Search

A promising solution for scalable integrated optics of trapped-ion quantum processors are curved waveguides guiding visible light within sapphire bulk material. To the best of our knowledge, no curved waveguides were investigated in sapphire so far, and no measurements of waveguides with visible light in undoped planar sapphire substrates were reported. Here, we demonstrate femtosecond laser writing of depressed cladding waveguides in sapphire. Laser parameters, such as pulse energy, pulse duration, and repetition rate, as well as waveguide geometry parameters, were optimized to guide 728 nm light. This resulted in single-mode waveguides with a propagation loss of 1.9(3) dB/cm. The investigation of curved waveguides showed a sharp increase in total loss for curvature radii below 15 mm. Our results demonstrate the potential of femtosecond laser writing as a powerful technique for creating integrated optical waveguides in the volume of sapphire substrates. Such waveguides could be a building block for integrated optics in trapped-ion quantum processors.

We present the first hardware implementation of electrostatic interaction energies using a trapped-ion quantum computer. As test system for our computation, we focus on the reduction of $\mathrm{NO}$ to $\mathrm{N}_2\mathrm{O}$ catalyzed by a nitric oxide reductase (NOR). The quantum computer is used to generate an approximate ground state within the NOR active space. To efficiently measure the necessary one-particle density matrices, we incorporate fermionic basis rotations into the quantum circuit without extending the circuit length, laying the groundwork for further efficient measurement routines using factorizations. Measurements in the computational basis are then used as inputs for computing the electrostatic interaction energies on a classical computer. Our experimental results strongly agree with classical noise-less simulations of the same circuits, finding electrostatic interaction energies within chemical accuracy despite hardware noise. This work shows that algorithms tailored to specific observables of interest, such as interaction energies, may require significantly fewer quantum resources than individual ground state energies would in the straightforward supermolecular approach.

Paleoclimatology -- the study of past climate -- is relevant beyond climate science itself, such as in archaeology and anthropology for understanding past human dispersal. Information about the Earth's paleoclimate comes from simulations of physical and biogeochemical processes and from proxy records found in naturally occurring archives. Climate-field reconstructions (CFRs) combine these data into a statistical spatial or spatiotemporal model. To date, there exists no consensus spatiotemporal paleoclimate model that is continuous in space and time, produces predictions with uncertainty, and can include data from various sources. A Gaussian process (GP) model would have these desired properties; however, GPs scale unfavorably with data of the magnitude typical for building CFRs. We propose to build on recent advances in sparse spatiotemporal GPs that reduce the computational burden by combining variational methods based on inducing variables with the state-space formulation of GPs. We successfully employ such a doubly sparse GP to construct a probabilistic model of European paleoclimate from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the mid-Holocene (MH) that synthesizes paleoclimate simulations and fossilized pollen proxy data., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, Accepted at 2022 NeurIPS Workshop on Gaussian Processes, Spatiotemporal Modeling, and Decision-making Systems (GPSMDMS)

Quantum cooperativity is evident in light-matter platforms where quantum emitter ensembles are interfaced with confined optical modes and are coupled via the ubiquitous electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Cooperative effects can find applications, among other areas, in topological quantum optics, in quantum metrology or in quantum information. This tutorial provides a set of theoretical tools to tackle the behavior responsible for the onset of cooperativity by extending open quantum system dynamics methods, such as the master equation and quantum Langevin equations, to electron-photon interactions in strongly coupled and correlated quantum emitter ensembles. The methods are illustrated on a wide range of current research topics such as the design of nanoscale coherent light sources, highly-reflective quantum metasurfaces or low intracavity power superradiant lasers. The analytical approaches are developed for ensembles of identical two-level quantum emitters and then extended to more complex systems where frequency disorder or vibronic couplings are taken into account. The relevance of the approach ranges from atoms in optical lattices to quantum dots or molecular systems in solid-state environments., Comment: 43 pages, 18 figures; revised version; contains some additional material w.r.t. published version

We study the dependence of the vacuum Rabi splitting (VRS) on frequency disorder, vibrations, near-field effects and density in molecular polaritonics. In the mesoscopic limit, static frequency disorder alone can already introduce a loss mechanism from polaritonic states into a dark state reservoir, which we quantitatively describe, providing an analytical scaling of the VRS with the level of disorder. Disorder additionally can split a molecular ensemble into donor-type and acceptor-type molecules and the combination of vibronic coupling, dipole-dipole interactions and vibrational relaxation induces an incoherent FRET (F\"{o}rster resonance energy transfer) migration of excitations within the collective molecular state. This is equivalent to a dissipative disorder and has the effect of saturating and even reducing the VRS in the mesoscopic, high-density limit. Overall, this analysis allows to quantify the crucial role played by dark states in cavity quantum electrodynamics with mesoscopic, disordered ensembles.

