115 results on '"Scheinin M"'
Search Results
2. Effects of vatinoxan on cardiorespiratory function, fecal output and plasma drug concentrations in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and infusion of medetomidine
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Tapio, H.A., Raekallio, M.R., Mykkänen, A.K., Al-Ramahi, D., Scheinin, M., Hautajärvi, H.J., Männikkö, S., and Vainio, O.
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- 2019
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3. Effects of dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon in a glibenclamide-induced canine hypoglycaemia model
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Kallio-Kujala, I.J., Bennett, R.C., Raekallio, M.R., Yatkin, E., Meierjohann, A., Savontaus, E., Scheinin, M., Spillmann, T., and Vainio, O.M.
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- 2018
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4. Subcutaneously administered dexmedetomidine is efficiently absorbed and is associated with attenuated cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers
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Uusalo, P., Al-Ramahi, D., Tilli, I., Aantaa, R. A., Scheinin, M., and Saari, T. I.
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- 2018
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5. The influence of maternal psychological distress on the mode of birth and duration of labor: findings from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
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Kuuri-Riutta, Sanni, Ekholm, Eeva, Scheinin M, Noora, Korhonen S, Laura, Karlsson, Linnea, and Karlsson, Hasse
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Cohort Studies ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cesarean Section ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Birth Cohort ,Female ,Psychological Distress ,Obstetric Labor Complications - Abstract
Antepartum depression, general anxiety symptoms, and pregnancy-related anxiety have been recognized to affect pregnancy outcomes. Systematic reviews on these associations lack consistent findings, which is why further research is required. We examined the associations between psychological distress, mode of birth, epidural analgesia, and duration of labor. Data from 3619 women with singleton pregnancies, from the population-based FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study were analyzed. Maternal psychological distress was measured during pregnancy at 24 and 34 weeks, using the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2) and its subscale “Fear of Giving Birth” (FOC), the anxiety subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mode of birth, epidural analgesia, and labor duration were obtained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Maternal psychological distress, when captured with PRAQ-R2, FOC, and SCL-90, increased the likelihood of women having an elective cesarean section (OR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p = .003; OR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.07–1.20, p OR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.03–1.10, p = .001), but no association was detected for instrumental delivery or emergency cesarean section. A rise in both the PRAQ-R2, and FOC measurements increased the likelihood of an epidural analgesia (OR: 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, p = .003; OR: 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.12, p OR: 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.01, p = .023; OR: 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.05, p
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- 2022
6. Seasonal small-scale variation in distribution among depth zones in a coastal Baltic Sea fish assemblage
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Mustamäki, N., Jokinen, H., Scheinin, M., Bonsdorff, E., and Mattila, J.
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- 2015
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7. Effects of vatinoxan on cardiorespiratory function and gastrointestinal motility during constant‐rate medetomidine infusion in standing horses
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Tapio, H., primary, Raekallio, M. R., additional, Mykkänen, A., additional, Männikkö, S., additional, Scheinin, M., additional, Bennett, R. C., additional, and Vainio, O., additional
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- 2019
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8. 0006 The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SM-1
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Dahl, T, primary, Roth, T, additional, Scheinin, M, additional, Suopanki-Lalowski, J, additional, Valge, M, additional, Puhakka, A, additional, Mikola, H, additional, Lovró, Z, additional, Meierjohann, A, additional, Vuorilehto, L, additional, and Chen, L, additional
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- 2018
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9. The impact of MK-467 on plasma drug concentrations, sedation and cardiopulmonary changes in sheep treated with intramuscular medetomidine and atipamezole for reversal
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Adam, M., primary, Raekallio, M. R., additional, Keskitalo, T., additional, Honkavaara, J. M., additional, Scheinin, M., additional, Kajula, M., additional, Mölsä, S., additional, and Vainio, O. M., additional
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- 2018
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10. [PP.02.17] SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF A PHASE I, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO CONTROLLED, SINGLE ASCENDING DOSE TRIAL FOR THE FIRST IN CLASS ANGIOTENSIN AT2-RECEPTOR AGONIST COMPOUND 21
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Steckelings, U., primary, Lindblad, L., additional, Leisvuori, A., additional, Lovro, Z., additional, Vainio, P., additional, Graens, J., additional, Dahlof, B., additional, Jansson, P., additional, Unger, T., additional, Wiksten, A., additional, Korhonen, P., additional, and Scheinin, M., additional
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- 2017
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11. Effects of MK‐467 on the antinociceptive and sedative actions and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in dogs
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Bennett, R. C., primary, Salla, K. M., additional, Raekallio, M. R., additional, Hänninen, L., additional, Rinne, V. M., additional, Scheinin, M., additional, and Vainio, O. M., additional
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- 2016
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12. Experimental evolution gone wild
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Scheinin, M., Riebesell, U., Rynearson, Tatiana A., Lohbeck, K. T., Collins, S., Scheinin, M., Riebesell, U., Rynearson, Tatiana A., Lohbeck, K. T., and Collins, S.
- Abstract
Because of their large population sizes and rapid cell division rates, marine microbes have, or can generate, ample variation to fuel evolution over a few weeks or months, and subsequently have the potential to evolve in response to global change. Here we measure evolution in the marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi evolved in a natural plankton community in CO2-enriched mesocosms deployed in situ. Mesocosm enclosures are typically used to study how the species composition and biogeochemistry of marine communities respond to environmental shifts, but have not been used for experimental evolution to date. Using this approach, we detect a large evolutionary response to CO2 enrichment in a focal marine diatom, where population growth rate increased by 1.3-fold in high CO2-evolved lineages. This study opens an exciting new possibility of carrying out in situ evolution experiments to understand how marine microbial communities evolve in response to environmental change.
