Mohammad Nael Mhaissen, Marian G. Michaels, Melissa B. Miller, Hilary Miller-Handley, Eric Mintz, Parvathi Mohan, Susan P. Montgomery, Jose G. Montoya, Anne C. Moorman, Pedro L. Moro, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, William J. Muller, Angela L. Myers, Simon Nadel, Jennifer Lynn Nayak, Michael Noel Neely, Karen P. Neil, Christina A. Nelson, Noele P. Nelson, Megin Nichols, William Nicholson, Amy Jo Nopper, Laura E. Norton, Theresa J. Ochoa, Liset Olarte, Timothy R. Onarecker, Walter A. Orenstein, Miguel ORyan, William R. Otto, Christopher P. Ouellette, Christopher D. Paddock, Debra L. Palazzi, Suresh Kumar Panuganti, Diane E. Pappas, Michal Paret, Daniel M. Pastula, Thomas F. Patterson, Brett W. Petersen, Mikael Petrosyan, Larry K. Pickering, Talia Pindyck, Swetha Pinninti, Laure F. Pittet, Paul J. Planet, Andrew J. Pollard, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Casper S. Poulsen, Susan M. Poutanen, Ann M. Powers, Nina Salinger Prasanphanich, Bobbi S. Pritt, Charles G. Prober, Neha Puar, Laura A.S. Quilter, Octavio Ramilo, Suchitra Rao, Adam J. Ratner, Sarah A. Rawstron, Jennifer S. Read, Ryan F. Relich, Megan E. Reller, Candice L. Robinson, Jos R. Romero, David A. Rosen, Shannon A. Ross, G. Ingrid J.G. Rours, Peter C. Rowe, Anne H. Rowley, Lorry G. Rubin, Edward T. Ryan, Alexandra Sacharok, Thomas J. Sandora, Sarah G.H. Sapp, Kabir Sardana, Jason B. Sauberan, Joshua K. Schaffzin, Sarah Schillie, Jennifer E. Schuster, Kevin L. Schwartz, Bethany K. Sederdahl, Jose Serpa-Alvarez, Kara N. Shah, Samir S. Shah, Nader Shaikh, Andi L. Shane, Eugene D. Shapiro, Jana Shaw, Avinash K. Shetty, Timothy R. Shope, Linda M. Dairiki Shortliffe, Stanford T. Shulman, Gail F. Shust, George Kelly Siberry, Jane D. Siegel, Robert David Siegel, Kari A. Simonsen, Upinder Singh, Christiana Smith, Lauren L. Smith, Eunkyung Song, Emily Souder, Paul Spearman, Joseph W. St. Geme, Mary Allen Staat, J. Erin Staples, Jeffrey R. Starke, Victoria A. Statler, William J. Steinbach, Christen Rune Stensvold, Erin K. Stokes, Bradley P. Stoner, Gregory A. Storch, Anne Straily, Kathleen E. Sullivan, Douglas S. Swanson, Robert R. Tanz, Gillian Taormina, Jacqueline E. Tate, Jeanette Taveras, Marc Tebruegge, Eyasu H. Teshale, George R. Thompson, Robert Thompson-Stone, Isaac Thomsen, Richard B. Thomson, Emily A. Thorell, Vivian Tien, Nicole H. Tobin, Philip Toltzis, James Treat, Stephanie B. Troy, Russell B. Van Dvke, Louise Elaine Vaz, Vini Vijayan, Jennifer Vodzak, Thor A. Wagner, Ellen R. Wald, Rebecca Wallihan, Huanyu Wang, Zoon Wangu, Matthew Washam, Valerie Waters, Joshua R. Watson, Jill E. Weatherhead, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Mark K. Weng, Nathan P. Wiederhold, Harold C. Wiesenfeld, Cydni Williams, John V. Williams, Rodney E. Willoughby, Robert R. Wittler, James B. Wood, Charles Reece Woods, Kimberly A. Workowski, Terry W. Wright, Hsi-Yang Wu, Huan Xu, Pablo Yagupsky, Jumi Yi, Jonathan Yoder, Edward J. Young, Andrea L. Zaenglein, Petra Zimmermann, and Wenjing Zong

Published
2023

42. Clinical evaluation and validation of laboratory methods for the diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection: Culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and anti-pertussis toxin IgG serology (IgG-PT).