We investigate the role of time delay in cold-damping optomechanics with multiple mechanical resonances. For instantaneous electronic response, it was recently shown in \textit{Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{123}, 203605 (2019)}, that a single feedback loop is sufficient to simultaneously remove thermal noise from many mechanical modes. While the intrinsic delayed response of the electronics can induce single mode and mutual heating between adjacent modes, we propose to counteract such detrimental effects by introducing an additional time delay to the feedback loop. For lossy cavities and broadband feedback, we derive analytical results for the final occupancies of the mechanical modes within the formalism of quantum Langevin equations. For modes that are frequency degenerate collective effects dominate, mimicking behavior similar to Dicke super- and subradiance. These analytical results, corroborated with numerical simulations of both transient and steady state dynamics, allow to find suitable conditions and strategies for efficient single or multimode feedback optomechanics.

Molecules constitute compact hybrid quantum optical systems that can interface photons, electronic degrees of freedom, localized mechanical vibrations and phonons. In particular, the strong vibronic interaction between electrons and nuclear motion in a molecule resembles the optomechanical radiation pressure Hamiltonian. While molecular vibrations are often in the ground state even at elevated temperatures, one still needs to get a handle on decoherence channels associated with phonons before an efficient quantum optical network based on opto-vibrational interactions in solid-state molecular systems could be realized. As a step towards a better understanding of decoherence in phononic environments, we take here an open quantum system approach to the non-equilibrium dynamics of guest molecules embedded in a crystal, identifying regimes of Markovian versus non-Markovian vibrational relaxation. A stochastic treatment based on quantum Langevin equations predicts collective vibron-vibron dynamics that resembles processes of sub- and superradiance for radiative transitions. This in turn leads to the possibility of decoupling intramolecular vibrations from the phononic bath, allowing for enhanced coherence times of collective vibrations. For molecular polaritonics in strongly confined geometries, we also show that the imprint of opto-vibrational couplings onto the emerging output field results in effective polariton cross-talk rates for finite bath occupancies., Comment: [v2]: revised abstract and introduction, [v3]: corrected rotating frame in Eqs. (31)

We provide a fully analytical treatment for the partial refrigeration of the thermal motion of a quantum mechanical resonator under the action of feedback. As opposed to standard cavity optomechanics where the aim is to isolate and cool a single mechanical mode, the aim here is to extract the thermal energy from many vibrational modes within a large frequency bandwidth. We consider a standard cold-damping technique where homodyne read-out of the cavity output field is fed into a feedback loop that provides a cooling action directly applied on the mechanical resonator. Analytical and numerical results predict that low final occupancies are achievable independently of the number of modes addressed by the feedback as long as the cooling rate is smaller than the intermode frequency separation. For resonators exhibiting a few nearly degenerate pairs of modes cooling is less efficient and a weak dependence on the number of modes is obtained. These scalings hint towards the design of frequency resolved mechanical resonators where efficient refrigeration is possible via simultaneous cold-damping feedback.

We apply adaptive feedback for the partial refrigeration of a mechanical resonator, i.e. with the aim to simultaneously cool the classical thermal motion of more than one vibrational degree of freedom. The feedback is obtained from a neural network parametrized policy trained via a reinforcement learning strategy to choose the correct sequence of actions from a finite set in order to simultaneously reduce the energy of many modes of vibration. The actions are realized either as optical modulations of the spring constants in the so-called quadratic optomechanical coupling regime or as radiation pressure induced momentum kicks in the linear coupling regime. As a proof of principle we numerically illustrate efficient simultaneous cooling of four independent modes with an overall strong reduction of the total system temperature., Comment: Machine learning in Optomechanics: cooling

We theoretically study prospects and limitations of a new route towards macroscopic scale laser refrigeration based on exciplex-mediated frequency up-conversion in gas filled hollow-core fibres. Using proven quantum optical rate equations we model the dynamics of a dopant-buffer gas mixture filling an optically pumped waveguide. In the particular example of alkali-noble gas mixtures, recent high pressure gas cell setup experiments have shown that efficient kinetic energy extraction cycles appear via the creation of transient exciplex excited electronic bound states. The cooling cycle consists of absorption of lower energy laser photons during collisions followed by blue-shifted spontaneous emission on the atomic line of the alkali atoms. For any arbitrary dopant-buffer gas mixture, we derive scaling laws for cooling power, cooling rates and temperature drops with varying input laser power, dopant and buffer gas concentration, fibre geometry and particularities of the exciplex ground and excited state potential landscapes.

