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1. Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Author

Abareshi, B., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Alam, Shadab, Alexander, David M., Alfarsy, R., Allen, L., Prieto, C. Allende, Alves, O., Ameel, J., Armengaud, E., Asorey, J., Aviles, Alejandro, Bailey, S., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballester, O., Baltay, C., Bault, A., Beltran, S. F., Benavides, B., BenZvi, S., Berti, A., Besuner, R., Beutler, Florian, Bianchi, D., Blake, C., Blanc, P., Blum, R., Bolton, A., Bose, S., Bramall, D., Brieden, S., Brodzeller, A., Brooks, D., Brownewell, C., Buckley-Geer, E., Cahn, R. N., Cai, Z., Canning, R., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carton, P., Casas, R., Castander, F. J., Cervantes-Cota, J. L., Chabanier, S., Chaussidon, E., Chuang, C., Circosta, C., Cole, S., Cooper, A. P., da Costa, L., Cousinou, M. -C., Cuceu, A., Davis, T. M., Dawson, K., de la Cruz-Noriega, R., de la Macorra, A., de Mattia, A., Della Costa, J., Demmer, P., Derwent, M., Dey, A., Dey, B., Dhungana, G., Ding, Z., Dobson, C., Doel, P., Donald-McCann, J., Donaldson, J., Douglass, K., Duan, Y., Dunlop, P., Edelstein, J., Eftekharzadeh, S., Eisenstein, D. J., Enriquez-Vargas, M., Escoffier, S., Evatt, M., Fagrelius, P., Fan, X., Fanning, K., Fawcett, V. A., Ferraro, S., Ereza, J., Flaugher, B., Font-Ribera, A., Forero-Romero, J. E., Frenk, C. S., Fromenteau, S., Gänsicke, B. T., Garcia-Quintero, C., Garrison, L., Gaztañaga, E., Gerardi, F., Gil-Marín, H., Gontcho, S. Gontcho A, Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X., Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G., Gonzalez-Perez, V., Gordon, C., Graur, O., Green, D., Grove, C., Gruen, D., Gutierrez, G., Guy, J., Hahn, C., Harris, S., Herrera, D., Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K., Honscheid, K., Howlett, C., Huterer, D., Iršič, V., Ishak, M., Jelinsky, P., Jiang, L., Jimenez, J., Jing, Y. P., Joyce, R., Jullo, E., Juneau, S., Karaçaylı, N. G., Karamanis, M., Karcher, A., Karim, T., Kehoe, R., Kent, S., Kirkby, D., Kisner, T., Kitaura, F., Koposov, S. E., Kovács, A., Kremin, A., Krolewski, Alex, L'Huillier, B., Lahav, O., Lambert, A., Lamman, C., Lan, Ting-Wen, Landriau, M., Lane, S., Lang, D., Lange, J. U., Lasker, J., Guillou, L. Le, Leauthaud, A., Van Suu, A. Le, Levi, Michael E., Li, T. S., Magneville, C., Manera, M., Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, B., McCollam, W., McDonald, P., Meisner, Aaron M., Mezcua, J. Mena-Fernández M., Miller, T., Miquel, R., Montero-Camacho, P., Moon, J., Martini, J. Paul, Meneses-Rizo, J., Moustakas, J., Mueller, E., Muñoz-Gutiérrez, Andrea, Myers, Adam D., Nadathur, S., Najita, J., Napolitano, L., Neilsen, E., Newman, Jeffrey A., Nie, J. D., Ning, Y., Niz, G., Norberg, P., Noriega, Hernán E., O'Brien, T., Obuljen, A., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Palmese, A., Zhiwei, P., Pappalardo, D., Peng, X., Percival, W. J., Perruchot, S., Pogge, R., Poppett, C., Porredon, A., Prada, F., Prochaska, J., Pucha, R., Pérez-Fernández, A., Pérez-Ráfols, I., Rabinowitz, D., Raichoor, A., Ramirez-Solano, S., Ramírez-Pérez, César, Ravoux, C., Reil, K., Rezaie, M., Rocher, A., Rockosi, C., Roe, N. A., Roodman, A., Ross, A. J., Rossi, G., Ruggeri, R., Ruhlmann-Kleider, V., Sabiu, C. G., Safonova, S., Said, K., Saintonge, A., Catonga, Javier Salas, Samushia, L., Sanchez, E., Saulder, C., Schaan, E., Schlafly, E., Schlegel, D., Schmoll, J., Scholte, D., Schubnell, M., Secroun, A., Seo, H., Serrano, S., Sharples, Ray M., Sholl, Michael J., Silber, Joseph Harry, Silva, D. R., Sirk, M., Siudek, M., Smith, A., Sprayberry, D., Staten, R., Stupak, B., Tan, T., Tarlé, Gregory, Tie, Suk Sien, Tojeiro, R., Ureña-López, L. A., Valdes, F., Valenzuela, O., Valluri, M., Vargas-Magaña, M., Verde, L., Walther, M., Wang, B., Wang, M. S., Weaver, B. A., Weaverdyck, C., Wechsler, R., Wilson, Michael J., Yang, J., Yu, Y., Yuan, S., Yèche, Christophe, Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Zhao, Cheng, Zhou, Rongpu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zou, H., Zou, J., Zou, S., and Zu, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) has embarked on an ambitious five-year survey to explore the nature of dark energy with spectroscopy of 40 million galaxies and quasars. DESI will determine precise redshifts and employ the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation method to measure distances from the nearby universe to z > 3.5, as well as measure the growth of structure and probe potential modifications to general relativity. In this paper we describe the significant instrumentation we developed for the DESI survey. The new instrumentation includes a wide-field, 3.2-deg diameter prime-focus corrector that focuses the light onto 5020 robotic fiber positioners on the 0.812 m diameter, aspheric focal surface. The positioners and their fibers are divided among ten wedge-shaped petals. Each petal is connected to one of ten spectrographs via a contiguous, high-efficiency, nearly 50 m fiber cable bundle. The ten spectrographs each use a pair of dichroics to split the light into three channels that together record the light from 360 - 980 nm with a resolution of 2000 to 5000. We describe the science requirements, technical requirements on the instrumentation, and management of the project. DESI was installed at the 4-m Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak, and we also describe the facility upgrades to prepare for DESI and the installation and functional verification process. DESI has achieved all of its performance goals, and the DESI survey began in May 2021. Some performance highlights include RMS positioner accuracy better than 0.1", SNR per \sqrt{\AA} > 0.5 for a z > 2 quasar with flux 0.28e-17 erg/s/cm^2/A at 380 nm in 4000s, and median SNR = 7 of the [OII] doublet at 8e-17 erg/s/cm^2 in a 1000s exposure for emission line galaxies at z = 1.4 - 1.6. We conclude with highlights from the on-sky validation and commissioning of the instrument, key successes, and lessons learned. (abridged), Comment: 78 pages, 32 figures, submitted to AJ

Published
2022
Full Text
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2. Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Author