Author

Adria D Lee, Pamela K Cassiday, Lucia C Pawloski, Kathleen M Tatti, Monte D Martin, Elizabeth C Briere, M Lucia Tondella, Stacey W Martin, and Clinical Validation Study Group

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The appropriate use of clinically accurate diagnostic tests is essential for the detection of pertussis, a poorly controlled vaccine-preventable disease. The purpose of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic criteria including culture, multi-target polymerase chain reaction (PCR), anti-pertussis toxin IgG (IgG-PT) serology, and the use of a clinical case definition. An additional objective was to describe the optimal timing of specimen collection for the various tests.Clinical specimens were collected from patients with cough illness at seven locations across the United States between 2007 and 2011. Nasopharyngeal and blood specimens were collected from each patient during the enrollment visit. Patients who had been coughing for ≤ 2 weeks were asked to return in 2-4 weeks for collection of a second, convalescent blood specimen. Sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test were estimated using three methods-pertussis culture as the "gold standard," composite reference standard analysis (CRS), and latent class analysis (LCA).Overall, 868 patients were enrolled and 13.6% were B. pertussis positive by at least one diagnostic test. In a sample of 545 participants with non-missing data on all four diagnostic criteria, culture was 64.0% sensitive, PCR was 90.6% sensitive, and both were 100% specific by LCA. CRS and LCA methods increased the sensitivity estimates for convalescent serology and the clinical case definition over the culture-based estimates. Culture and PCR were most sensitive when performed during the first two weeks of cough; serology was optimally sensitive after the second week of cough.Timing of specimen collection in relation to onset of illness should be considered when ordering diagnostic tests for pertussis. Consideration should be given to including IgG-PT serology as a confirmatory test in the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) case definition for pertussis.

Published
2018
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44. West Nile Virus and Other Domestic Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2019

Author

Carolyn V. Gould, Stacey W. Martin, J. Erin Staples, Grace M Vahey, Nicole P. Lindsey, and Sarabeth Mathis

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Adolescent, Epidemiology, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, viruses, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Population, Arbovirus Infections, Tick, medicine.disease_cause, Disease Outbreaks, Young Adult, Health Information Management, Environmental health, Encephalitis Viruses, Humans, Medicine, education, Disease Notification, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, biology, business.industry, Incidence, Public health, Outbreak, General Medicine, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, United States, Population Surveillance, Female, business, West Nile Fever, Encephalitis
Abstract

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes and ticks. West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease in the United States (1). Other arboviruses, including La Crosse, Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, eastern equine encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, cause sporadic disease and occasional outbreaks. This report summarizes surveillance data for nationally notifiable domestic arboviruses reported to CDC for 2019. For 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia (DC) reported 1,173 cases of domestic arboviral disease, including 971 (83%) WNV disease cases. Among the WNV disease cases, 633 (65%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease, for a national incidence of 0.19 cases per 100,000 population, 53% lower than the median annual incidence during 2009-2018. More Powassan and eastern equine encephalitis virus disease cases were reported in 2019 than in any previous year. Health care providers should consider arboviral infections in patients with aseptic meningitis or encephalitis, perform recommended diagnostic testing, and promptly report cases to public health authorities. Because arboviral diseases continue to cause serious illness, and annual incidence of individual viruses continues to vary with sporadic outbreaks, maintaining surveillance is important in directing prevention activities. Prevention depends on community and household efforts to reduce vector populations and personal protective measures to prevent mosquito and tick bites such as use of Environmental Protection Agency-registered insect repellent and wearing protective clothing.*,†.

Published
2021

45. Characterizing Areas with Increased Burden of West Nile Virus Disease in California, 2009–2018

Author

Marc Fischer, Robert E. Snyder, Vicki L. Kramer, Nicole P. Lindsey, Mary E Danforth, and Stacey W. Martin

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, West Nile virus, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Disease, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Arbovirus, California, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Epidemiology, medicine, Animals, Vaccines, Public health, Incidence, fungi, public health, virus diseases, Original Articles, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, United States, nervous system diseases, Flavivirus, Infectious Diseases, arbovirus, nervous system, epidemiology, West Nile Fever
Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause severe neurological disease in humans, for which there is no treatment or vaccine. From 2009 to 2018, California has reported more human disease cases than any other state in the United States. We sought to identify smaller geographic areas within the 10 California counties with the highest number of WNV cases that accounted for disproportionately large numbers of human cases from 2009 to 2018. Eleven areas, consisting of groups of high-burden ZIP codes, were identified in nine counties within southern California and California's Central Valley. Despite containing only 2% of California's area and 17% of the state's population, these high-burden ZIP codes accounted for 44% of WNV cases reported and had a mean annual incidence that was 2.4 times the annual state incidence. Focusing mosquito control and public education efforts in these areas would lower WNV disease burden.