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- 2015
13. The state of our Union: Confronting the future
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Scheinin, M., primary
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- 2015
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14. Experimental evolution gone wild
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Scheinin, M., primary, Riebesell, U., additional, Rynearson, T. A., additional, Lohbeck, K. T., additional, and Collins, S., additional
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- 2015
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15. Amphetamine Decreases 2C-Adrenoceptor Binding of [11C]ORM-13070: A PET Study in the Primate Brain
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Finnema, S. J., primary, Hughes, Z. A., additional, Haaparanta-Solin, M., additional, Stepanov, V., additional, Nakao, R., additional, Varnas, K., additional, Varrone, A., additional, Arponen, E., additional, Marjamaki, P., additional, Pohjanoksa, K., additional, Vuorilehto, L., additional, Babalola, P. A., additional, Solin, O., additional, Grimwood, S., additional, Sallinen, J., additional, Farde, L., additional, Scheinin, M., additional, and Halldin, C., additional
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- 2014
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16. A Randomized Trial of a Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitor for Celiac Disease.
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Schuppan, D., Maki, M., Lundin, K. E. A., Isola, J., Friesing-Sosnik, T., Taavela, J., Popp, A., Koskenpato, J., Langhorst, J., Hovde, Ø., Lähdeaho, M.-L., Fusco, S., Schumann, M., Török, H. P., Kupcinskas, J., Zopf, Y., Lohse, A. W., Scheinin, M., Kull, K., and Biedermann, L.
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CELIAC disease , *GLUTAMINE , *QUALITY of life , *ADULTS , *EPITHELIAL cells , *T cells - Abstract
BACKGROUND In celiac disease, small intestinal transglutaminase 2 causes deamidation of glutamine residues in gluten peptides, which enhances stimulation of T cells and leads to mucosal injury. Inhibition of transglutaminase 2 is a potential treatment of celiac disease. METHODS In a proofoficoncept trial, we assessed the efficacy and safety of a 6-week treatment with ZED1227, a selective oral transglutaminase 2 inhibitor, at three dose levels as compared with placebo, in adults with well-controlled celiac disease who underwent a daily gluten challenge. The primary end point was the attenuation of gluten-induced mucosal damage, as measured by the ratio ofvillus height to crypt depth. Secondary end points included intraepithelial lymphocyte density, the Celiac Symptom Index score, and the Celiac Disease Questionnaire score (for assessment of health-related quality of life). RESULTS Of the 41 patients assigned to the 10-mg ZED1227 group, the 41 assigned to the 50-mg group, the 41 assigned to the 100-mg group, and the 40 assigned to the placebo group, 35, 39, 38, and 30 patients, respectively, had adequate duodenalbiopsy samples for the assessment of the primary end point. Treatment with ZED1227 at all three dose levels attenuated gluten-induced duodenal mucosal injury. The estimated difference from placebo in the change in the mean ratio of villus height to crypt depth from baseline to week 6 was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.73) in the 10-mg group (P-0.001), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77) in the 50-mg group (P<0.001), and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77) in the 100-mg group (P<0.001). The estimated differences from placebo in the change in intraepithelial lymphocyte density were -2.7 cells per 100 epithelial cells (95% CI, 46 to 2.2) in the 10-mg group, -4.2 cells per 100 epithelial cells (95% CI, -8.9 to 0.6) in the 50-mg group, and -9.6 cells per 100 epithelial cells (95% CI, -14.4 to -4.8) in the 100-mg group. Use of the 100-mg dose may have improved symptom and quality-of-life scores. The most common adverse events, the incidences of which were similar across all groups, were headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Rash developed in 3 of40 patients (8%) in the 100-mg group. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary trial, treatment with ZED1227 attenuated gluten-induced duodenal mucosal damage in patients with celiac disease. (Funded by Dr. Falk Pharma; CEC-3 EudraCT number, 2017-002241-30.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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17. Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of PRV-101, a multivalent vaccine targeting coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) associated with type 1 diabetes: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase I trial.
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Hyöty H, Kääriäinen S, Laiho JE, Comer GM, Tian W, Härkönen T, Lehtonen JP, Oikarinen S, Puustinen L, Snyder M, León F, Scheinin M, Knip M, and Sanjuan M
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- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Viral, Double-Blind Method, Vaccination, Vaccines, Combined, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 drug therapy
- Abstract
Aims/hypothesis: Infection with coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) can cause diseases ranging from mild common cold-type symptoms to severe life-threatening conditions. CVB infections are considered to be prime candidates for environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes. This, together with the significant disease burden of acute CVB infections and their association with chronic diseases other than diabetes, has prompted the development of human CVB vaccines. The current study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the first human vaccine designed against CVBs associated with type 1 diabetes in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase I trial., Methods: The main eligibility criteria for participants were good general health, age between 18 and 45 years, provision of written informed consent and willingness to comply with all trial procedures. Treatment allocation (PRV-101 or placebo) was based on a computer-generated randomisation schedule and people assessing the outcomes were masked to group assignment. In total, 32 participants (17 men, 15 women) aged 18-44 years were randomised to receive a low (n=12) or high (n=12) dose of a multivalent, formalin-inactivated vaccine including CVB serotypes 1-5 (PRV-101), or placebo (n=8), given by intramuscular injections at weeks 0, 4 and 8 at a single study site in Finland. The participants were followed for another 24 weeks. Safety and tolerability were the primary endpoints. Anti-CVB IgG and virus-neutralising titres were analysed using an ELISA and neutralising plaque reduction assays, respectively., Results: Among the 32 participants (low dose, n=12; high dose, n=12; placebo, n=8) no serious adverse events or adverse events leading to study treatment discontinuation were observed. Treatment-emergent adverse events considered to be related to the study drug occurred in 37.5% of the participants in the placebo group and 62.5% in the PRV-101 group (injection site pain, headache, injection site discomfort and injection site pruritus being most common). PRV-101 induced dose-dependent neutralising antibody responses against all five CVB serotypes included in the vaccine in both the high- and low-dose groups. Protective titres ≥8 against all five serotypes were seen in >90% of participants over the entire follow-up period., Conclusions/interpretation: The results indicate that the tested multivalent CVB vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic, supporting its further clinical development., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04690426., Funding: This trial was funded by Provention Bio, a Sanofi company., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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18. Response to Letter to the Editor.
