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To investigate the reproducibility and I–V non-linearity characteristics in resistive-switching random-access memory (RRAM), we studied the switching characteristics through Pt/TiO2 interface control using a non-stoichiometric TiO2−x/TiN interface formation in a resistive switching Pt/TiO2/TiN stack. Using the TiO2−x/TiN interface instead of the TiO2/TiN interface induced nearly forming-free switching, decreased the reset current, suppressed the gradual reset process, and resulted in faster switching by electric pulse. These results indicate that the Pt/TiO2 interface experienced reduced oxygen-vacancy-mediated switching. The discrepancy between the reduced oxygen-vacancy-mediated switching and the initially large number of oxygen vacancies can be resolved via the oxygen vacancy distribution dependent field effect. To clarify this process, we performed reaction-diffusion-drift model simulations. The drift velocity, which was calculated using the vacancy distribution, described the dynamic movement, and the simulation results supported the experimentally observed faster switching response. The field effect, which provided successive feedback between the drift velocity and vacancy distribution, can potentially be exploited to generate vacancy-designed devices.

In this article the recent progress in the elements of EUV lithography is presented. Source power around 205W was demonstrated and further scaling up is going on, which is expected to be implemented in the field within 2017. Source availability keeps improving especially due to the introduction of new droplet generator but collector lifetime needs to be verified at each power level. Mask blank defect satisfied the HVM goal. Resist meets the requirements of development purposes and dose needs to be reduced further to satisfy the productivity demand. Pellicle, where both the high transmittance and long lifetime are demanded, needs improvements especially in pellicle membrane. Potential issues in high-NA EUV are discussed including resist, small DOF, stitching, mask infrastructure, whose solutions need to be prepared timely in addition to high-NA exposure tool to enable this technology.

As an emergency encountered in orthopedic practice requiring prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment, necrotizing fasciitis around the hip must be discriminated from Fournier gangrene. The current case report describes a patient who suffered from bilateral type I necrotizing fasciitis around the hips, which was alleviated by prompt surgical debridement and intensive postoperative care.

Pesticidal activities of 4-[5-(2-cyclopropylaminopyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-1-methylpiperidine, designated as Comp I, have been determined against a mosquito larva,Culex pipiens pallens, and a phytopathogenic fungus,Phytophthora capsici. Comp I was used as the leading compound in this study. The compounds were synthesized by reacting them with two functional groups, 3-thiophenyl and 2-thiophenyl groups, instead of 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl group in Comp I. Other functional groups such as 2-aminothiazole, 2-(1-methylpiperazin-4-yl)thiazole, and 2-(piperazin-4-yl)thiazole were also introduced instead of 2-methylpiperidin-4-yl-thiazole of Comp I. Compounds designated as XIII-6~XV-7 were newly synthesized and their structures were confirmed by1H- and13C-NMR spectroscopy. Mosquito larvicidal activities of all the synthesized compounds againstC. pipiens pallenswere examined and Comp I among them showed the strongest larvicidal activity as 0.513 mM of LC50value. The fungicidal activities of all the synthesized compounds againstP. capsiciwere examined using the whole plant method. Among the XIII-6~XV-7 chemicals, 5-(2-cyclopropylaminopyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine (VIII-6) showed the most potent antifungal activityin vivo. While the EC50value of the commercial fungicide dimethomorph was 4.26 μM, EC50of VIII-6 was 0.94 μM. Therefore, thiazole derivatives can be considered as viable candidates for the control of mosquito larvae and plant diseases.

Gout is characterized by recurrent attacks of arthralgia, and deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and around the joints of the extremities and soft tissues. Monosodium urate crystals are observed most frequently at the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint and usually presented in the ankle and wrist joint. However, no case of an intratendinous tophus in the patellar tendon has been reported in Korean literature. In this report, we found monosodium urate crystals in the patellar tendon on magnetic resonance imaging images and intratendinous tophus were visible to the naked eye by excision. We reported on the case of a patient who experienced an unusual intratendinous tophus in the patellar tendon.