We investigate the interaction between light and molecular systems modeled as quantum emitters coupled to a multitude of vibrational modes via a Holstein-type interaction. We follow a quantum Langevin equations approach that allows for analytical derivations of absorption and fluorescence profiles of molecules driven by classical fields or coupled to quantized optical modes. We retrieve analytical expressions for the modification of the radiative emission branching ratio in the Purcell regime and for the asymmetric cavity transmission associated with dissipative cross-talk between upper and lower polaritons in the strong coupling regime. We also characterize the F\"{o}rster resonance energy transfer process between donor-acceptor molecules mediated by the vacuum or by a cavity mode.

Cavity-embedded quantum emitters show strong modifications of free space radiation properties such as an enhanced decay known as the Purcell effect. The central parameter is the cooperativity $C$, the ratio of the square of the coherent cavity coupling strength over the product of cavity and emitter decay rates. For a single emitter, $C$ is independent of the transition dipole moment and dictated by geometric cavity properties such as finesse and mode waist. In a recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 093601 (2017)] we have shown that collective excitations in ensembles of dipole-dipole coupled quantum emitters show a disentanglement between the coherent coupling to the cavity mode and spontaneous free space decay. This leads to a strong enhancement of the cavity cooperativity around certain collective subradiant antiresonances. Here, we present a quantum Langevin equations approach aimed at providing results beyond the classical coupled dipoles model. We show that the subradiantly enhanced cooperativity imprints its effects onto the cavity output field quantum correlations while also strongly increasing the cavity-emitter system's collective Kerr nonlinear effect.

We study ensembles of Rydberg atoms in a confined electromagnetic environment such as provided by a microwave cavity. The competition between standard free space Ising type and cavity-mediated interactions leads to the emergence of different regimes where the particle-particle couplings range from the typical van der Waals $r^{-6}$ behavior to $r^{-3}$ and to $r$-independence. We apply a Ramsey spectroscopic technique to map the two-body interactions into a characteristic signal such as intensity and contrast decay curves. As opposed to previous treatments requiring high-densities for considerable contrast and phase decay, the cavity scenario can exhibit similar behavior at much lower densities., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

An array of $N$ closely spaced dipole coupled quantum emitters exhibits super- and subradiance with characteristic tailorable spatial radiation patterns. Optimizing their geometry and distance with respect to the spatial profile of a near resonant optical cavity mode allows to increase the ratio between light scattering into the cavity mode and free space by several orders of magnitude. This leads to a distinct nonlinear particle number scaling of the relative strength of coherent light-matter interactions versus decay. In particular, for subradiant states the collective cooperativity increases much faster than the typical linear $\propto N$ scaling of independent emitters. This extraordinary collective enhancement is manifested both in the intensity and phase profile of the sharp collective emitter antiresonances detectable at the cavity output port via transmission spectroscopy.

We theoretically investigate the dynamics of a gas of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms subject to a time-domain Ramsey interferometry protocol. The many-body dynamics is governed by an Ising-type Hamiltonian with long range interactions of tunable strength. We analyze and model the contrast degradation and phase accumulation of the Ramsey signal and identify scaling laws for varying interrogation times, ensemble densities, and ensemble dimensionalities., Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures

Many-body correlations govern a variety of important quantum phenomena such as the emergence of superconductivity and magnetism. Understanding quantum many-body systems is thus one of the central goals of modern sciences. Here we demonstrate an experimental approach towards this goal by utilizing an ultracold Rydberg gas generated with a broadband picosecond laser pulse. We follow the ultrafast evolution of its electronic coherence by time-domain Ramsey interferometry with attosecond precision. The observed electronic coherence shows an ultrafast oscillation with a period of 1 femtosecond, whose phase shift on the attosecond timescale is consistent with many-body correlations among Rydberg atoms beyond mean-field approximations. This coherent and ultrafast many-body dynamics is actively controlled by tuning the orbital size and population of the Rydberg state, as well as the mean atomic distance. Our approach will offer a versatile platform to observe and manipulate non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems on the ultrafast timescale.