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Cajander P, Omari T, Scheinin H, Scheinin M, and Savilampi J
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- Humans, Manometry, Muscle, Smooth physiology, Esophagus, Peristalsis physiology
- Abstract
It is crucial to consider the possible influence of anesthetic agents on esophageal function testing. Dexmedetomidine has been shown to affect primary peristalsis during esophageal manometry. In the two case reports presented by Toaz et al., secondary peristalsis during FLIP panometry was also affected. This may be attributed to an alternate pharmacodynamic effect, with a transient direct α2-mediated effect on esophageal smooth muscle, associated with a high plasma concentration following bolus injection, prior to the onset of sympathetic inhibition., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2023
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19. Decreased Thalamic Activity Is a Correlate for Disconnectedness during Anesthesia with Propofol, Dexmedetomidine and Sevoflurane But Not S-Ketamine.
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Kantonen O, Laaksonen L, Alkire M, Scheinin A, Långsjö J, Kallionpää RE, Kaisti K, Radek L, Johansson J, Laitio T, Maksimow A, Scheinin J, Nyman M, Scheinin M, Solin O, Vahlberg T, Revonsuo A, Valli K, and Scheinin H
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- Male, Humans, Sevoflurane pharmacology, Anesthetics, Intravenous, Propofol pharmacology, Ketamine pharmacology, Dexmedetomidine pharmacology, Anesthetics, Inhalation pharmacology, Anesthesia
- Abstract
Establishing the neural mechanisms responsible for the altered global states of consciousness during anesthesia and dissociating these from other drug-related effects remains a challenge in consciousness research. We investigated differences in brain activity between connectedness and disconnectedness by administering various anesthetics at concentrations designed to render 50% of the subjects unresponsive. One hundred and sixty healthy male subjects were randomized to receive either propofol (1.7 μg/ml; n = 40), dexmedetomidine (1.5 ng/ml; n = 40), sevoflurane (0.9% end-tidal; n = 40), S-ketamine (0.75 μg/ml; n = 20), or saline placebo ( n = 20) for 60 min using target-controlled infusions or vaporizer with end-tidal monitoring. Disconnectedness was defined as unresponsiveness to verbal commands probed at 2.5-min intervals and unawareness of external events in a postanesthesia interview. High-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) was used to quantify regional cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMR
glu ) utilization. Contrasting scans where the subjects were classified as connected and responsive versus disconnected and unresponsive revealed that for all anesthetics, except S-ketamine, the level of thalamic activity differed between these states. A conjunction analysis across the propofol, dexmedetomidine and sevoflurane groups confirmed the thalamus as the primary structure where reduced metabolic activity was related to disconnectedness. Widespread cortical metabolic suppression was observed when these subjects, classified as either connected or disconnected, were compared with the placebo group, suggesting that these findings may represent necessary but alone insufficient mechanisms for the change in the state of consciousness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Experimental anesthesia is commonly used in the search for measures of brain function which could distinguish between global states of consciousness. However, most previous studies have not been designed to separate effects related to consciousness from other effects related to drug exposure. We employed a novel study design to disentangle these effects by exposing subjects to predefined EC50 doses of four commonly used anesthetics or saline placebo. We demonstrate that state-related effects are remarkably limited compared with the widespread cortical effects related to drug exposure. In particular, decreased thalamic activity was associated with disconnectedness with all used anesthetics except for S-ketamine., (Copyright © 2023 Kantonen et al.)- Published
- 2023
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20. Effects of dexmedetomidine on pharyngeal swallowing and esophageal motility-A double-blind randomized cross-over study in healthy volunteers.