DESI Collaboration, Abareshi, B., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Alam, Shadab, Alexander, David M., Alfarsy, R., Allen, L., Prieto, C. Allende, Alves, O., Ameel, J., Armengaud, E., Asorey, J., Aviles, Alejandro, Bailey, S., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballester, O., Baltay, C., Bault, A., Beltran, S. F., Benavides, B., BenZvi, S., Berti, A., Besuner, R., Beutler, Florian, Bianchi, D., Blake, C., Blanc, P., Blum, R., Bolton, A., Bose, S., Bramall, D., Brieden, S., Brodzeller, A., Brooks, D., Brownewell, C., Buckley-Geer, E., Cahn, R. N., Cai, Z., Canning, R., Capasso, R., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carton, P., Casas, R., Castander, F. J., Cervantes-Cota, J. L., Chabanier, S., Chaussidon, E., Chuang, C., Circosta, C., Cole, S., Cooper, A. P., Costa, L. Da, Cousinou, M.-C., Cuceu, A., Davis, T. M., Dawson, K., Cruz-Noriega, R. De La, Macorra, A. De La, Mattia, A. De, Costa, J. Della, Demmer, P., Derwent, M., Dey, A., Dey, B., Dhungana, G., Ding, Z., Dobson, C., Doel, P., Donald-McCann, J., Donaldson, J., Douglass, K., Duan, Y., Dunlop, P., Edelstein, J., Eftekharzadeh, S., Eisenstein, D. J., Enriquez-Vargas, M., Escoffier, S., Evatt, M., Fagrelius, P., Fan, X., Fanning, K., Fawcett, V. A., Ferraro, S., Ereza, J., Flaugher, B., Font-Ribera, A., Forero-Romero, J. E., Frenk, C. S., Fromenteau, S., Gänsicke, B. T., Garcia-Quintero, C., Garrison, L., Gaztañaga, E., Gerardi, F., Gil-Marín, H., A Gontcho, S. Gontcho, Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X., Gonzalez-De-Rivera, G., Gonzalez-Perez, V., Gordon, C., Graur, O., Green, D., Grove, C., Gruen, D., Gutierrez, G., Guy, J., Hahn, C., Harris, S., Herrera, D., Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K., Honscheid, K., Howlett, C., Huterer, D., Iršič, V., Ishak, M., Jelinsky, P., Jiang, L., Jimenez, J., Jing, Y. P., Joyce, R., Jullo, E., Juneau, S., Karaçaylı, N. G., Karamanis, M., Karcher, A., Karim, T., Kehoe, R., Kent, S., Kirkby, D., Kisner, T., Kitaura, F., Koposov, S. E., Kovács, A., Kremin, A., Krolewski, Alex, L’Huillier, B., Lahav, O., Lambert, A., Lamman, C., Lan, Ting-Wen, Landriau, M., Lane, S., Lang, D., Lange, J. U., Lasker, J., Guillou, L. Le, Leauthaud, A., Van Suu, A. Le, Levi, Michael E., Li, T. S., Magneville, C., Manera, M., Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, B., Martini, Paul, McCollam, W., McDonald, P., Meisner, Aaron M., Mena-Fernández, J., Meneses-Rizo, J., Mezcua, M., Miller, T., Miquel, R., Montero-Camacho, P., Moon, J., Moustakas, J., Mueller, E., Muñoz-Gutiérrez, Andrea, Myers, Adam D., Nadathur, S., Najita, J., Napolitano, L., Neilsen, E., Newman, Jeffrey A., Nie, J. D., Ning, Y., Niz, G., Norberg, P., Noriega, Hernán E., O’Brien, T., Obuljen, A., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Palmese, A., Zhiwei, P., Pappalardo, D., PENG, X., Percival, W. J., Perruchot, S., Pogge, R., Poppett, C., Porredon, A., Prada, F., Prochaska, J., Pucha, R., Pérez-Fernández, A., Pérez-Ràfols, I., Rabinowitz, D., Raichoor, A., Ramirez-Solano, S., Ramírez-Pérez, César, Ravoux, C., Reil, K., Rezaie, M., Rocher, A., Rockosi, C., Roe, N. A., Roodman, A., Ross, A. J., Rossi, G., Ruggeri, R., Ruhlmann-Kleider, V., Sabiu, C. G., Safonova, S., Said, K., Saintonge, A., Catonga, Javier Salas, Samushia, L., Sanchez, E., Saulder, C., Schaan, E., Schlafly, E., Schlegel, D., Schmoll, J., Scholte, D., Schubnell, M., Secroun, A., Seo, H., Serrano, S., Sharples, Ray M., Sholl, Michael J., Silber, Joseph Harry, Silva, D. R., Sirk, M., Siudek, M., Smith, A., Sprayberry, D., Staten, R., Stupak, B., Tan, T., Tarlé, Gregory, Tie, Suk Sien, Tojeiro, R., Ureña-López, L. A., Valdes, F., Valenzuela, O., Valluri, M., Vargas-Magaña, M., Verde, L., Walther, M., Wang, B., Wang, M. S., Weaver, B. A., Weaverdyck, C., Wechsler, R., Wilson, Michael J., Yang, J., Yu, Y., Yuan, S., Yèche, Christophe, Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Zhao, Cheng, Zhou, Rongpu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zou, H., Zou, J., Zou, S., Zu, Y., Aguilar, J. [0000-0003-0822-452X], Ahlen, S. [0000-0001-6098-7247], Alam, Shadab [0000-0002-3757-6359], Alexander, David M. [0000-0002-5896-6313], Allen, L. [0000-0002-7789-5119], Prieto, C. Allende [0000-0002-0084-572X], Ameel, J. [0000-0003-3638-2584], Asorey, J. [0000-0002-6211-499X], Bailey, S. [0000-0003-4162-6619], Balaguera-Antolínez, A. [0000-0001-5028-3035], Ballester, O. [0000-0002-7126-5300], Bault, A. [0000-0002-9964-1005], Beltran, S. F. [0000-0001-6324-4019], Berti, A. [0000-0003-3582-6649], Beutler, Florian [0000-0003-0467-5438], Bose, S. [0000-0002-0974-5266], Brieden, S. [0000-0003-3896-9215], Brodzeller, A. [0000-0002-8934-0954], Brooks, D. [0000-0002-8458-5047], Cahn, R. N. [0000-0003-2748-0641], Cai, Z. [0000-0001-8467-6478], Capasso, R. [0000-0002-3083-6840], Rosell, A. Carnero [0000-0003-3044-5150], Castander, F. J. [0000-0001-7316-4573], Cervantes-Cota, J. L. [0000-0002-3057-6786], Chabanier, S. [0000-0002-5692-5243], Chaussidon, E. [0000-0001-8996-4874], Chuang, C. [0000-0002-3882-078X], Cole, S. [0000-0002-5954-7903], Cooper, A. P. [0000-0001-8274-158X], Cuceu, A. [0000-0002-2169-0595], Davis, T. M. [0000-0002-4213-8783], Dawson, K. [0000-0002-0553-3805], Costa, J. Della [0000-0003-0928-2000], Dey, A. [0000-0002-4928-4003], Dey, B. [0000-0002-5665-7912], Dhungana, G. [0000-0002-5402-1216], Ding, Z. [0000-0002-3369-3718], Douglass, K. [0000-0002-9540-546X], Duan, Y. [0000-0002-2611-0895], Eisenstein, D. J. [0000-0002-2929-3121], Escoffier, S. [0000-0002-2847-7498], Fan, X. [0000-0003-3310-0131], Fawcett, V. A. [0000-0003-1251-532X], Ereza, J. [0000-0002-0194-4017], Frenk, C. S. [0000-0002-2338-716X], Gänsicke, B. T. [0000-0002-2761-3005], Garrison, L. [0000-0002-9853-5673], Gaztañaga, E. [0000-0001-9632-0815], Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X. [0000-0003-4089-6924], Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G. [0000-0003-4452-743X], Gonzalez-Perez, V. [0000-0001-9938-2755], Graur, O. [0000-0002-4391-6137], Green, D. [0000-0002-0676-3661], Gruen, D. [0000-0003-3270-7644], Hahn, C. [0000-0003-1197-0902], Herrera, D. [0000-0003-2092-6727], Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K. [0000-0002-9136-9609], Huterer, D. [0000-0001-6558-0112], Iršič, V. [0000-0002-5445-461X], Ishak, M. [0000-0002-6024-466X], Jiang, L. [0000-0003-4176-6486], Jing, Y. P. [0000-0002-4534-3125], Joyce, R. [0000-0003-0201-5241], Jullo, E. [0000-0002-9253-053X], Juneau, S. [0000-0002-0000-2394], Karaçaylı, N. G. [0000-0001-7336-8912], Karamanis, M. [0000-0001-9489-4612], Karim, T. [0000-0002-5652-8870], Kehoe, R. [0000-0002-7101-697X], Kent, S. [0000-0003-4207-7420], Kirkby, D. [0000-0002-8828-5463], Kisner, T. [0000-0003-3510-7134], Koposov, S. E. [0000-0003-2644-135X], Kovács, A. [0000-0002-5825-579X], Kremin, A. [0000-0001-6356-7424], L’Huillier, B. [0000-0003-2934-6243], Landriau, M. [0000-0003-1838-8528], Lang, D. [0000-0002-1172-0754], Lasker, J. [0000-0003-2999-4873], Guillou, L. Le [0000-0001-7178-8868], Leauthaud, A. [0000-0002-3677-3617], Van Suu, A. Le [0000-0001-5488-783X], Levi, Michael E. [0000-0003-1887-1018], Li, T. S. [0000-0002-9110-6163], Manser, Christopher J. [0000-0003-1543-5405], Martini, Paul [0000-0002-0194-4017], McDonald, P. [0000-0001-8346-8394], Meisner, Aaron M. [0000-0002-1125-7384], Mena-Fernández, J. [0000-0001-9497-7266], Meneses-Rizo, J. [0000-0003-3201-9788], Miquel, R. [0000-0002-6610-4836], Moustakas, J. [0000-0002-2733-4559], Nadathur, S. [0000-0001-9070-3102], Neilsen, E. [0000-0002-7357-0317], Newman, Jeffrey A. [0000-0001-8684-2222], Nie, J. D. [0000-0001-6590-8122], Ning, Y. [0000-0001-9442-1217], Niz, G. [0000-0002-1544-8946], Norberg, P. [0000-0002-5875-0440], Noriega, Hernán E. [0000-0002-3397-3998], Obuljen, A. [0000-0002-9012-6621], Palanque-Delabrouille, N. [0000-0003-3188-784], PENG, X. [0000-0002-3784-830X], Percival, W. J. [0000-0002-0644-5727], Pogge, R. [0000-0003-1435-3053], Porredon, A. [0000-0002-2762-2024], Prada, F. [0000-0001-7145-8674], Prochaska, J. [0000-0002-7738-6875], Pucha, R. [0000-0002-4940-3009], Pérez-Ràfols, I. [0000-0001-6979-0125], Rabinowitz, D. [0000-0003-4961-7653], Raichoor, A. [0000-0001-5999-7923], Rezaie, M. [0000-0001-5589-7116], Rockosi, C. [0000-0002-6667-7028], Roodman, A. [0000-0001-5326-3486], Sabiu, C. G. [0000-0002-5513-5303], Safonova, S. [0000-0002-2240-7421], Said, K. [0000-0002-1809-6325], Saintonge, A. [0000-0003-4357-3450], Samushia, L. [0000-0002-1609-5687], Sanchez, E. [0000-0002-9646-8198], Saulder, C. [0000-0002-0408-5633], Schaan, E. [0000-0002-4619-8927], Schlegel, D. [0000-0002-5042-5088], Secroun, A. [0000-0003-0505-3710], Seo, H. [0000-0002-6588-3508], Sharples, Ray M. [0000-0003-3449-8583], Silber, Joseph Harry [0000-0002-3461-0320], Silva, D. R. [0000-0002-7678-2155], Sprayberry, D. [0000-0001-7583-6441], Tarlé, Gregory [0000-0003-1704-0781], Tie, Suk Sien [0000-0002-5249-1353], Valdes, F. [0000-0001-5567-1301], Valenzuela, O. [0000-0002-0523-5509], Valluri, M. [0000-0002-6257-2341], Verde, L. [0000-0003-2601-8770], Walther, M. [0000-0002-1748-3745], Wang, B. [0000-0003-4877-1659], Wang, M. S. [0000-0002-2652-4043], Wechsler, R. [0000-0003-2229-011X], Yang, J. [0000-0001-5287-4242], Yu, Y. [0000-0002-9359-7170], Yuan, S. [0000-0002-5992-7586], Yèche, Christophe [0000-0001-5146-8533], Zhang, H. [0000-0001-6847-5254], Zhang, K. [0000-0002-9808-3646], Zhao, Cheng [0000-0002-1991-7295], Zhou, Rongpu [0000-0001-5381-4372], Zhou, Zhimin [0000-0002-4135-0977], Zou, H. [0000-0002-6684-3997], Zou, J. [0000-0001-9189-0368], Zou, S. [0000-0002-3983-6484], Zu, Y. [0000-0001-6966-6925], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DESI, HEP, INSPIRE, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, redshift 0.6, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, QB Astronomy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), QC, QB, MCC, Astronomy and Astrophysics, DAS, space, distortions, peak, Laboratory Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Software, and Data, QC Physics, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], astro-ph.CO, galaxy sample, power-spectrum, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], growth-rate, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

