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Nitrate is a major nutrient and osmoticum for plants. To deal with its fluctuating availability in soils, plants store it into vacuoles. AtCLCa, a 2NO3-/1H+ exchanger localized on the vacuole ensures this storage process. It belongs to the CLC family that includes exchangers and channels. A mutation in a glutamate residue conserved across CLC exchangers is likely responsible for the conversion of exchangers to channels. Here, we show that a clca mutant of this residue, E203, behaves as an anion channel in its native membrane. To investigate its physiological importance, we introduced the AtCLCaE203Apoint mutation in a clca KO mutant. We first showed that these AtCLCaE203A mutants display a growth deficit linked to water homeostasis disruption. Additionally, AtCLCaE203Aexpression is not able to complement the clca defect in nitrate accumulation and favors higher N-assimilation at the vegetative stage. Further analyses at post-flowering stages indicated that AtCLCaE203A results in an increase of N uptake allocation to seeds, leading to a higher nitrogen use efficiency compared to wild-type. Altogether, these results point out the critical function of the AtCLCa exchanger on the vacuole for plant metabolism and development.

International audience; In plant cells, anion channels and transporters are essential for key functions such as nutrition, ion homeostasis and resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. We characterized AtCLCg, a member of the chloride channel (CLC) family in Arabidopsis localized in the vacuolar membrane. When grown on NaCl or KCl, atclcg knock-out mutants showed a decrease in biomass. In the presence of NaCl, these mutants overaccumulate chloride in shoots. No difference in growth was detected in response to osmotic stress by mannitol. These results suggest a physiological function of AtCLCg in the chloride homeostasis during NaCl stress. AtCLCg shares a high degree of identity (62%) with AtCLCc, another vacuolar CLC essential for NaCl tolerance. However, the atclcc atclccg double mutant is not more sensitive to NaCl than single mutants. As the effects of both mutations are not additive, gene expression analyses were performed and revealed that: (i)AtCLCg is expressed in mesophyll cells, hydathodes and phloem while AtCLCc is expressed in stomata; and (ii)AtCLCg is repressed in the atclcc mutant background, and vice versa. Altogether these results demonstrate that both AtCLCc and AtCLCg are important for tolerance to excess chloride but not redundant, and form part of a regulatory network controlling chloride sensitivity.

Improving the nitrogen (N) responsiveness of crops is crucial for food security and environmental sustainability, and breeding N use efficient (NUE) crops has to exploit genetic variation for this complex trait. We used reverse genetics to examine allelic variation in two N metabolism genes. In silico analysis of the genomes of 44 genetically diverse sorghum genotypes identified a nitrate reductase and a glutamate synthase gene that were under balancing selection in improved sorghum cultivars. We hypothesised that these genes are a potential source of differences in NUE, and selected parents and progeny of nested association mapping populations with different allelic combinations for these genes. Allelic variation was sourced from African (Macia) and Indian (ICSV754) genotypes that had been incorporated into the Australian elite parent R931945-2-2. Nine genotypes were grown for 30 days in a glasshouse and supplied with continuous limiting or replete N, or replete N for 27 days followed by 3 days of N starvation. Biomass, total N and nitrate contents were quantified together with gene expressions in leaves, stems and roots. Limiting N supply universally resulted in less shoot and root growth, increased root weight ratio and reduced tissue nitrate and total N concentrations. None of the tested genotypes exceeded growth or NUE of the elite parent R931945-2-2 indicating that the allelic combinations did not confer an advantage during early vegetative growth. Thus, the next steps for ascertaining potential effects on NUE include growing plants to maturity. We conclude that reverse genetics that take advantage of rapidly expanding genomic databases enable a systematic approach for developing N-efficient crops.

Metal-tolerance proteins (MTPs) are divalent cation transporters that have been shown to be essential for metal homeostasis and tolerance in model plants and hyperaccumulators. Due to the lack of genomic resources, studies on MTPs in cultivated crops are lacking. Here, we present the first functional characterization of genes encoding cucumber proteins homologous to MTP1 and MTP4 transporters. CsMTP1 expression was ubiquitous in cucumber plants, whereas CsMTP4 mRNA was less abundant and was not detected in the generative parts of the flowers. When expressed in yeast, CsMTP1 and CsMTP4 were able to complement the hypersensitivity of mutant strains to Zn and Cd through the increased sequestration of metals within vacuoles using the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. Both proteins formed oligomers at the vacuolar membranes of yeast and cucumber cells and localized in Arabidopsis protoplasts, consistent with their function in vacuolar Zn and Cd sequestration. Changes in the abundance of CsMTP1 and CsMTP4 transcripts and proteins in response to elevated Zn and Cd, or to Zn deprivation, suggested metal-induced transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications of protein activities. The differences in the organ expression and affinity of both proteins to Zn and Cd suggested that CsMTP1 and CsMTP4 may not be functionally redundant in cucumber cells.