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Cajander P, Omari T, Magnuson A, Scheinin H, Scheinin M, and Savilampi J
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- Humans, Cross-Over Studies, Deglutition, Healthy Volunteers, Esophageal Sphincter, Upper, Manometry, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology, Pharynx, Dexmedetomidine pharmacology, Deglutition Disorders chemically induced
- Abstract
Background: Sedative agents increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration, where an intact swallowing function is an important defense mechanism. Dexmedetomidine is an α
2 -adrenoceptor agonist widely used during procedural sedation due to beneficial properties with minimal respiratory effects. The effects of dexmedetomidine on pharyngeal swallowing and esophageal motility are not known in detail., Methods: To determine the effects of dexmedetomidine on pharyngeal swallowing and esophageal motility, nineteen volunteers were included in this double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study. Study participants received target-controlled dexmedetomidine and placebo infusions. Recordings of pressure and impedance data were acquired using a manometry and impedance solid-state catheter. Data were analyzed from three bolus swallows series: baseline, during dexmedetomidine/placebo infusion at target plasma concentrations 0.6 ng ml-1 and 1.2 ng ml-1 . Subjective swallowing difficulties were also recorded., Key Results: On pharyngeal swallowing, dexmedetomidine affected the upper esophageal sphincter with decreased pre- and post-swallow contractile pressures and an increase in residual pressure during swallow-related relaxation. On esophageal function, dexmedetomidine decreased contractile vigor of the proximal esophagus and increased velocity of the peristaltic contraction wave. Residual pressures during swallow-related esophagogastric junction (EGJ) relaxation decreased, as did basal EGJ resting pressure. The effects on the functional variables were not clearly dose-dependent, but mild subjective swallowing difficulties were more common at the higher dose level., Conclusions and Inferences: Dexmedetomidine induces effects on pharyngeal swallowing and esophageal motility, which should be considered in clinical patient management and also when a sedative agent for procedural sedation or for manometric examination is to be chosen., (© 2022 The Authors. Neurogastroenterology & Motility published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2023
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21. Does Water Quality Matter for Life Quality? A Study of the Impact of Water Quality on Well-being in a Coastal Community.
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Gunko R, Rapeli L, Vuorisalo T, Scheinin M, and Karell P
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- Humans, Quality of Life, Eutrophication, Water Quality
- Abstract
Most studies of life quality are concentrated on a country-level scale, while local differences within a country or area are less studied. Thus, the effect of the environment on life quality on a local scale remains understudied and is often represented by one generalized common factor. In this study, we investigated the effect of an objectively measured environmental quality variable and subjective reflections of this (perceptions of environmental quality) in relation to life quality in a coastal community. Hence, we tested the effect of objective and subjective water quality measures using a model, accounting for other traditional variables (e.g., income and health) that predict life quality variations. Our findings indicate that perceptions of the environment are strongly associated with life quality, whereas objectively measured environmental quality is associated with life quality to a lesser extent. Thus, our results suggest that the impact of the environment on life quality is mediated via the way the environment is perceived (psychological effects) and less by the actual conditions of the environment., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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22. Success and failure factors of patient recruitment for industry-sponsored clinical trials and the role of the electronic health records-a qualitative interview study in the Nordic countries.
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Laaksonen N, Bengtström M, Axelin A, Blomster J, Scheinin M, and Huupponen R
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- Humans, Qualitative Research, Research Personnel, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Clinical Trials as Topic, Electronic Health Records, Patient Selection
- Abstract
Background: Patient recruitment for clinical trials is challenging-only approximately one third of all trials recruit their participants as planned. The pharmaceutical industry's views on recruitment success have not been comprehensively investigated, although the industry globally conducts almost one third of all clinical drug trials. This study explored patient recruitment success and failure factors and the role of electronic health records (EHR) in the recruitment of trial participants in the Nordic countries., Methods: A descriptive qualitative interview study was conducted with 21 representatives of the pharmaceutical industry or contract research organizations operating in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. The interviews covered 34 clinical pre-market drug trials. Qualitative data were analyzed using inductive content analysis., Results: Four main categories were derived to represent both success and failure factors, whereas a fifth category represented only failure factors: (1) sponsor-related (protocol and trial preparation and feasibility evaluations), (2) site/investigator-related (access to patients, motivation, commitment and resources), (3) patient-related recruitment factors (medical need, patients' role in their care and attitudes towards trials), (4) Sponsor-sites-patients collaboration factors, and (5) start-up related factors. EHR was the most important source of recruitment, utilized in 29 out of 34 trials discussed. Revision of the legislation regulating the secondary use of EHR was highlighted as the most effective measure to facilitate the use of EHR in recruitment of trial participants., Conclusions: The industry representatives recognized quite well their own role in contributing to the success or failure of the recruitment: to facilitate recruitment of trial participants, many obstacles can be avoided with better trial preparation and proper feasibility evaluations. As access to patients represents one of the key success or failure factors of recruitment, and as the EHR is regarded the main source of searching for and finding patients, the development of EHR utilization appears to represent a powerful tool to improve patient recruitment., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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23. Uptake of 18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 in Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Prostate Cancer: A Phase 1 Proof-of-Concept Study.
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Malaspina S, Taimen P, Kallajoki M, Oikonen V, Kuisma A, Ettala O, Mattila K, Boström PJ, Minn H, Kalliokoski K, Postema EJ, Miller MP, and Scheinin M
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- Gallium Radioisotopes, Humans, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Prostate pathology, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography methods, Prostatic Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Prostatic Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
Background: This study evaluated tracer uptake and lesion detectability with the novel radiopharmaceutical
18 F-radiohybrid (rh)PSMA-7.3 in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: Ten patients (three with high-risk primary localized PCa [Cohort A], three with hormone-sensitive metastatic PCa [Cohort B], and four with castration-resistant metastatic PCa [Cohort C]) underwent whole-body18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and findings were correlated with standard-of-care imaging.18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and its possible association with Gleason score (GS)/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group (GG) and serum PSA levels were evaluated. Cohort A18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 findings were also correlated with histopathology, including prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) staining. Results:18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 identified the primary tumor in 3/3 Cohort A patients and lymph node (LN) and/or bone lesions in 7/7 metastatic patients. All prostate lesions with GS ≥4 + 3/GG ≥3 were identified, but only 1/4 GS ≤3 + 4/GG ≤2 lesions. Prostate lesion SUVmax appeared positively associated with GS/GGs. Among metastatic patients,18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 identified all known pelvic and extrapelvic LN metastases and all known bone lesions.18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 detected possible additional nodal and bone lesions not reported in standard-of-care imaging in all metastatic patients. No association existed between bone or LN uptake and either GS/GG or PSA. Conclusions:18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 PET/CT showed good detection of primary and metastatic PCa lesions. In this small patient population,18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 identified intraprostatic lesions with GS ≥4 + 3/GG ≥3 with good accuracy.- Published
- 2022
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24. Temporal escape-adaptation to eutrophication by Skeletonema marinoi.