Full list of authors: Abareshi, B.; Aguilar, J.; Ahlen, S.; Alam, Shadab; Alexander, David M.; Alfarsy, R.; Allen, L.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alves, O.; Ameel, J.; Armengaud, E.; Asorey, J.; Aviles, Alejandro; Bailey, S.; Balaguera-Antolinez, A.; Ballester, O.; Baltay, C.; Bault, A.; Beltran, S. F.; Benavides, B.; BenZvi, S.; Berti, A.; Besuner, R.; Beutler, Florian; Bianchi, D.; Blake, C.; Blanc, P.; Blum, R.; Bolton, A.; Bose, S.; Bramall, D.; Brieden, S.; Brodzeller, A.; Brooks, D.; Brownewell, C.; Buckley-Geer, E.; Cahn, R. N.; Cai, Z.; Canning, R.; Capasso, R.; Carnero Rosell, A.; Carton, P.; Casas, R.; Castander, F. J.; Cervantes-Cota, J. L.; Chabanier, S.; Chaussidon, E.; Chuang, C.; Circosta, C.; Cole, S.; Cooper, A. P.; da Costa, L.; Cousinou, M-C; Cuceu, A.; Davis, T. M.; Dawson, K.; De la Cruz-Noriega, R.; de la Macorra, A.; de Mattia, A.; Della Costa, J.; Demmer, P.; Derwent, M.; Dey, A.; Dey, B.; Dhungana, G.; Ding, Z.; Dobson, C.; Doel, P.; Donald-McCann, J.; Donaldson, J.; Douglass, K.; Duan, Y.; Dunlop, P.; Edelstein, J.; Eftekharzadeh, S.; Eisenstein, D. J.; Enriquez-Vargas, M.; Escoffier, S.; Evatt, M.; Fagrelius, P.; Fan, X.; Fanning, K.; Fawcett, V. A.; Ferraro, S.; Ereza, J.; Flaugher, B.; Font-Ribera, A.; Forero-Romero, J. E.; Frenk, C. S.; Fromenteau, S.; Gansicke, B. T.; Garcia-Quintero, C.; Garrison, L.; Gaztanaga, E.; Gerardi, F.; Gil-Marin, H.; Gontcho, S. Gontcho A.; Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X.; Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G.; Gonzalez-Perez, V; Gordon, C.; Graur, O.; Green, D.; Grove, C.; Gruen, D.; Gutierrez, G.; Guy, J.; Hahn, C.; Harris, S.; Herrera, D.; Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K.; Honscheid, K.; Howlett, C.; Huterer, D.; Irsic, V; Ishak, M.; Jelinsky, P.; Jiang, L.; Jimenez, J.; Jing, Y. P.; Joyce, R.; Jullo, E.; Juneau, S.; Karacayli, N. G.; Karamanis, M.; Karcher, A.; Karim, T.; Kehoe, R.; Kent, S.; Kirkby, D.; Kisner, T.; Kitaura, F.; Koposov, S. E.; Kovacs, A.; Kremin, A.; Krolewski, Alex; L'Huillier, B.; Lahav, O.; Lambert, A.; Lamman, C.; Lan, Ting-Wen; Landriau, M.; Lane, S.; Lang, D.; Lange, J. U.; Lasker, J.; Le Guillou, L.; Leauthaud, A.; Suu, A. Le Van; Levi, Michael E.; Li, T. S.; Magneville, C.; Manera, M.; Manser, Christopher J.; Marshall, B.; Martini, Paul; McCollam, W.; McDonald, P.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Mena-Fernandez, J.; Meneses-Rizo, J.; Mezcua, M.; Miller, T.; Miquel, R.; Montero-Camacho, P.; Moon, J.; Moustakas, J.; Mueller, E.; Munoz-Gutierrez, Andrea; Myers, Adam D.; Nadathur, S.; Najita, J.; Napolitano, L.; Neilsen, E.; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Nie, J. D.; Ning, Y.; Niz, G.; Norberg, P.; Noriega, Hernan E.; O'Brien, T.; Obuljen, A.; Palanque-Delabrouille, N.; Palmese, A.; Zhiwei, P.; Pappalardo, D.; Peng, X.; Percival, W. J.; Perruchot, S.; Pogge, R.; Poppett, C.; Porredon, A.; Prada, F.; Prochaska, J.; Pucha, R.; Perez-Fernandez, A.; Perez-Rafols, I; Rabinowitz, D.; Raichoor, A.; Ramirez-Solano, S.; Ramirez-Perez, Cesar; Ravoux, C.; Reil, K.; Rezaie, M.; Rocher, A.; Rockosi, C.; Roe, N. A.; Roodman, A.; Ross, A. J.; Rossi, G.; Ruggeri, R.; Ruhlmann-Kleider, V; Sabiu, C. G.; Safonova, S.; Said, K.; Saintonge, A.; Catonga, Javier Salas; Samushia, L.; Sanchez, E.; Saulder, C.; Schaan, E.; Schlafly, E.; Schlegel, D.; Schmoll, J.; Scholte, D.; Schubnell, M.; Secroun, A.; Seo, H.; Serrano, S.; Sharples, Ray M.; Sholl, Michael J.; Silber, Joseph Harry; Silva, D. R.; Sirk, M.; Siudek, M.; Smith, A.; Sprayberry, D.; Staten, R.; Stupak, B.; Tan, T.; Tarle, Gregory; Tie, Suk Sien; Tojeiro, R.; Urena-Lopez, L. A.; Valdes, F.; Valenzuela, O.; Valluri, M.; Vargas-Magana, M.; Verde, L.; Walther, M.; Wang, B.; Wang, M. S.; Weaver, B. A.; Weaverdyck, C.; Wechsler, R.; Wilson, Michael J.; Yang, J.; Yu, Y.; Yuan, S.; Yeche, Christophe; Zhang, H.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, Cheng; Zhou, Rongpu; Zhou, Zhimin; Zou, H.; Zou, J.; Zou, S.; Zu, Y.; DESI Collaboration.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) embarked on an ambitious 5 yr survey in 2021 May to explore the nature of dark energy with spectroscopic measurements of 40 million galaxies and quasars. DESI will determine precise redshifts and employ the baryon acoustic oscillation method to measure distances from the nearby universe to beyond redshift z > 3.5, and employ redshift space distortions to measure the growth of structure and probe potential modifications to general relativity. We describe the significant instrumentation we developed to conduct the DESI survey. This includes: a wide-field, 3fdg2 diameter prime-focus corrector; a focal plane system with 5020 fiber positioners on the 0.812 m diameter, aspheric focal surface; 10 continuous, high-efficiency fiber cable bundles that connect the focal plane to the spectrographs; and 10 identical spectrographs. Each spectrograph employs a pair of dichroics to split the light into three channels that together record the light from 360–980 nm with a spectral resolution that ranges from 2000–5000. We describe the science requirements, their connection to the technical requirements, the management of the project, and interfaces between subsystems. DESI was installed at the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and has achieved all of its performance goals. Some performance highlights include an rms positioner accuracy of better than 0farcs1 and a median signal-to-noise ratio of 7 of the [O ii] doublet at 8 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 in 1000 s for galaxies at z = 1.4–1.6. We conclude with additional highlights from the on-sky validation and commissioning, key successes, and lessons learned. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract. Additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising–Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT); the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions: Aix-Marseille University; Argonne National Laboratory; Barcelona-Madrid Regional Participation Group; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Boston University; Brazil Regional Participation Group; Carnegie Mellon University; CEA-IRFU, Saclay; China Participation Group; Cornell University; Durham University; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; Granada-Madrid-Tenerife Regional Participation Group; Harvard University; Kansas State University; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Korea Institute for Advanced Study; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies; Ludwig Maximilians University; Max Planck Institute; Mexico Regional Participation Group; New York University; NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; Ohio University; Perimeter Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Siena College; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Southern Methodist University; Swinburne University; The Ohio State University; Universidad de los Andes; University of Arizona; University of Barcelona; University of California, Berkeley; University of California, Irvine; University of California, Santa Cruz; University College London; University of Florida; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh; University of Portsmouth; University of Queensland; University of Rochester; University of Toronto; University of Utah; University of Waterloo; University of Wyoming; University of Zurich; UK Regional Participation Group; and Yale University. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

