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Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare the estimates of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) from 14 countries around the world, considering gender. The second objective was to explore the relationships between PIU and personality-related variables (pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem). Materials and methods: Our total sample consisted of 7726 participants (30.8% male, n = 2378), aged between 18 and 86 years old (M = 25.55; SD = 9.8). Recruited online, they completed several scales about their Internet use, defense mechanisms and coping strategies, self-esteem, and pathological personality traits. Results: The PIU accounted for between 20.5% and 75% of participants using the PIUQ-9, while “self-perception” of PIU with a single item revealed estimates from 2% to 60.1%, with gender differences. Systematically, PIU significantly correlated with two variables: borderline personality traits (from .09 at P < .05 to .42 at P < .01) and immature defense mechanisms (from .13 to .42 at P < .01). Dependent, avoidant, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial personality traits were positive predictors of PIU and self-esteem, paranoid and schizoid personalities were negative predictors. Conclusions: This research highlights the many cross-cultural differences. Its design also allows for a better understanding of gender differences.

Resume Objectifs Notre objectif principal etait d’examiner la repartition des evenements traumatogenes aupres d’un echantillon de jeunes adultes ainsi que d’etudier leurs liens avec les conduites addictives, les symptomes depressifs et certains troubles anxieux. Materiel et methode Un echantillon de 735 participants, âges de 18 a 35 ans (M = 22,6 ; DS = 4) a repondu a un questionnaire diffuse sur Internet. Des sous-groupes ont ete definis en fonction du type d’evenements et de l’âge au moment des evenements afin d’identifier les groupes a risque. Resultats Plus de 90 des repondants avaient vecu au moins un evenement traumatogene au cours de leur vie et 20 % d’entre eux presentaient un etat de stress post-traumatique possible. Il y avait une correlation importante entre evenements traumatogenes, symptomes anxieux et depressifs, et comportements addictifs lies au sexe, au travail, au sport et aux relations. Conclusions Nos resultats mettent en avant des liens significatifs entre les evenements traumatogenes et differentes manifestations symptomatiques. Ces resultats suggerent notamment l’importance de mettre en place des actions de prevention specifiques en fonction de l’âge et particulierement aupres des adolescents et pre-adolescents qui semblent les plus touches par les agressions physiques et sexuelles.

Introduction: Improving the knowledge and attitudes of people facing an opioid overdose is one of the key prevention measures for reducing overdose occurrence and severity. In this respect, the Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) and Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) have been developed and validated in English to assess and improve knowledge and attitudes of opioid users and their families and care providers, in case of an overdose. Here, the OOKS and OOAS scales have been translated into French, Spanish, and German, and the different versions of the 2 scales have been assessed regarding their psychometric properties. Methods: The translation procedure of the scales was based on the international recommendations, including a back translation by a native English speaker. Subsequently, 80 (Spain: 29, France: 27, Germany: 24) former or current heroin users, aged from 20 to 61 years (M = 39.4 ± 9.23), completed the OOKS and OOAS versions of their native language, in test-retest, without specific between-assessment training. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s α, while test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The correlation between the OOKS and OOAS scores of a same language was assessed using Spearman’s (ρ) coefficient. Results: Internal consistency of the OOKS was found to be good to very good, with Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.62 to 0.87. Test-retest reliability was also very good, with ICCs ranging from 0.71 to 0.82. However, results were less reliable for the OOAS, as internal consistency was questionable to acceptable, with Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.12 to 0.63, while test-retest ICCs were very good for the French (0.91) and Spanish (0.99) versions and barely acceptable for the German version (0.41). No significant correlation was found between the OOKS and OOAS scores, irrespective of the version concerned. Conclusion: While satisfactory results were found for the 3 versions of the OOKS, results on the OOAS were relatively inconsistent, suggesting a possible gap between knowledge and attitudes on overdose among opioid users.