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Olofsson M, Almén AK, Jaatinen K, and Scheinin M
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- Ecosystem, Eutrophication, Phytoplankton, Plankton, Diatoms genetics
- Abstract
Diatoms commonly set off the spring-bloom in temperate coastal environments. However, their temporal offset may change in regions subject to nutrient enrichment, and by peaking earlier, such populations can maintain their position in the vernal plankton succession. We tested whether the marine keystone diatom Skeletonema marinoi can accomplish this through thermal evolutionary adaptation. Eight geographically separated subpopulations, representing hydromorphologically and climatologically similar inlets displaying a range of trophic states, were compared in a common-garden experiment. At early-spring temperatures, both doubling times and variation coefficients thereof, correlated negatively with the trophic state of the environment of origin, indicating selection for fast growth due to eutrophication. At mid-spring temperatures, the relationships were reversed, indicating selection in the opposite direction. At late-spring temperatures, no significant relationships were detected, suggesting relaxed selection. Subsequent field observations reflected these findings, where blooming temperatures decreased with trophic state. Natural selection thus moves along with eutrophication towards colder temperatures earlier in the spring, favouring genotypes with the capacity to grow fast. The thermal niche shift demonstrated herein may be an evolutionary mechanism essentially leading to trophic changes in the local ecosystem., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)
- Published
- 2022
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25. A randomized pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of the potential biosimilar interferon beta-1a product, CinnoVex®.
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Scheinin M, Lovró Z, Maadik IH, Suopanki-Lalowski J, Seyedagha SH, and Azhdarzadeh M
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- Area Under Curve, Double-Blind Method, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Interferon beta-1a adverse effects, Therapeutic Equivalency, Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals adverse effects
- Abstract
Background: The objective of the trial was to evaluate the bioequivalence of the interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) biosimilar product candidate CinnoVex® with the reference product Avonex® by comparing the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), safety and immunogenicity of the two products in healthy subjects., Methods: A total of 41 healthy subjects were randomized in a two-stage design to receive single doses of CinnoVex® and Avonex®. The primary PK endpoint was the area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC
0-last ). Additional PK parameters, safety and immunogenicity were evaluated as secondary endpoints. The main secondary PD endpoints were the areas under the concentration-time curves from time 0 to 168 hours (AUC0-168h ) of the PD biomarkers., Results: The two products demonstrated similar PK parameters, and the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the primary PK endpoint was within the bioequivalence acceptance limit. No serious adverse events were reported, and all adverse events (AE) were mild or moderate in severity. Anti-drug antibodies were not observed in any of the study participants., Conclusion: This study demonstrated PK/PD bioequivalence between CinnoVex® and Avonex®. The safety and tolerability profiles of both products were similar., Clinical Trials Registration: EudraCT Number 2016-000139-41.- Published
- 2022
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26. Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 on gastrointestinal inflammation induced by a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.
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Mäkelä SM, Forssten SD, Kailajärvi M, Langén VL, Scheinin M, Tiihonen K, and Ouwehand AC
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- Adult, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal adverse effects, Double-Blind Method, Feces, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Young Adult, Bifidobacterium animalis, Probiotics therapeutic use
- Abstract
Aims: Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause damage to the gastric and duodenal mucosa. Some probiotics have proven useful in ameliorating the harmful side-effects of NSAIDs. Our aim was to evaluate whether oral administration of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 (B420) can attenuate the increase of calprotectin excretion into faeces induced by intake of diclofenac sustained-release tablets., Methods: A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical study was performed in 50 healthy male and female volunteers aged 20-40 years, in Finland. Study participation consisted of 4 phases: run-in, intervention with B420 or placebo, B420 or placebo + NSAID treatment, and follow-up. The primary outcome was the concentration of calprotectin in faeces. Secondary outcomes were haemoglobin and microbial DNA in faeces and blood haemoglobin levels., Results: Intake of diclofenac increased the faecal excretion of calprotectin in both groups. The observed increases were 48.19 ± 61.55 μg/g faeces (mean ± standard deviation) in the B420 group and 31.30 ± 39.56 μg/g in the placebo group (difference estimate 16.90; 95% confidence interval: -14.00, 47.77; P = .276). There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in changes of faecal or blood haemoglobin. Faecal B. lactis DNA was much more abundant in the B420 group compared to the placebo group (ANOVA estimate for treatment difference 0.85 × 10
9 /g faeces; 95% confidence interval: 0.50 × 109 , 1.21 × 109 ; P < .0001)., Conclusions: Short-term administration of the probiotic B420 did not protect the healthy adult study participants from diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal inflammation as determined by analysis of faecal calprotectin levels., (© 2021 Danisco Sweeteners Oy . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.)- Published
- 2021
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27. Clinical trial site identification practices and the use of electronic health records in feasibility evaluations: An interview study in the Nordic countries.