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2022
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3. Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Author

Abareshi, B., additional, Aguilar, J., additional, Ahlen, S., additional, Alam, Shadab, additional, Alexander, David M., additional, Alfarsy, R., additional, Allen, L., additional, Prieto, C. Allende, additional, Alves, O., additional, Ameel, J., additional, Armengaud, E., additional, Asorey, J., additional, Aviles, Alejandro, additional, Bailey, S., additional, Balaguera-Antolínez, A., additional, Ballester, O., additional, Baltay, C., additional, Bault, A., additional, Beltran, S. F., additional, Benavides, B., additional, BenZvi, S., additional, Berti, A., additional, Besuner, R., additional, Beutler, Florian, additional, Bianchi, D., additional, Blake, C., additional, Blanc, P., additional, Blum, R., additional, Bolton, A., additional, Bose, S., additional, Bramall, D., additional, Brieden, S., additional, Brodzeller, A., additional, Brooks, D., additional, Brownewell, C., additional, Buckley-Geer, E., additional, Cahn, R. N., additional, Cai, Z., additional, Canning, R., additional, Capasso, R., additional, Rosell, A. Carnero, additional, Carton, P., additional, Casas, R., additional, Castander, F. J., additional, Cervantes-Cota, J. L., additional, Chabanier, S., additional, Chaussidon, E., additional, Chuang, C., additional, Circosta, C., additional, Cole, S., additional, Cooper, A. P., additional, Costa, L. da, additional, Cousinou, M.-C., additional, Cuceu, A., additional, Davis, T. M., additional, Dawson, K., additional, Cruz-Noriega, R. de la, additional, Macorra, A. de la, additional, Mattia, A. de, additional, Costa, J. Della, additional, Demmer, P., additional, Derwent, M., additional, Dey, A., additional, Dey, B., additional, Dhungana, G., additional, Ding, Z., additional, Dobson, C., additional, Doel, P., additional, Donald-McCann, J., additional, Donaldson, J., additional, Douglass, K., additional, Duan, Y., additional, Dunlop, P., additional, Edelstein, J., additional, Eftekharzadeh, S., additional, Eisenstein, D. J., additional, Enriquez-Vargas, M., additional, Escoffier, S., additional, Evatt, M., additional, Fagrelius, P., additional, Fan, X., additional, Fanning, K., additional, Fawcett, V. A., additional, Ferraro, S., additional, Ereza, J., additional, Flaugher, B., additional, Font-Ribera, A., additional, Forero-Romero, J. E., additional, Frenk, C. S., additional, Fromenteau, S., additional, Gänsicke, B. T., additional, Garcia-Quintero, C., additional, Garrison, L., additional, Gaztañaga, E., additional, Gerardi, F., additional, Gil-Marín, H., additional, A Gontcho, S. Gontcho, additional, Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X., additional, Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G., additional, Gonzalez-Perez, V., additional, Gordon, C., additional, Graur, O., additional, Green, D., additional, Grove, C., additional, Gruen, D., additional, Gutierrez, G., additional, Guy, J., additional, Hahn, C., additional, Harris, S., additional, Herrera, D., additional, Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K., additional, Honscheid, K., additional, Howlett, C., additional, Huterer, D., additional, Iršič, V., additional, Ishak, M., additional, Jelinsky, P., additional, Jiang, L., additional, Jimenez, J., additional, Jing, Y. P., additional, Joyce, R., additional, Jullo, E., additional, Juneau, S., additional, Karaçaylı, N. G., additional, Karamanis, M., additional, Karcher, A., additional, Karim, T., additional, Kehoe, R., additional, Kent, S., additional, Kirkby, D., additional, Kisner, T., additional, Kitaura, F., additional, Koposov, S. E., additional, Kovács, A., additional, Kremin, A., additional, Krolewski, Alex, additional, L’Huillier, B., additional, Lahav, O., additional, Lambert, A., additional, Lamman, C., additional, Lan, Ting-Wen, additional, Landriau, M., additional, Lane, S., additional, Lang, D., additional, Lange, J. U., additional, Lasker, J., additional, Guillou, L. Le, additional, Leauthaud, A., additional, Van Suu, A. Le, additional, Levi, Michael E., additional, Li, T. S., additional, Magneville, C., additional, Manera, M., additional, Manser, Christopher J., additional, Marshall, B., additional, Martini, Paul, additional, McCollam, W., additional, McDonald, P., additional, Meisner, Aaron M., additional, Mena-Fernández, J., additional, Meneses-Rizo, J., additional, Mezcua, M., additional, Miller, T., additional, Miquel, R., additional, Montero-Camacho, P., additional, Moon, J., additional, Moustakas, J., additional, Mueller, E., additional, Muñoz-Gutiérrez, Andrea, additional, Myers, Adam D., additional, Nadathur, S., additional, Najita, J., additional, Napolitano, L., additional, Neilsen, E., additional, Newman, Jeffrey A., additional, Nie, J. D., additional, Ning, Y., additional, Niz, G., additional, Norberg, P., additional, Noriega, Hernán E., additional, O’Brien, T., additional, Obuljen, A., additional, Palanque-Delabrouille, N., additional, Palmese, A., additional, Zhiwei, P., additional, Pappalardo, D., additional, PENG, X., additional, Percival, W. J., additional, Perruchot, S., additional, Pogge, R., additional, Poppett, C., additional, Porredon, A., additional, Prada, F., additional, Prochaska, J., additional, Pucha, R., additional, Pérez-Fernández, A., additional, Pérez-Ràfols, I., additional, Rabinowitz, D., additional, Raichoor, A., additional, Ramirez-Solano, S., additional, Ramírez-Pérez, César, additional, Ravoux, C., additional, Reil, K., additional, Rezaie, M., additional, Rocher, A., additional, Rockosi, C., additional, Roe, N. A., additional, Roodman, A., additional, Ross, A. J., additional, Rossi, G., additional, Ruggeri, R., additional, Ruhlmann-Kleider, V., additional, Sabiu, C. G., additional, Safonova, S., additional, Said, K., additional, Saintonge, A., additional, Catonga, Javier Salas, additional, Samushia, L., additional, Sanchez, E., additional, Saulder, C., additional, Schaan, E., additional, Schlafly, E., additional, Schlegel, D., additional, Schmoll, J., additional, Scholte, D., additional, Schubnell, M., additional, Secroun, A., additional, Seo, H., additional, Serrano, S., additional, Sharples, Ray M., additional, Sholl, Michael J., additional, Silber, Joseph Harry, additional, Silva, D. R., additional, Sirk, M., additional, Siudek, M., additional, Smith, A., additional, Sprayberry, D., additional, Staten, R., additional, Stupak, B., additional, Tan, T., additional, Tarlé, Gregory, additional, Tie, Suk Sien, additional, Tojeiro, R., additional, Ureña-López, L. A., additional, Valdes, F., additional, Valenzuela, O., additional, Valluri, M., additional, Vargas-Magaña, M., additional, Verde, L., additional, Walther, M., additional, Wang, B., additional, Wang, M. S., additional, Weaver, B. A., additional, Weaverdyck, C., additional, Wechsler, R., additional, Wilson, Michael J., additional, Yang, J., additional, Yu, Y., additional, Yuan, S., additional, Yèche, Christophe, additional, Zhang, H., additional, Zhang, K., additional, Zhao, Cheng, additional, Zhou, Rongpu, additional, Zhou, Zhimin, additional, Zou, H., additional, Zou, J., additional, Zou, S., additional, and Zu, Y., additional

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2022
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4. The Ionospheric Connection Explorer Mission: Mission Goals and Design

Author

Immel, T. J., England, S. L., Mende, S. B., Heelis, R. A., Englert, C. R., Edelstein, J., Frey, H. U., Korpela, E. J., Taylor, E. R., Craig, W. W., Harris, S. E., Bester, M., Bust, G. S., Crowley, G., Forbes, J. M., Gérard, J.-C., Harlander, J. M., Huba, J. D., Hubert, B., Kamalabadi, F., Makela, J. J., Maute, A. I., Meier, R. R., Raftery, C., Rochus, P., Siegmund, O. H. W., Stephan, A. W., Swenson, G. R., Frey, S., Hysell, D. L., Saito, A., Rider, K. A., and Sirk, M. M.