A number of studies point to a demonstrated relationship between problematic Internet use (PIU) and psychopathological variables. However, explorations of PIU in relation to defense mechanisms and coping strategies remain rare. The present study sought to determine the extent of PIU among a sample of college-aged young adults resident in the United Arab Emirates. The relationship of PIU to two psychopathological variables (depression and low self-esteem) and two psychological variables (defense mechanisms and coping strategies) were examined. A sample of 697 Emirati participants aged between 18 and 33 years of age completed assessments of PIU, socio-demographic, psychopathological, and psychological variables. A total of 67.3% exhibited PIU. Problematic users produced higher scores for maladaptive coping strategies and for the use of immature, neurotic, and autistic fantasy defenses. Regression analyses revealed that PIU was predicted by the mature, immature, and autistic fantasy defenses as well as, negatively by adaptive coping, and positively by maladaptive coping. These differed when the analyses were repeated on gender-stratified samples. Given that this initial prevalence estimation suggests that PIU may be a substantial issue in this region of the world, future research should examine the mental health risk factors related to PIU, particularly their causal relationships.

This study examined (a) differences in estimates of Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PMPU) in adults across 14 countries worldwide and (b) whether personality and psychopathology variables predict PMPU. A sample of 7531 adults (69.6% women; mean age 25.7, SD = 9.9) completed an online survey about PMPU, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, self-esteem, pathological personality traits, and depressive symptoms. The overall mean PMPU score was 104.3 (range 27–270) and 28.1% of the participants self-reported PMPU. Women had significantly higher PMPU overall. Consistent predictors of increased PMPU in the overall sample were younger age, female gender, more hours spent on mobile phone, coping strategies, immature and autistic defenses, depression, and six personality disorders. Significant differences across countries were found in means, self-reported rates, and predictors of PMPU (hours spent, dependent personality, depression, and immature defense were common). Findings pave the way for evidence-based prevention and policy efforts at the public health level.

The objective of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the French version of the Bergen Facebook addiction scale (BFAS) and to compare a one- and two-factors models. A sample of 687 students (Mage = 20.28; SD = 3.74; min = 17; max = 57) with 17.5% of male and 82.5% of women completed the study. Participants completed online the French version of the BFAS, as well as questionnaires assessing the intensity, frequency of Facebook use, and emotional engagement with Facebook and emotional symptoms (depression and anxiety). In order to assess test–retest reliability, a sub-sample of 183 participants completed all questionnaires again 6 months later. Factorial analyses suggested that both the one- and the two-factor models fit the data well. Concurrent validity was supported. A good internal consistency and a high correlation index between the two waves have been displayed. We suggest that more research should explore the two-factor model of addiction, with larger samples, due to the risk of overestimation of people with problematic Facebook use.

Resume Objectifs L’objectif principal etait d’explorer les taux d’etudiants a risque de burn-out et de surengagement academique, et de mettre en avant les liens entre ces variables et des variables liees aux etudes et psychologiques. Methode Notre echantillon etait compose de 320 etudiants, âges de 18 a 60 ans (M = 23,2 ; DS = 7) dont 88 % de femmes (n = 282). Ils ont complete plusieurs echelles sur Internet explorant le surengagement, le burn-out et des variables sociodemographiques, liees aux etudes (stress, satisfaction) et psychologiques (estime de soi, coping, traits de personnalite). Resultats Une proportion importante de participants etait a risque de surengagement (21 %) et a risque modere ou severe de burn-out (27 %). Une correlation significative a ete observee entre le burn-out et le surengagement (r = 0,24) et entre ces variables et les autres variables etudiees. Les variables satisfaction et stress expliquaient 21,2 % de la variance du burn-out. Le stress et le perfectionnisme expliquaient le surengagement et un effet de mediation du stress entre le surengagement et le burn-out a ete observe. Conclusion Nos resultats appuient l’origine multifactorielle du burn-out et mettent en avant des liens particuliers entre burn-out et surengagement. Cette recherche exploratoire souligne l’importance de considerer ces deux problematiques chez les etudiants.