Published
2021

46. Sustained transmission of pertussis in vaccinated, 1-5-year-old children in a preschool, Florida, USA

Author

Matthias, James, Pritchard, P. Scott, Martin, Stacey W., Dusek, Cristina, Cathey, Erika, D'Alessio, Rebecca, and Kirsch, Marjorie

Subjects
Children -- Diseases, Medicine, Preventive -- Research, Medical research, Medicine, Experimental, Preventive health services -- Research, Vaccines -- Patient outcomes, Whooping-cough -- Distribution, Company distribution practices, Health
Abstract

In the United States, incidence of pertussis is greatest among infants, children 7-10 years of age, and adolescents (1). During 2000-2012, reported pertussis cases increased >6-fold from 7,867 cases to [...]

Published
2016
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47. Surveillance for West Nile Virus Disease — United States, 2009–2018

Author

Sarabeth Mathis, Stacey W. Martin, Nicole P. Lindsey, J. Erin Staples, Marc Fischer, and Emily McDonald

Subjects
Male, Health (social science), Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Disease, 030230 surgery, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, Health Information Management, Immunology and Allergy, Pharmacology (medical), Child, Aged, 80 and over, Surveillance Summaries, education.field_of_study, Disease surveillance, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Arizona, Aseptic meningitis, Middle Aged, Texas, Hospitalization, Child, Preschool, Population Surveillance, Female, Seasons, West Nile virus, Encephalitis, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Humans, education, Aged, Transplantation, business.industry, Public health, Puerto Rico, Infant, Outbreak, medicine.disease, United States, business, West Nile Fever, Demography
Abstract

Problem/condition West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropodborne virus (arbovirus) in the family Flaviviridae and is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease in the contiguous United States. An estimated 70%-80% of WNV infections are asymptomatic. Symptomatic persons usually develop an acute systemic febrile illness. Less than 1% of infected persons develop neuroinvasive disease, which typically presents as encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. Reporting period 2009-2018. Description of system WNV disease is a nationally notifiable condition with standard surveillance case definitions. State health departments report WNV cases to CDC through ArboNET, an electronic passive surveillance system. Variables collected include patient age, sex, race, ethnicity, county and state of residence, date of illness onset, clinical syndrome, hospitalization, and death. Results During 2009-2018, a total of 21,869 confirmed or probable cases of WNV disease, including 12,835 (59%) WNV neuroinvasive disease cases, were reported to CDC from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A total of 89% of all WNV patients had illness onset during July-September. Neuroinvasive disease incidence and case-fatalities increased with increasing age, with the highest incidence (1.22 cases per 100,000 population) occurring among persons aged ≥70 years. Among neuroinvasive cases, hospitalization rates were >85% in all age groups but were highest among patients aged ≥70 years (98%). The national incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease peaked in 2012 (0.92 cases per 100,000 population). Although national incidence was relatively stable during 2013-2018 (average annual incidence: 0.44; range: 0.40-0.51), state level incidence varied from year to year. During 2009-2018, the highest average annual incidence of neuroinvasive disease occurred in North Dakota (3.16 cases per 100,000 population), South Dakota (3.06), Nebraska (1.95), and Mississippi (1.17), and the largest number of total cases occurred in California (2,819), Texas (2,043), Illinois (728), and Arizona (632). Six counties located within the four states with the highest case counts accounted for 23% of all neuroinvasive disease cases nationally. Interpretation Despite the recent stability in annual national incidence of neuroinvasive disease, peaks in activity were reported in different years for different regions of the country. Variations in vectors, avian amplifying hosts, human activity, and environmental factors make it difficult to predict future WNV disease incidence and outbreak locations. Public health action WNV disease surveillance is important for detecting and monitoring seasonal epidemics and for identifying persons at increased risk for severe disease. Surveillance data can be used to inform prevention and control activities. Health care providers should consider WNV infection in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, obtain appropriate specimens for testing, and promptly report cases to public health authorities. Public health education programs should focus prevention messaging on older persons, because they are at increased risk for severe neurologic disease and death. In the absence of a human vaccine, WNV disease prevention depends on community-level mosquito control and household and personal protective measures. Understanding the geographic distribution of cases, particularly at the county level, appears to provide the best opportunity for directing finite resources toward effective prevention and control activities. Additional work to further develop and improve predictive models that can foreshadow areas most likely to be impacted in a given year by WNV outbreaks could allow for proactive targeting of interventions and ultimately lowering of WNV disease morbidity and mortality.

Published
2021

48. West Nile Virus and Other Domestic Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases--United States, 2019

Author

Vahey, Grace M., Mathis, Sarabeth, Martin, Stacey W., Gould, Carolyn V., Staples, J. Erin, and Lindsey, Nicole P.

Subjects
West Nile fever, Encephalitis, Health
Abstract

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes and ticks. West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease in [...]