Published
2017
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5. The DESI Experiment Part II: Instrument Design

Author

DESI Collaboration, Desi, C, Aghamousa, A, Aguilar, J, Ahlen, S, Alam, S, Allen, L, Allende Prieto, C, Annis, J, Bailey, S, Balland, C, Ballester, O, Baltay, C, Beaufore, L, Bebek, C, Beers, T, Bell, E, Bernal, J, Besuner, R, Beutler, F, Blake, Chris, B, Hannes, Blomqvist, M, Blum, R, Bolton, A, Briceno, C, Brooks, D, Brownstein, J, Buckley-Geer, E, Burden, A, Burtin, E, Busca, N, Cahn, R, Cai, Y, Cardiel-Sas, L, Carlberg, R, Carton, P, Casas, R, Castander, F, Cervantes-Cota, J, Claybaugh, T, Close, M, Coker, C, Cole, S, Comparat, J, Cooper, A, Cousinou, M, Crocce, M, Cuby, J, Cunningham, D, Davis, T, Dawson, K, de la Macorra, A, De Vicente, J, Delubac, T, Derwent, M, Dey, A, Dhungana, G, Ding, Z, Doel, P, Duan, Y, Ealet, A, Edelstein, J, Eftekharzadeh, S, Eisenstein, D, Elliott, A, Escoffier, S, Evatt, M, Fagrelius, P, Fan, X, Fanning, K, Farahi, A, Farihi, J, Favole, G, Feng, Y, Fernandez, E, Findlay, J, Finkbeiner, D, Fitzpatrick, M, Flaugher, B, Flender, S, Font-Ribera, A, Forero-Romero, J, Fosalba, P, Frenk, C, Fumagalli, M, Gaensicke, B, Gallo, G, Garcia-Bellido, J, Gaztanaga, E, Pietro Gentile Fusillo, N, Gerard, T, Gershkovich, I, Giannantonio, T, Gillet, D, Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G, Gonzalez-Perez, V, Gott, S, Graur, O, Gutierrez, G, Guy, J, Habib, S, Heetderks, H, Heetderks, I, Heitmann, K, Hellwing, W, Herrera, D, Ho, S, Holland, S, Honscheid, K, Huff, E, Hutchinson, T, Huterer, D, Hwang, H, Illa Laguna, J, Ishikawa, Y, Jacobs, D, Jeffrey, N, Jelinsky, P, Jennings, E, Jiang, L, Jimenez, J, Johnson, J, Joyce, R, Jullo, E, Juneau, S, Kama, S, Karcher, A, Karkar, S, Kehoe, R, Kennamer, N, Kent, S, Kilbinger, M, Kim, A, Kirkby, D, Kisner, T, Kitanidis, E, Kneib, J, Koposov, S, Kovacs, E, Koyama, K, Kremin, A, Kron, R, Kronig, L, Kueter-Young, A, Lacey, C, Lafever, R, Lahav, O, Lambert, A, Lampton, M, Landriau, M, Lang, D, Lauer, T, Le Goff, J, Le Guillou, L, Le Van Suu, A, Lee, J, Lee, S, Leitner, D, Lesser, M, Levi, M, L'Huillier, B, Li, B, Liang, M, Lin, H, Linder, E, Loebman, S, Lukić, Z, Ma, J, Maccrann, N, Magneville, C, Makarem, L, Manera, M, Manser, C, Marshall, R, Martini, P, Massey, R, Matheson, T, Mccauley, J, Mcdonald, P, Mcgreer, I, Meisner, A, Metcalfe, N, Miller, T, Miquel, R, Moustakas, J, Myers, A, Naik, M, Newman, J, Nichol, R, Nicola, A, Nicolati da Costa, L, Nie, J, Niz, G, Norberg, P, Nord, B, Norman, D, Nugent, P, O'Brien, T, Oh, M, Olsen, K, Padilla, C, Padmanabhan, H, Padmanabhan, N, Palanque-Delabrouille, N, Palmese, A, Pappalardo, D, Pâris, I, Park, C, Patej, A, Peacock, J, Peiris, H, Peng, X, Percival, W, Perruchot, S, Pieri, M, Pogge, R, Pollack, J, Poppett, C, Prada, F, Prakash, A, Probst, R, Rabinowitz, D, Raichoor, A, Ree, C, Refregier, A, Regal, X, Reid, B, Reil, K, Rezaie, M, Rockosi, C, Roe, N, Ronayette, S, Roodman, A, Ross, A, Ross, N, Rossi, G, Rozo, E, Ruhlmann-Kleider, V, Rykoff, E, Sabiu, C, Samushia, L, Sanchez, E, Sanchez, J, Schlegel, D, Schneider, M, Schubnell, M, Secroun, A, Seljak, U, Seo, H, Serrano, S, Shafieloo, A, Shan, H, Sharples, R, Sholl, M, Shourt, W, Silber, J, Silva, D, Sirk, M, Slosar, A, Smith, A, Smoot, G, Som, D, Song, Y, Sprayberry, D, Staten, R, Stefanik, A, Tarle, G, Sien Tie, S, Tinker, J, Tojeiro, R, Valdes, F, Valenzuela, O, Valluri, M, Vargas-Magana, M, Verde, L, Walker, A, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Weaver, B, Weaverdyck, C, Wechsler, R, Weinberg, D, White, M, Yang, Q, Yeche, C, Zhang, T, Zhao, G, Zheng, Y, Zhou, X, Zhou, Z, Zhu, Y, Zou, H, Zu, Y, DESI Collaboration, Aghamousa, Amir, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steve, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori E., Allende Prieto, Carlos, Annis, James, Bailey, Stephen, Balland, Christophe, Ballester, Otger, Baltay, Charles, Beaufore, Lucas, Bebek, Chris, Beers, Timothy C., Bell, Eric F., Bernal, José Luis, Besuner, Robert, Beutler, Florian, Chris Bleuler, Blomqvist, Michael, Blum, Robert, Bolton, Adam S., Briceno, Cesar, Brooks, David, Brownstein, Joel R., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Burden, Angela, Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolas G., Cahn, Robert N., Cai, Yan-Chuan, Cardiel-Sas, Laia, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carton, Pierre-Henri, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Claybaugh, Todd M., Close, Madeline, Coker, Carl T., Cole, Shaun, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew P., Cousinou, M. -C., Crocce, Martin, Cuby, Jean-Gabriel, Cunningham, Daniel P., Davis, Tamara M., Dawson, Kyle S., de la Macorra, Axel, De Vicente, Juan, Delubac, Timothée, Derwent, Mark, Dey, Arjun, Dhungana, Govinda, Ding, Zhejie, Doel, Peter, Duan, Yutong T., Ealet, Anne, Edelstein, Jerry, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Elliott, Ann, Escoffier, Stéphanie, Evatt, Matthew, Fagrelius, Parker, Fan, Xiaohui, Fanning, Kevin, Farahi, Arya, Farihi, Jay, Favole, Ginevra, Feng, Yu, Fernandez, Enrique, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Fitzpatrick, Michael J., Flaugher, Brenna, Flender, Samuel, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Fosalba, Pablo, Frenk, Carlos S., Fumagalli, Michele, Gaensicke, Boris T., Gallo, Giuseppe, Garcia-Bellido, Juan, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Pietro Gentile Fusillo, Nicola, Gerard, Terry, Gershkovich, Irena, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Gillet, Denis, Gonzalez-de-Rivera, Guillermo, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Gott, Shelby, Graur, Or, Gutierrez, Gaston, Guy, Julien, Habib, Salman, Heetderks, Henry, Heetderks, Ian, Heitmann, Katrin, Hellwing, Wojciech A., Herrera, David A., Ho, Shirley, Holland, Stephen, Honscheid, Klaus, Huff, Eric, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Huterer, Dragan, Hwang, Ho Seong, Illa Laguna, Joseph Maria, Ishikawa, Yuzo, Jacobs, Dianna, Jeffrey, Niall, Jelinsky, Patrick, Jennings, Elise, Jiang, Linhua, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, Jennifer, Joyce, Richard, Jullo, Eric, Juneau, Stéphanie, Kama, Sami, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kennamer, Noble, Kent, Stephen, Kilbinger, Martin, Kim, Alex G., Kirkby, David, Kisner, Theodore, Kitanidis, Ellie, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koposov, Sergey, Kovacs, Eve, Koyama, Kazuya, Kremin, Anthony, Kron, Richard, Kronig, Luzius, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lacey, Cedric G., Lafever, Robin, Lahav, Ofer, Lambert, Andrew, Lampton, Michael, Landriau, Martin, Lang, Dustin, Lauer, Tod R., Le Goff, Jean-Marc, Le Guillou, Laurent, Le Van Suu, Auguste, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lee, Su-Jeong, Leitner, Daniela, Lesser, Michael, Levi, Michael E., L'Huillier, Benjamin, Li, Baojiu, Liang, Ming, Lin, Huan, Linder, Eric, Loebman, Sarah R., Lukić, Zarija, Ma, Jun, MacCrann, Niall, Magneville, Christophe, Makarem, Laleh, Manera, Marc, Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, Robert, Martini, Paul, Massey, Richard, Matheson, Thomas, McCauley, Jeremy, McDonald, Patrick, McGreer, Ian D., Meisner, Aaron, Metcalfe, Nigel, Miller, Timothy N., Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam, Naik, Milind, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nicola, Andrina, Nicolati da Costa, Luiz, Nie, Jundan, Niz, Gustavo, Norberg, Peder, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara, Nugent, Peter, O'Brien, Thomas, Oh, Minji, Olsen, Knut A. G., Padilla, Cristobal, Padmanabhan, Hamsa, Padmanabhan, Nikhil, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palmese, Antonella, Pappalardo, Daniel, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patej, Anna, Peacock, John A., Peiris, Hiranya V., Peng, Xiyan, Percival, Will J., Perruchot, Sandrine, Pieri, Matthew M., Pogge, Richard, Pollack, Jennifer E., Poppett, Claire, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Probst, Ronald G., Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Ree, Chang Hee, Refregier, Alexandre, Regal, Xavier, Reid, Beth, Reil, Kevin, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rockosi, Constance M., Roe, Natalie, Ronayette, Samuel, Roodman, Aaron, Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rossi, Graziano, Rozo, Eduardo, Ruhlmann-Kleider, Vanina, Rykoff, Eli