Resume Objectifs Il s’agissait dans cette etude d’evaluer le taux de prevalence de l’utilisation problematique des messages textes instantanes au sein d’une population francaise d’etudiants. Methode Un echantillon de 518 participants âges de 18 a 35 ans (M = 23 ; ET = 2,75) a ete recrute sur Internet, et a complete plusieurs echelles explorant, d’une part, les caracteristiques de l’utilisation problematique des messages textes instantanes et, d’autre part, la symptomatologie depressive, l’anxiete sociale, les styles d’attachement et les traits de personnalite limite. Resultats Pres de 5 % (n = 25) d’entre eux etaient concernes par l’utilisation problematique des messages textes instantanes et 40 % (n = 207) etaient a risque. Chez les hommes, l’utilisation problematique etait associee a l’attachement secure et aux traits de personnalite limite, alors que chez les femmes, elle etait associee a la symptomatologie depressive, l’anxiete sociale, l’attachement secure et les traits de personnalite limite. Discussion Cette recherche exploratoire doit etre completee par des etudes focalisees sur les relations causales entre l’utilisation problematique des messages textes instantanes et les variables psychopathologiques, interpersonnelles et de personnalite.

International audience; Background and objectivesInternet is an essential tool for millions of people around the world, including in France where more than fifty million people use the Internet. Considering the increase of Internet use and the related consequences, many authors agree that excessive or improper use of this tool may lead to Internet addiction, a disorder which has been receiving increasing attention. Multiple theoretical frameworks have been used to define and evaluate this phenomenon, in particular substance dependence and pathological gambling. We chose to examine the Online Cognition Scale (OCS) which is a self-report questionnaire assessing Internet addiction based on a cognitive and behavioral model, with a multi- dimensional structure including four dimensions: diminished impulse control, loneliness/depression, social comfort, and distraction. While the psychometric properties of the OCS have been explored using English, Croatian, Turkish and Chinese versions, to date, the properties of the French version have yet to be examined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the French version of the OCS in a student population.Materials and methodsA sample of 146 French university students aged between 18 and 38 years old (M = 20.96 ; SD = 2.65) completed the French versions of the OCS as well as another scale which measures problematic Internet use, and one which evaluates depressive symptoms. Participants completed the survey twice within an interval of 3 weeks.ResultsConfirmatory factorial analyses revealed that the 4-factor solution did not demonstrate satisfactory fit, however, the 5-factor model was found to better fit the data. Our results revealed that the scale scores demonstrated excellent internal consistency and a satisfying inter-item correlation (α = 0.89 and 0,92, MIC = 0.24 and 0.32). The OCS was significantly correlated with the problematic Internet use at both time points (r = .73 and r = .74, P < .01), with time spent online (r = .34 and r = .45, P < .01) and with depressive symptoms (r = .31 and r = .28, P < .01).DiscussionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the French version of the OCS in a sample of university students, assessing reliability and validity. Factors analysis revealed that a 5-factor solution including 27 items may be the most appropriate. Overall the scale revealed good psychometric properties. The internal consistency of the scale was consistent with previous validating results, which reported Cronbach's alpha ranged between .91 and .94. While the inter item correlations were satisfying, they were lower those previously found. The test-retest reliability of the OCS was good and satisfactory for all the factors, except for the Preoccupation and Withdrawal which revealed low values. These results are also lower than those found in other studies. A significant relationship was found between OCS scores and levels of depression as well as time spent online.ConclusionThe French version of the OCS has satisfying psychometric properties and appears to be a useful multidimensional tool for the evaluation of Internet addiction.; ObjectifL’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer les propriétés psychométriques de la version française d’un questionnaire mesurant l’addiction à Internet, l’Online Cognition Scale, chez des étudiants français.MéthodeUn échantillon de 146 étudiants âgés de 18 et 38 ans (M = 20,96 ; DS = 2,65) a complété à deux reprises, à trois semaines d’intervalle, l’Online Cognition Scale, ainsi qu’une autre échelle mesurant l’addiction à Internet, et une échelle évaluant les symptômes dépressifs.RésultatsUne analyse factorielle de l’Online Cognition Scale a montré qu’une solution à cinq facteurs apparaissait comme plus appropriée que la solution factorielle originelle. Nos résultats mettent en avant une très bonne consistance interne de l’échelle ainsi qu’une corrélation inter-items satisfaisante (α = 0,89 et 0,92 ; MIC = 0,24 et 0,32). Les validités concordante, convergente et de construit étaient satisfaisantes.DiscussionLa version française de l’Online Cognition Scale présente de bonnes propriétés psychométriques et apparaît comme un outil multidimensionnel adapté à l’évaluation d’une utilisation problématique d’Internet.