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Laaksonen N, Bengtström M, Axelin A, Blomster J, Scheinin M, and Huupponen R
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- Databases, Factual, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Patient Selection, Qualitative Research, Electronic Health Records, Research Personnel
- Abstract
Introduction: Feasibility evaluations are performed to create the best possible starting point for the set-up and execution of a clinical trial, and to identify any obstacles for successful trial conduct. New digital technologies can provide various types of data for use in feasibility evaluations. There is a need to identify and compare such data sources for trial site identification and for evaluating the sites' patient recruitment potential. Especially, information is needed on the use of electronic health records. We investigated how different data sources are used by pharmaceutical companies operating in the Nordic countries for identifying trial sites and for evaluating their potential to recruit trial participants., Methods: This was a semi-structured qualitative interview study with 21 participants from pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations operating in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Qualitative content analysis was applied., Results: For identifying countries and trial sites on a global level, the trial sponsors mostly used databases on previous trial performance. The use of electronic health record data was very limited. Sites' and investigators' visibility in various databases was seen as fundamental for their countries becoming selected into new clinical trials. For estimating the sites' recruitment projections, most sites were seen to base their patient count estimates solely on their previous experience. Some sites had reviewed their electronic health record data, which was considered to increase the accuracy of their recruitment estimates and these sites' attractivity. Along with dialogs with investigators, the sponsors used various data sources to validate the investigators' estimates. Legislative obstacles were seen to hinder the use of electronic health record queries for estimation of patient counts., Conclusion: Visibility in the databases used by trial sponsors is crucial for the countries and sites to be identified. Site selection appears to be based on trust and relationships built from experience, but electronic data provide the support upon which the trust is based. Estimation of the number of potential trial participants is a complex and time-consuming process for both investigators and sponsors. Sponsors seem to favour sites who could support their patient count estimates with electronic health record data as they were quicker in providing the estimates and more reliable than sites with no electronic health record evidence. The patient count evaluation process could be simplified, accelerated and made more reliable with more systematic use of electronic health record evidence in the feasibility evaluation phase. This would increase the accuracy of the patient count estimates and, on its part, contribute to improved recruitment success.
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- 2021
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28. Effects of remifentanil on pharyngeal swallowing and esophageal motility: no impact of different bolus volumes and partial antagonism by methylnaltrexone.
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Cajander P, Omari T, Cock C, Magnuson A, Scheinin M, and Savilampi J
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- Adult, Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage, Drug Antagonism, Esophagus physiology, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Injections, Intravenous, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscle Relaxation, Naltrexone administration & dosage, Naltrexone pharmacology, Narcotic Antagonists administration & dosage, Pharynx physiology, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds administration & dosage, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds pharmacology, Remifentanil administration & dosage, Analgesics, Opioid pharmacology, Deglutition, Esophagus drug effects, Naltrexone analogs & derivatives, Narcotic Antagonists pharmacology, Pharynx drug effects, Remifentanil pharmacology
- Abstract
Remifentanil impairs swallowing, and disturbed accommodation to bolus volume may be one of the underlying causes. It is not fully understood whether remifentanil-induced swallowing dysfunction is mediated by peripheral or central mechanisms. So, this study aimed to investigate if remifentanil-induced swallowing dysfunction is dependent on the bolus volume and whether the effect of remifentanil could be counteracted by methylnaltrexone, a peripherally acting opioid antagonist. Nineteen healthy volunteers were included in this double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Study participants received target-controlled remifentanil infusions and placebo infusions in a randomized order. Methylnaltrexone was administered by intravenous injection of doses of 0.3 mg/kg. Recordings of pressure and impedance data were acquired using a combined manometry and impedance solid-state catheter. Data were analyzed from three series of bolus swallows, baseline, during study medication exposure, and 15 min after methylnaltrexone. Remifentanil induced significant effects on multiple pharyngeal and esophageal function parameters. No significant differences in remifentanil-induced swallowing dysfunction related to different bolus volumes were found. Pharyngeal effects of remifentanil were not significantly counteracted by methylnaltrexone, whereas on the distal esophageal level, effects on distension pressures were counteracted. Changes in pharyngeal and esophageal pressure flow variables were consistent with previous results on remifentanil-induced swallowing dysfunction and uniform across all bolus volumes. The effects of remifentanil on the pharyngeal level and on the proximal esophagus appear to be predominantly centrally mediated, whereas the effects of remifentanil on the distal esophagus may be mediated by both central and peripheral mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this randomized controlled trial, we used the "Swallow Gateway" online platform to analyze the effects of remifentanil on pharyngeal and esophageal swallowing. It is not fully understood whether remifentanil-induced swallowing dysfunction is mediated by peripheral or central mechanisms. By using methylnaltrexone, we demonstrated that effects of remifentanil on pharyngeal swallowing were predominantly centrally mediated, whereas its effects on the distal esophagus may be mediated by both central and peripheral mechanisms.
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- 2021
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29. Kinetic analysis and optimisation of 18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 PET imaging of prostate cancer.