S., Sabiu, Cristiano, Samushia, Lado, Sanchez, Eusebio, Sanchez, Javier, Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Michael, Schubnell, Michael, Secroun, Aurélia, Seljak, Uros, Seo, Hee-Jong, Serrano, Santiago, Shafieloo, Arman, Shan, Huanyuan, Sharples, Ray, Sholl, Michael J., Shourt, William V., Silber, Joseph H., Silva, David R., Sirk, Martin M., Slosar, Anze, Smith, Alex, Smoot, George F., Som, Debopam, Song, Yong-Seon, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stefanik, Andy, Tarle, Gregory, Sien Tie, Suk, Tinker, Jeremy L., Tojeiro, Rita, Valdes, Francisco, Valenzuela, Octavio, Valluri, Monica, Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Verde, Licia, Walker, Alistair R., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin A., Weaverdyck, Curtis, Wechsler, Risa H., Weinberg, David H., White, Martin, Yang, Qian, Yeche, Christophe, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Yi, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zhu, Yaling, Zou, Hu, Zu, Ying, DESI Collaboration, Desi, C, Aghamousa, A, Aguilar, J, Ahlen, S, Alam, S, Allen, L, Allende Prieto, C, Annis, J, Bailey, S, Balland, C, Ballester, O, Baltay, C, Beaufore, L, Bebek, C, Beers, T, Bell, E, Bernal, J, Besuner, R, Beutler, F, Blake, Chris, B, Hannes, Blomqvist, M, Blum, R, Bolton, A, Briceno, C, Brooks, D, Brownstein, J, Buckley-Geer, E, Burden, A, Burtin, E, Busca, N, Cahn, 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Hutchinson, T, Huterer, D, Hwang, H, Illa Laguna, J, Ishikawa, Y, Jacobs, D, Jeffrey, N, Jelinsky, P, Jennings, E, Jiang, L, Jimenez, J, Johnson, J, Joyce, R, Jullo, E, Juneau, S, Kama, S, Karcher, A, Karkar, S, Kehoe, R, Kennamer, N, Kent, S, Kilbinger, M, Kim, A, Kirkby, D, Kisner, T, Kitanidis, E, Kneib, J, Koposov, S, Kovacs, E, Koyama, K, Kremin, A, Kron, R, Kronig, L, Kueter-Young, A, Lacey, C, Lafever, R, Lahav, O, Lambert, A, Lampton, M, Landriau, M, Lang, D, Lauer, T, Le Goff, J, Le Guillou, L, Le Van Suu, A, Lee, J, Lee, S, Leitner, D, Lesser, M, Levi, M, L'Huillier, B, Li, B, Liang, M, Lin, H, Linder, E, Loebman, S, Lukić, Z, Ma, J, Maccrann, N, Magneville, C, Makarem, L, Manera, M, Manser, C, Marshall, R, Martini, P, Massey, R, Matheson, T, Mccauley, J, Mcdonald, P, Mcgreer, I, Meisner, A, Metcalfe, N, Miller, T, Miquel, R, Moustakas, J, Myers, A, Naik, M, Newman, J, Nichol, R, Nicola, A, Nicolati da Costa, L, Nie, J, Niz, G, Norberg, P, Nord, B, Norman, D, Nugent, P, 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M, Yang, Q, Yeche, C, Zhang, T, Zhao, G, Zheng, Y, Zhou, X, Zhou, Z, Zhu, Y, Zou, H, Zu, Y, DESI Collaboration, Aghamousa, Amir, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steve, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori E., Allende Prieto, Carlos, Annis, James, Bailey, Stephen, Balland, Christophe, Ballester, Otger, Baltay, Charles, Beaufore, Lucas, Bebek, Chris, Beers, Timothy C., Bell, Eric F., Bernal, José Luis, Besuner, Robert, Beutler, Florian, Chris Bleuler, Blomqvist, Michael, Blum, Robert, Bolton, Adam S., Briceno, Cesar, Brooks, David, Brownstein, Joel R., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Burden, Angela, Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolas G., Cahn, Robert N., Cai, Yan-Chuan, Cardiel-Sas, Laia, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carton, Pierre-Henri, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Claybaugh, Todd M., Close, Madeline, Coker, Carl T., Cole, Shaun, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew P., Cousinou, M. -C., Crocce, Martin, Cuby, Jean-Gabriel, Cunningham, Daniel P., Davis, Tamara M., Dawson, Kyle S., de la Macorra, Axel, De Vicente, Juan, Delubac, Timothée, Derwent, Mark, Dey, Arjun, Dhungana, Govinda, Ding, Zhejie, Doel, Peter, Duan, Yutong T., Ealet, Anne, Edelstein, Jerry, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Elliott, Ann, Escoffier, Stéphanie, Evatt, Matthew, Fagrelius, Parker, Fan, Xiaohui, Fanning, Kevin, Farahi, Arya, Farihi, Jay, Favole, Ginevra, Feng, Yu, Fernandez, Enrique, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Fitzpatrick, Michael J., Flaugher, Brenna, Flender, Samuel, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Fosalba, Pablo, Frenk, Carlos S., Fumagalli, Michele, Gaensicke, Boris T., Gallo, Giuseppe, Garcia-Bellido, Juan, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Pietro Gentile Fusillo, Nicola, Gerard, Terry, Gershkovich, Irena, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Gillet, Denis, Gonzalez-de-Rivera, Guillermo, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Gott, Shelby, Graur, Or, Gutierrez, Gaston, Guy, Julien, Habib, Salman, Heetderks, Henry, Heetderks, Ian, Heitmann, Katrin, Hellwing, Wojciech A., Herrera, David A., Ho, Shirley, Holland, Stephen, Honscheid, Klaus, Huff, Eric, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Huterer, Dragan, Hwang, Ho Seong, Illa Laguna, Joseph Maria, Ishikawa, Yuzo, Jacobs, Dianna, Jeffrey, Niall, Jelinsky, Patrick, Jennings, Elise, Jiang, Linhua, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, Jennifer, Joyce, Richard, Jullo, Eric, Juneau, Stéphanie, Kama, Sami, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kennamer, Noble, Kent, Stephen, Kilbinger, Martin, Kim, Alex G., Kirkby, David, Kisner, Theodore, Kitanidis, Ellie, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koposov, Sergey, Kovacs, Eve, Koyama, Kazuya, Kremin, Anthony, Kron, Richard, Kronig, Luzius, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lacey, Cedric G., Lafever, Robin, Lahav, Ofer, Lambert, Andrew, Lampton, Michael, Landriau, Martin, Lang, Dustin, Lauer, Tod R., Le Goff, Jean-Marc, Le Guillou, Laurent, Le Van Suu, Auguste, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lee, Su-Jeong, Leitner, Daniela, Lesser, Michael, Levi, Michael E., L'Huillier, Benjamin, Li, Baojiu, Liang, Ming, Lin, Huan, Linder, Eric, Loebman, Sarah R., Lukić, Zarija, Ma, Jun, MacCrann, Niall, Magneville, Christophe, Makarem, Laleh, Manera, Marc, Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, Robert, Martini, Paul, Massey, Richard, Matheson, Thomas, McCauley, Jeremy, McDonald, Patrick, McGreer, Ian D., Meisner, Aaron, Metcalfe, Nigel, Miller, Timothy N., Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam, Naik, Milind, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nicola, Andrina, Nicolati da Costa, Luiz, Nie, Jundan, Niz, Gustavo, Norberg, Peder, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara, Nugent, Peter, O'Brien, Thomas, Oh, Minji, Olsen, Knut A. G., Padilla, Cristobal, Padmanabhan, Hamsa, Padmanabhan, Nikhil, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palmese, Antonella, Pappalardo, Daniel, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patej, Anna, Peacock, John A., Peiris, Hiranya V., Peng, Xiyan, Percival, Will J., Perruchot, Sandrine, Pieri, Matthew M., Pogge, Richard, Pollack, Jennifer E., Poppett, Claire, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Probst, Ronald G., Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Ree, Chang Hee, Refregier, Alexandre, Regal, Xavier, Reid, Beth, Reil, Kevin, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rockosi, Constance M., Roe, Natalie, Ronayette, Samuel, Roodman, Aaron, Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rossi, Graziano, Rozo, Eduardo, Ruhlmann-Kleider, Vanina, Rykoff, Eli S., Sabiu, Cristiano, Samushia, Lado, Sanchez, Eusebio, Sanchez, Javier, Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Michael, Schubnell, Michael, Secroun, Aurélia, Seljak, Uros, Seo, Hee-Jong, Serrano, Santiago, Shafieloo, Arman, Shan, Huanyuan, Sharples, Ray, Sholl, Michael J., Shourt, William V., Silber, Joseph H., Silva, David R., Sirk, Martin M., Slosar, Anze, Smith, Alex, Smoot, George F., Som, Debopam, Song, Yong-Seon, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stefanik, Andy, Tarle, Gregory, Sien Tie, Suk, Tinker, Jeremy L., Tojeiro, Rita, Valdes, Francisco, Valenzuela, Octavio, Valluri, Monica, Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Verde, Licia, Walker, Alistair R., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin A., Weaverdyck, Curtis, Wechsler, Risa H., Weinberg, David H., White, Martin, Yang, Qian, Yeche, Christophe, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Yi, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zhu, Yaling, Zou, Hu, and Zu, Ying