The COVID-19 pandemic raised a lot of anxiety around the world. France is composed of several overseas territories with major cultural differences but also with a different exposure to the COVID-19. Reunion Island is the most populated overseas French department, but few researches have focused on this population. Therefore, the main objective was to explore and compare the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (perceived stress, risk and fear of being infected, severity, lockdown respect, perceived stress, quality of life, quality of relationship, loneliness, resilience) during the lockdown among residents of metropolitan France and of Reunion Island.A sample of 347 participants, aged from 18 to 78 (M=37.90; DS=13.20) replied to a questionnaire posted online during the last ten days of the lockdown in France. The sample is divided into 227 metropolitans (M=38.24 DS=13.41; 13.2% of men) and 120 residents of Reunion Island (M=37.26; DS=12.81; 31.7% of men). Resilience, loneliness and perceived stress have been assessed using validating scales while specific items have been created to assess COVID-19 impacts.The majority of the total sample has been little exposed to the COVID-19, but the estimated severity was high throughout the sample. Several significant differences have been observed between overseas and metropolitans. The latter, who were more exposed, were more respectful of lockdown measures and felt more concerned about being contaminated. They also had different professional activities (work at home, stop working) since the lockdown than did the overseas sample. Non-significant higher scores of resilience and quality of life during the lockdown contrast in the overseas sample, who estimated risk, fear and severity similarly. In correlational analyses, many relationships were significant only in one sample. For example, in metropolitans the higher the loneliness, the higher the severity. In the other sample, the higher the perceived stress, the higher the respect of lockdown measures, while more metropolitans felt lonely the more they respected these measures. Regressional analysis showed different predictive variables of the scores of perceived stress and fear of being contaminated. In metropolitans, stress was explained by COVID-19 related variables (fear, severity, respect), loneliness and negatively by resilience and quality of life while in the other sample it was explained by fear of being infected and negatively by resilience. Fear of being infected was explained by risk and stress in the overseas, but also by quality of life in the metropolitan sample.This study brings new data on the important psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on two French samples. Observed differences highlight a higher fear of being infected among the metropolitans who were generally more exposed. Overseas from La Réunion did not feel more spared by this risk, despite the limited number of cases since the appearance of the first case in March 11th and the end of the lockdown in May 11th. Despite exposure, our results could be explained by several cultural differences such as way of life or beliefs. Overseas life in Reunion Island might bring more resilience and less loneliness given the particular familial, social and religious functioning. Given the limits of this study and the lack of similar comparisons, more work could highlight the protective factors of these populations.

International audience; Background: Assessment and Screening of Assistance Needs (ASAN-Drugs) has its objective to identify the severity of drug consumption through 28 items. This instrument allows for the matching of severity levels of the degree of care needed to allow the orientation of the person in the service that corresponds to his/her case and needs. The aim of this research is to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the ASAN-D. Methods: The study included a sample of 53 participants; all of them were males (100%). Participants' age ranged from 18 to 50 with a mean age (SD) of 31.5 (6.27). Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a one-factor solution which explained 61% of the total sample. Through confirmatory factor analysis, this model can be considered as satisfactory. Reliability was good in the total sample (α = .84). Conclusions: According to these results, the factorial validity of the Arabic version of the ASAN-D appears as a helpful assessment instrument to detect the degree of assistance needed and to better orient the individual in the appropriate service in Saudi Arabia.