Nitrate is a major element for plant but its availability is very fluctuant in soils. Then, it is stored in vacuoles thanks to a nitrate/proton exchanger named AtClCa. In ClCs, exchangers but also channels were identified, the latest were suggested to be evolved from exchanger in which a mechanistic switch happened. In Arabidopsis thaliana, only exchangers are involved in nitrate management. Two conserved glutamate, E203 and E270 in AtClCa, are essential for protons transport in ClCs exchangers. The mutation of E203 into an alanine, a non-protonable amino acid (E203A) artificially produces such a mechanistic switch. To better understand the physiological importance of this exchange mechanism, a study was conducted in plants expressing the mutated form of AtClCa for this glutamate. In those plants, the vacuolar storage is highly restricted whereas the assimilation is favoured and the protein content increased. Despite that, the biomass production is decreased mostly because of a hydric homeostasis disruption. Those plants are also more sensitive to hydric and probably nitrogenous stress. The exchanger conservation is then required for plant growth whatever the environmental fluctuations. In parallel, the mutation E270A was introduced in planta to study its physiological importance. A preliminary analysis of plant biomass and nitrate and water contents was then performed in plants expressing the E270A mutated form of AtClCa and the results are presented in the second part of the manuscript.; Chez les plantes, le nitrate est un élément essentiel mais sa disponibilité dans le sol est fluctuante. Il est donc stocké dans la vacuole grâce à un échangeur nitrate/proton appelé AtClCa. La famille de protéines ClCs comporte à la fois des échangeurs mais aussi des canaux suggérés comme issus de l’évolution des échangeurs par une conversion mécanistique. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, seuls des ClCs échangeurs assurent la gestion du nitrate. Deux glutamates très conservés, E203 et E270 dans AtClCa, sont essentiels pour le transport des protons chez les ClCs échangeurs. La mutation du résidu E203 en une alanine, un acide aminé non protonable (E203A) a permis de produire artificiellement une telle conversion mécanistique. Afin de mieux comprendre l’importance physiologique du mécanisme d’échange, une analyse a été conduite sur des plantes exprimant la forme mutée d’AtClCa pour ce glutamate. Chez ces plantes, le stockage vacuolaire est fortement réduit au profit d’une importante assimilation accroissant la teneur en protéines. En dépit de cela, elles présentent un défaut de production de biomasse résultant en grande partie d’une perturbation de l’homéostasie hydrique. Elles sont également plus sensibles aux stress hydrique et probablement azoté. La conservation d’un échangeur est donc requise pour croitre en dépit des fluctuations environnementales. En parallèle, la mutation E270A a été introduite en plante afin d’étudier son importance sur la physiologie d’Arabidopsis. Une analyse préliminaire de la biomasse et des contenus en nitrate et eau de plantes exprimant la forme mutée de ce glutamate est donc présentée dans la seconde partie de cette thèse.

Nitrate is a major element for plant but its availability is very fluctuant in soils. Then, it is stored in vacuoles thanks to a nitrate/proton exchanger named AtClCa. In ClCs, exchangers but also channels were identified, the latest were suggested to be evolved from exchanger in which a mechanistic switch happened. In Arabidopsis thaliana, only exchangers are involved in nitrate management. Two conserved glutamate, E203 and E270 in AtClCa, are essential for protons transport in ClCs exchangers. The mutation of E203 into an alanine, a non-protonable amino acid (E203A) artificially produces such a mechanistic switch. To better understand the physiological importance of this exchange mechanism, a study was conducted in plants expressing the mutated form of AtClCa for this glutamate. In those plants, the vacuolar storage is highly restricted whereas the assimilation is favoured and the protein content increased. Despite that, the biomass production is decreased mostly because of a hydric homeostasis disruption. Those plants are also more sensitive to hydric and probably nitrogenous stress. The exchanger conservation is then required for plant growth whatever the environmental fluctuations. In parallel, the mutation E270A was introduced in planta to study its physiological importance. A preliminary analysis of plant biomass and nitrate and water contents was then performed in plants expressing the E270A mutated form of AtClCa and the results are presented in the second part of the manuscript.; Chez les plantes, le nitrate est un élément essentiel mais sa disponibilité dans le sol est fluctuante. Il est donc stocké dans la vacuole grâce à un échangeur nitrate/proton appelé AtClCa. La famille de protéines ClCs comporte à la fois des échangeurs mais aussi des canaux suggérés comme issus de l’évolution des échangeurs par une conversion mécanistique. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, seuls des ClCs échangeurs assurent la gestion du nitrate. Deux glutamates très conservés, E203 et E270 dans AtClCa, sont essentiels pour le transport des protons chez les ClCs échangeurs. La mutation du résidu E203 en une alanine, un acide aminé non protonable (E203A) a permis de produire artificiellement une telle conversion mécanistique. Afin de mieux comprendre l’importance physiologique du mécanisme d’échange, une analyse a été conduite sur des plantes exprimant la forme mutée d’AtClCa pour ce glutamate. Chez ces plantes, le stockage vacuolaire est fortement réduit au profit d’une importante assimilation accroissant la teneur en protéines. En dépit de cela, elles présentent un défaut de production de biomasse résultant en grande partie d’une perturbation de l’homéostasie hydrique. Elles sont également plus sensibles aux stress hydrique et probablement azoté. La conservation d’un échangeur est donc requise pour croitre en dépit des fluctuations environnementales. En parallèle, la mutation E270A a été introduite en plante afin d’étudier son importance sur la physiologie d’Arabidopsis. Une analyse préliminaire de la biomasse et des contenus en nitrate et eau de plantes exprimant la forme mutée de ce glutamate est donc présentée dans la seconde partie de cette thèse.