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Malaspina S, Oikonen V, Kuisma A, Ettala O, Mattila K, Boström PJ, Minn H, Kalliokoski K, Postema EJ, Miller MP, and Scheinin M
- Subjects
- Humans, Kinetics, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Radiopharmaceuticals, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Prostatic Neoplasms diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Purpose: This phase 1 open-label study evaluated the uptake kinetics of a novel theranostic PET radiopharmaceutical,
18 F-rhPSMA-7.3, to optimise its use for imaging of prostate cancer., Methods: Nine men, three with high-risk localised prostate cancer, three with treatment-naïve hormone-sensitive metastatic disease and three with castration-resistant metastatic disease, underwent dynamic 45-min PET scanning of a target area immediately post-injection of 300 MBq18 F-rhPSMA-7.3, followed by two whole-body PET/CT scans acquired from 60 and 90 min post-injection. Volumes of interest (VoIs) corresponding to prostate cancer lesions and reference tissues were recorded. Standardised uptake values (SUV) and lesion-to-reference ratios were calculated for 3 time frames: 35-45, 60-88 and 90-118 min. Net influx rates (Ki ) were calculated using Patlak plots., Results: Altogether, 44 lesions from the target area were identified. Optimal visual lesion detection started 60 min post-injection. The18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 signal from prostate cancer lesions increased over time, while reference tissue signals remained stable or decreased. The mean (SD) SUV (g/mL) at the 3 time frames were 8.4 (5.6), 10.1 (7) and 10.6 (7.5), respectively, for prostate lesions, 11.2 (4.3), 13 (4.8) and 14 (5.2) for lymph node metastases, and 4.6 (2.6), 5.7 (3.1) and 6.4 (3.5) for bone metastases. The mean (SD) lesion-to-reference ratio increases from the earliest to the 2 later time frames were 40% (10) and 59% (9), respectively, for the prostate, 65% (27) and 125% (47) for metastatic lymph nodes and 25% (19) and 32% (30) for bone lesions. Patlak plots from lesion VoIs signified almost irreversible uptake kinetics. Ki , SUV and lesion-to-reference ratio estimates showed good agreement., Conclusion:18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 uptake in prostate cancer lesions was high. Lesion-to-background ratios increased over time, with optimal visual detection starting from 60 min post-injection. Thus,18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 emerges as a very promising PET radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic imaging of prostate cancer., Trial Registration: NCT03995888 (24 June 2019)., (© 2021. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2021
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30. Nitrogen Balance after the Administration of a Prolonged-Release Protein Substitute for Phenylketonuria as a Single Dose in Healthy Volunteers.
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Scheinin M, Junnila J, Reiner G, MacDonald A, and Muntau AC
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- Adolescent, Adult, Amino Acids blood, Amino Acids, Essential blood, Cross-Over Studies, Delayed-Action Preparations, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Single-Blind Method, Young Adult, Amino Acids administration & dosage, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Nitrogen blood, Phenylketonurias diet therapy, Proteins chemistry, Urea blood
- Abstract
Nitrogen balance is the difference between nitrogen excreted as urea and nitrogen ingested, mainly in proteins. Increased circulating concentrations of amino acids (AA) in the bloodstream are usually associated with proportional increases in the production and excretion of urea. Previously, we reported results from a randomized, controlled, single-dose, crossover trial in healthy adult volunteers (n = 30) (Trial Registration: ISRCTN11016729), in which a Test product (prolonged-release AA mixture formulated with Physiomimic Technology™ (PT™)) significantly slowed down the release and reduced the peak plasma concentrations of essential AAs compared with a free AA mixture (Reference product) while maintaining essential AA bioavailability. Here, we report an assessment of the nitrogen balance from the same study. The amount of nitrogen contained in plasma AAs, levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ( p < 0.0001) and changes in BUN ( p < 0.0001) were smaller after the Test product compared with the Reference product. These findings suggest that the production of urea in proportion to systemic AA availability was significantly smaller after the administration of the Test product compared with the Reference product and that the test product conferred the increased utilization of AAs for protein synthesis and reduced their oxidation and conversion to urea. In the clinical setting, it is possible that the effects of PT™ observed on the disposition of free AAs in this study may translate to health benefits in terms of physiological body composition and growth if used for the treatment of subjects with phenylketonuria (PKU). Further investigation in patients with PKU is warranted.
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- 2021
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31. Safety, Biodistribution, and Radiation Dosimetry of 18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 in Healthy Adult Volunteers.
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Tolvanen T, Kalliokoski K, Malaspina S, Kuisma A, Lahdenpohja S, Postema EJ, Miller MP, and Scheinin M
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- Adult, Antigens, Surface adverse effects, Female, Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II adverse effects, Humans, Isotope Labeling, Male, Radiometry, Tissue Distribution, Antigens, Surface chemistry, Fluorine Radioisotopes chemistry, Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II chemistry, Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II pharmacokinetics, Healthy Volunteers, Safety
- Abstract
This first-in-humans study investigated the safety, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of a novel
18 F-labeled radiohybrid prostate-specific membrane antigen (rhPSMA) PET imaging agent,18 F-rhPSMA-7.3. Methods: Six healthy volunteers (3 men, 3 women) underwent multiple whole-body PET acquisitions at scheduled time points up to 248 min after the administration of18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 (mean activity, 220; range, 210-228 MBq). PET scans were conducted in 3 separate sessions, and subjects were encouraged to void between sessions. Blood and urine samples were collected for up to 4 h after injection to assess metabolite-corrected radioactivity in whole blood, plasma, and urine. Quantitative measurements of18 F radioactivity in volumes of interest over target organs were determined directly from the PET images at 8 time points, and normalized time-activity concentration curves were generated. These normalized cumulated activities were then inputted into the OLINDA/EXM package to calculate the internal radiation dosimetry and the subjects' effective dose. Results:18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 was well tolerated. One adverse event (mild headache, not requiring medication) was considered possibly related to18 F-rhPSMA-7.3. The calculated effective dose was 0.0141 mSv/MBq when using a 3.5-h voiding interval. The organs with the highest mean absorbed dose per unit of administered radioactivity were the adrenals (0.1835 mSv/MBq), the kidneys (0.1722 mSv/MBq), the submandibular glands (0.1479 mSv), and the parotid glands (0.1137 mSv/MBq). At the end of the first scanning session (mean time, 111 min after injection), an average of 7.2% (range, 4.4%-9.0%) of the injected radioactivity of18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 was excreted into urine. Conclusion: The safety, biodistribution, and internal radiation dosimetry of18 F-rhPSMA-7.3 are considered favorable for PET imaging., (© 2021 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.)- Published
- 2021
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32. "Could You, Would You, Should You?" Regulating Cross-Border Travel Through COVID-19 Soft Law in Finland.