Abstract. In the present study, we investigated individual differences in the motivation for Facebook use. In total N = 736 participants from Europe and Asia took part in the study. They filled in the Facebook questionnaire (FQ), including the two factors Attitude toward Facebook and Online Sociability, and the Unified Motive Scale (UMS-3), measuring the motives Achievement, Affiliation, Intimacy, Power, and Fear. The results showed that the Attitude toward Facebook was more positive in the subsample from Asia, but no differences could be found between the Asian and European sample with respect to the frequency of use of different activities on Facebook. The motives Fear, Power, Affiliation, and Intimacy significantly predicted the FQ factor Attitudes. Furthermore, the Attitude toward Facebook mediated the associations between the motives Power/Affiliation and Online Sociability. However, these results were only found for the European sample. The associations found suggest the important role of different motives such as Power/Affiliation for the study of Facebook use. The present work shows the possibility of motivational factors for Facebook use to differ depending on the culture. The study adds to the literature by investigating a classic motivation theory in the context of Facebook use.

Objectives: The nine-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) is a brief self-report screening instrument for problematic internet use. The main objective of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the PIUQ-9 among nine different language-based samples of European internet users (Italian, German, French, Polish, Turkish, Hungarian, English, and Greek). Methods: The total sample comprised 5,593 internet users (38.1% men), aged between 18 and 87 years (M = 25.81; SD = 8.61). Via online recruitment, participants completed the PIUQ-9, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and items about time spent online. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the bifactor model with one general factor (i.e., general problem) and two-specific factors (i.e., obsession and neglect + control disorder) yielded acceptable or good fit indices in all subsamples except for one. The common variance index in the bifactor model indicated that the general problem factor explained from 57.0 to 76.5% of common variance, which supports the presence of a strong global factor. According to the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model, psychiatric symptoms had a moderate-to-strong direct effect on the general problem factor in all subsamples, ranging from β = 0.28 to β = 0.52 supporting the construct validity of the scale. Furthermore, in a majority of the subsamples, time spent online during the weekend had considerably higher effect sizes on the general problem factor than time spent online during weekdays. Conclusion: The present study highlights the appropriate psychometric properties of the PIUQ-9 across a number of European languages and cultures., The study was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grant numbers: K111938, KKP126835) and the COST Action (grant number: CA16207) funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union. This work was completed in the ELTE Institutional Excellence Program (783-3/2018/FEKUTSRAT) supported by the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities (OK and RU)

Background: With a growing number of users, social networking sites have been the subject of numerous recent studies, but little investigation has been given to their problematic use. Objectives: Our main objective was to study the relationship between psychopathological variables (i.e., personality traits, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and stress) and problematic Facebook and Twitter use. Participants and method: A sample of 1068 Internet users (Mage = 26.64, SD = 9.5) has been recruited online. Participants completed scales exploring problematic Facebook and Twitter use, and psychopathological variables. Results: Problematic Facebook and Twitter use were predicted by different pathological personality traits, regrouped in clusters in our study. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were also predictive of problematic Facebook and Twitter use but only stress explained problematic Facebook use. Gender differences have been observed. Discussion: This study highlights the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress, pathological personality traits, and problematic Facebook and Twitter use. Significant differences have been retrieved between these two uses and their relationship to psychopathology. Future research should also explore the causal relationship between social networking sites use and psychopathology and consider gender.

International audience; Background: Problematic Internet Use (PIU), as well as Problematic Facebook Use (PFU), is a growing concern worldwide. Like Facebook, Twitter is a widely used social networking site. Yet, no study has been conducted on the specific problematic Twitter use (PTU). Objectives: The main goal of this study was to explore the rate of problematic Twitter and Facebook uses, their relationships and differences in terms of psychopathological and internet-related variables. Patients and Methods: A sample of 822 Facebook users (55% women) aged from 18 to 29 (Mean = 21.6; SD = 2.8) completed a set of questionnaires assessing Twitter, Facebook, and the internet use characteristics and problematic uses, as well as psychopathological symptoms. Results: Among the total sample, approximately 18% of the participants had a PIU. Besides, more than 4% (n = 34) had a PFU with a significantly higher rate of women (P < 0.01). Twitter users were represented by approximately 32% (n = 259) of the sample. 21% (n = 55) reported a PIU, 3.1% (n = 8) a PTU (n = 8), and 3.9% (n = 10) a PFU with a significant majority of women (P < 0.05). Multiple-regression analysis revealed significant differences between PTU and PFU, particularly in terms of time spent on Facebook and psychopathological symptoms. Conclusions: PFU was particularly related to depression and anxiety symptoms while PTU was not. Moreover, our results suggest further exploring the specificity of specific Social Networking Site (SNS) instead of encompassing them into a general problematic use of the internet or SNS. This exploratory study had limitations and needs to be completed by research focusing on relationships and differences between these uses. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between problematic SNS uses, taken separately, with psychopathology, and especially pathological personality traits, by taking gender into account.