Abstract

DESI (Dark Energy Spectropic Instrument) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will study baryon acoustic oscillations and the growth of structure through redshift-space distortions with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey. The DESI instrument is a robotically-actuated, fiber-fed spectrograph capable of taking up to 5,000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 360 nm to 980 nm. The fibers feed ten three-arm spectrographs with resolution $R= lambda/Deltalambda$ between 2000 and 5500, depending on wavelength. The DESI instrument will be used to conduct a five-year survey designed to cover 14,000 deg$^2$. This powerful instrument will be installed at prime focus on the 4-m Mayall telescope in Kitt Peak, Arizona, along with a new optical corrector, which will provide a three-degree diameter field of view. The DESI collaboration will also deliver a spectroscopic pipeline and data management system to reduce and archive all data for eventual public use.

Published
2016

8. Collimated focal ratio degradation testing for highly multiplexed fiber systems-an improvement to a standard test.

Author

Finstad D, Wishnow E, Poppett C, Sirk M, Edelstein J, Gibson S, Marcy G, and Howard A

Abstract

A simple method for determining the focal ratio degradation of optical fibers has been developed. The method involves splitting the light from the test fiber and recording ring patterns that have traveled over two different, and known, optical paths. This new method will be valuable for testing many fibers as will be needed for new multiobject astronomical spectrographs.

Published
2016
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