Published
2021

49. Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons

Author

Tanya R. Myers, Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, Titilope Oduyebo, Dana Meaney-Delman, Paige Marquez, Meghna Alimchandani, Shin Y. Kim, Karen T. Chang, Caitlin Green, Sascha R. Ellington, Stacey W. Martin, Bicheng C. Zhang, Tom T. Shimabukuro, Adamma Mba-Jonas, Pedro L. Moro, Veronica K. Burkel, Ashley N. Smoots, Ruiling Liu, Julianne Gee, Charles Licata, and Christine K. Olson

Subjects
Vaccine safety, Pregnancy, Messenger RNA, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Abortion, medicine.disease, Virology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Public health surveillance, Premature birth, Immunology, medicine, Small for gestational age, Original Article, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, business
Abstract

Background Many pregnant persons in the United States are receiving messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines, but data are limited on their safety in pregnancy. Methods From December 14, 2020, to February 28, 2021, we used data from the “v-safe after vaccination health checker” surveillance system, the v-safe pregnancy registry, and the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to characterize the initial safety of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines in pregnant persons. Results A total of 35,691 v-safe participants 16 to 54 years of age identified as pregnant. Injection-site pain was reported more frequently among pregnant persons than among nonpregnant women, whereas headache, myalgia, chills, and fever were reported less frequently. Among 3958 participants enrolled in the v-safe pregnancy registry, 827 had a completed pregnancy, of which 115 (13.9%) resulted in a pregnancy loss and 712 (86.1%) resulted in a live birth (mostly among participants with vaccination in the third trimester). Adverse neonatal outcomes included preterm birth (in 9.4%) and small size for gestational age (in 3.2%); no neonatal deaths were reported. Although not directly comparable, calculated proportions of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in persons vaccinated against Covid-19 who had a completed pregnancy were similar to incidences reported in studies involving pregnant women that were conducted before the Covid-19 pandemic. Among 221 pregnancy-related adverse events reported to the VAERS, the most frequently reported event was spontaneous abortion (46 cases). Conclusions Preliminary findings did not show obvious safety signals among pregnant persons who received mRNA Covid-19 vaccines. However, more longitudinal follow-up, including follow-up of large numbers of women vaccinated earlier in pregnancy, is necessary to inform maternal, pregnancy, and infant outcomes.

Published
2021

50. First Month of COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Monitoring — United States, December 14, 2020–January 13, 2021

Author

Tom T. Shimabukuro, Nicole P. Lindsey, Ruiling Liu, Stacey W. Martin, Thomas A. Clark, Mark J. Sotir, Lauri E. Markowitz, Paige Marquez, John R. Su, Tanya R. Myers, Charles Licata, Bicheng Zhang, Amelia Jazwa, Julianne Gee, Geoffrey M. Calvert, and Narayan Nair

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Emergency Use Authorization, COVID-19 Vaccines, Health (social science), Adolescent, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, MEDLINE, 01 natural sciences, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Adverse Event Reporting System, 0302 clinical medicine, Health Information Management, Health care, medicine, Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems, Humans, Full Report, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, Adverse effect, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Medical record, 010102 general mathematics, General Medicine, Middle Aged, United States, Vaccination, Immunization, Emergency medicine, Female, business
Abstract

Two coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are currently authorized for use in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine on December 11, 2020, and for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine on December 18, 2020; each is administered as a 2-dose series. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued interim recommendations for Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines on December 12, 2020 (1), and December 19, 2020 (2), respectively; initial doses were recommended for health care personnel and long-term care facility (LTCF) residents (3). Safety monitoring for these vaccines has been the most intense and comprehensive in U.S. history, using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a spontaneous reporting system, and v-safe,* an active surveillance system, during the initial implementation phases of the COVID-19 national vaccination program (4). CDC conducted descriptive analyses of safety data from the first month of vaccination (December 14, 2020-January 13, 2021). During this period, 13,794,904 vaccine doses were administered, and VAERS received and processed† 6,994 reports of adverse events after vaccination, including 6,354 (90.8%) that were classified as nonserious and 640 (9.2%) as serious.§ The symptoms most frequently reported to VAERS were headache (22.4%), fatigue (16.5%), and dizziness (16.5%). A total of 113 deaths were reported to VAERS, including 78 (65%) among LTCF residents; available information from death certificates, autopsy reports, medical records, and clinical descriptions from VAERS reports and health care providers did not suggest any causal relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and death. Rare cases of anaphylaxis after receipt of both vaccines were reported (4.5 reported cases per million doses administered). Among persons who received Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, reactions reported to the v-safe system were more frequent after receipt of the second dose than after the first. The initial postauthorization safety profiles of the two COVID-19 vaccines in current use did not indicate evidence of unexpected serious adverse events. These data provide reassurance and helpful information regarding what health care providers and vaccine recipients might expect after vaccination.

Published
2021

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