Resume Objectif Etant donne l’importance de depister les troubles de la personnalite et le manque de donnees au sein d’echantillons francais, l’objectif de cette etude etait d’evaluer les principales qualites psychometriques de la version francaise du Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4 + ). Methode Un echantillon de 137 patients adultes, hospitalises en psychiatrie, a complete le PDQ-4+ puis a repondu au Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality disorder-IV (SIDP-IV). La validite convergente, la sensibilite, la specificite, les valeurs predictives et la consistance interne ont ete evaluees. Resultats Le degre d’accord entre le PDQ-4+ et le SIDP-IV etait tres faible pour la majorite des troubles de la personnalite. La sensibilite etait elevee pour les personnalites limite et antisociale, et moderee ou faible pour les autres troubles. Seuls les troubles de la personnalite dependante et limite ont obtenu des valeurs predictives positives et negatives satisfaisantes. Discussion Les qualites psychometriques de la version francaise du PDQ-4+ etaient globalement insuffisantes. Cet outil permet le depistage de troubles de la personnalite de facon large et ne semble demontrer d’utilite que pour depister une perturbation globale de la personnalite.

The Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM), which is derived from a scale measuring alcohol use motives, has been the main instrument used to explore the role of motives in cannabis use and related problems. Two studies attempted to developed specific cannabis use motives but none of them showed a unique association to cannabis use and problems when controlling for MMM motives. The aim of our study was to examine if additional motives contributed to problematic use beyond MMM motives and psychopathological symptoms. Participants were 249 high-school students who completed the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R) assessing cannabis use and problematic use, the MMM and a new scale measuring motives derived from clinical experience with adolescents using cannabis (CED motives), and scales measuring anxiety and depressive symptoms and borderline personality traits. Among the 107 participants using cannabis, 39 reached the cut-off score for problematic cannabis use. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for psychopathological variables showed that only one CED motives, Health (sleep, form, energy, appetite, health), was a significant predictor of both frequency of use and problematic use symptoms. The importance of Health motive may be linked to the role of depressive symptoms and may have implication for treatment. We suggest to add the Health subscale to the MMM and to further study the role of health motive in both use and dependence.

Background: Problematic Facebook use, also known as Facebook addiction, has recently been recognized as a cause of potential harm to adolescents and young adults. Some problematic Internet use risk factors have been linked to Facebook use. Yet few studies have explored the risk factors for problematic Facebook use in young people. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of psychopathological variables, in particular borderline traits and interpersonal variables (i.e., parent and peer attachments and parental bonding styles), to the explanation of problematic Facebook use symptoms by taking gender into account and controlling for motives, one of the most important risk factors for problematic Facebook use. Patients and Methods: The final sample consisted of 456 Facebook users (227 women) aged from 12 to 25 (M = 20.5; SD = 2.5). These participants completed online self-report questionnaires assessing problematic Facebook use, motives for Facebook use, depressive symptoms, social anxiety, sensation seeking, borderline personality traits, parental bonding and attachment, and peer attachment. Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that motives and maternal overprotection were the main predictors of problematic Facebook use symptoms in both genders. Mediation analyses suggested that borderline personality traits and overprotection played different roles in the development of problematic Facebook use symptoms. In females, borderline traits were a mediator in the relation between maternal overprotection and problematic Facebook use symptoms. In males, maternal overprotection was a mediator in the relation between borderline traits and problematic Facebook use symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the contribution of parental bonding and borderline traits to problematic Facebook use.

This study examines relationships between religious beliefs regarding the origin of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and posttraumatic symptomatology as well as depressive symptoms and resilience among its survivors.We used convenient sampling to recruit participants (n=167). They completed six scales, which had been translated into Haitian Creole, including measures such as the Earthquake Experiences Exposure (EEE), the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI), the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experience Questionnaire (PDEQ), the PTSD Checklist (PTSD-CL), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD- RISC) RESULTS: Among our participants, 51% were male, (mean age=30.5, SD=11.03), 92% (n=155) were believers in some sort of supernatural force and 65% (n=108) endorsed the earthquake as a natural phenomenon. There was significant difference in average scores at peritraumatic distress, PTSD symptoms and Resilience measures between those perceiving a divine origin and/or a punishment through the event and those who did not. Peritraumatic responses were best predictors for PTSD (β=.366, p.001) and Depression symptoms (β=.384, p.001). Voodoo adherents appeared to be vulnerable to depression, but reported superior resilience factors.

International audience; BackgroundToday, social networks and in particular Facebook, bring together many adolescents and young adults and offer new ways of communicating. However, these communication tools can lead to a problematic use and appears to be associated with psychopathological symptoms. Therefore, this problematic Facebook use (or Facebook addiction) is an emerging issue; few research studies have been conducted on these characteristics particularly among adolescents and young adults, and fewer within French samples.ObjectiveOur main objective was to compare psychopathological characteristics of problematic and non-problematic Facebook users, in terms of parental style, personality, psychopathological symptoms and motivations. We suppose problematic Facebook users are different from non-problematic users in terms of parental style, personality, psychopathological disorders and motives.Participants and methodFour hundred and fifty-six adolescents and young adults aged between 12 and 25-years-old [108 boys (24%); 348 girls (76%)] with a Facebook account completed an online questionnaire consisting of several scales : the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) designed to Facebook problematic use, the questionnaire of motivations for using Facebook, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D10), the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS), the borderline personality scale of the PDQ-4 and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).ResultsTwelve percent of girls and 5% of boys had a problematic Facebook use. Principal motivations for Facebook use were relationship maintenance, entertainment and passing time for problematic and non-problematic Facebook users. Problematic Facebook users (n = 47) had significant higher scores for each motivation of Facebook use (P < 0.001) and for depressive symptomatology (P < 0.001), social anxiety (P < 0.001), borderline personality traits (P < 0.001) and perceived control from the mother (P = 0.01), and a significant lower score for perceived care from the mother (P = 0.03).ConclusionProblematic Facebook use concerns a significant minority of adolescents and young adults, and more significantly women. Nevertheless, problematic Facebook users were characterized by a higher level of psychopathological symptoms compared to non-problematic Facebook users. Results suggest the need of achieving more researches on this field and preventing this specific Facebook problematic use.; ContexteL’utilisation problématique de Facebook (ou addiction à Facebook) se présente comme une problématique émergente, encore peu étudiée au sein d’échantillons français.ObjectifComparer les caractéristiques psychopathologiques des utilisateurs problématiques et non problématiques de Facebook.Participants et méthodeQuatre cent cinquante-six adolescents et jeunes adultes âgés de 12 à 25 ans possédant un compte Facebook ont complété un questionnaire en ligne comprenant plusieurs échelles : l’Internet Addiction Test (IAT) adapté à Facebook et des questionnaires mesurant les symptômes de dépression, d’anxiété sociale, et les traits de la personnalité limite du DSM-IV.RésultatsDouze pour cent des participantes et 5 % des participants avaient une utilisation problématique de Facebook. Les utilisateurs problématiques avaient des scores significativement plus élevés de motivations à l’utilisation de Facebook, de symptomatologie dépressive, d’anxiété sociale, de traits de la personnalité limite du DSM-IV.ConclusionL’utilisation problématique de Facebook concerne une minorité significative d’usagers adolescents et jeunes adultes caractérisés par un niveau élevé de symptômes psychopathologiques.