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Korkea-Aho E and Scheinin M
- Abstract
In the coronavirus pandemic that has swept the world, the Finnish Government, like many of its peers, has issued policy measures to combat the virus. Many of these measures have been implemented in law, including measures taken under the Emergency Powers Act, or by ministries and regional and local authorities exercising their legal powers. However, some governmental policy measures have been implemented using non-binding guidelines and recommendations. Using border travel recommendations as a case study, this article critically evaluates governmental soft law-making. The debacle over the use of soft law to fight the pandemic in Finland revealed fundamental misunderstandings about the processes and circumstances under which instruments conceived as soft law can be issued, as well as a lack of attention to their effects from a fundamental rights perspective., (© The Author(s) 2021.)
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- 2021
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33. Foundations of Human Consciousness: Imaging the Twilight Zone.
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Scheinin A, Kantonen O, Alkire M, Långsjö J, Kallionpää RE, Kaisti K, Radek L, Johansson J, Sandman N, Nyman M, Scheinin M, Vahlberg T, Revonsuo A, Valli K, and Scheinin H
- Subjects
- Adult, Brain drug effects, Dexmedetomidine pharmacology, Humans, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Propofol pharmacology, Unconsciousness chemically induced, Unconsciousness physiopathology, Brain physiology, Consciousness physiology, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology, Sleep Deprivation physiopathology, Sleep, REM physiology, Wakefulness physiology
- Abstract
What happens in the brain when conscious awareness of the surrounding world fades? We manipulated consciousness in two experiments in a group of healthy males and measured brain activity with positron emission tomography. Measurements were made during wakefulness, escalating and constant levels of two anesthetic agents (experiment 1, n = 39), and during sleep-deprived wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement sleep (experiment 2, n = 37). In experiment 1, the subjects were randomized to receive either propofol or dexmedetomidine until unresponsiveness. In both experiments, forced awakenings were applied to achieve rapid recovery from an unresponsive to a responsive state, followed by immediate and detailed interviews of subjective experiences during the preceding unresponsive condition. Unresponsiveness rarely denoted unconsciousness, as the majority of the subjects had internally generated experiences. Unresponsive anesthetic states and verified sleep stages, where a subsequent report of mental content included no signs of awareness of the surrounding world, indicated a disconnected state. Functional brain imaging comparing responsive and connected versus unresponsive and disconnected states of consciousness during constant anesthetic exposure revealed that activity of the thalamus, cingulate cortices, and angular gyri are fundamental for human consciousness. These brain structures were affected independent from the pharmacologic agent, drug concentration, and direction of change in the state of consciousness. Analogous findings were obtained when consciousness was regulated by physiological sleep. State-specific findings were distinct and separable from the overall effects of the interventions, which included widespread depression of brain activity across cortical areas. These findings identify a central core brain network critical for human consciousness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Trying to understand the biological basis of human consciousness is currently one of the greatest challenges of neuroscience. While the loss and return of consciousness regulated by anesthetic drugs and physiological sleep are used as model systems in experimental studies on consciousness, previous research results have been confounded by drug effects, by confusing behavioral "unresponsiveness" and internally generated consciousness, and by comparing brain activity levels across states that differ in several other respects than only consciousness. Here, we present carefully designed studies that overcome many previous confounders and for the first time reveal the neural mechanisms underlying human consciousness and its disconnection from behavioral responsiveness, both during anesthesia and during normal sleep, and in the same study subjects., (Copyright © 2021 Scheinin et al.)
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- 2021
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34. Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of adult patients with Covid-19 infection in a primary care setting (LIBERTY): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
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Vainio PJ, Hietasalo P, Koivisto AL, Kääriäinen S, Turunen J, Virtala M, Vuorinen J, and Scheinin M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety psychology, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 mortality, COVID-19 psychology, Cause of Death, Comorbidity, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Middle Aged, Mortality, Obesity epidemiology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, SARS-CoV-2, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Virus Shedding, Young Adult, Ambulatory Care, Enzyme Inhibitors therapeutic use, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Hydroxychloroquine therapeutic use, Primary Health Care, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Abstract
Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of adult patients with PCR-confirmed Covid-19 infection in a primary open-care setting, as compared to placebo. The study hypothesis is that treatment with HCQ will reduce the risk of hospitalization because of Covid-19 infection, and the sample size estimate of the study is based on the need to test this hypothesis. The secondary objectives of the study are: to evaluate the safety and tolerability of HCQ in the treatment of adult patients with PCR-confirmed Covid-19 infection in a primary open-care setting, as compared to placebo; to collect experience of the use of HCQ in the treatment of Covid-19 infection in outpatients, in order to be able to identify patient characteristics that predict specific treatment responses (favourable or unfavourable); this objective will also be addressed by post-hoc subgroup analysis of the study results and by meta-analysis of pooled patient data from other clinical trials of HCQ in outpatients; and to evaluate the impact of Covid-19 infection and its treatment on the mental health and well-being of the study participants. In addition, if the data allow, the study has the following exploratory objectives: to evaluate the extent and duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding by PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swab samples in study subjects treated with HCQ, as compared to placebo; to evaluate the extent and time course of SARS-CoV-2 virus-specific antibody responses in serum of study subjects treated with HCQ, as compared to placebo; to evaluate other possible biomarker changes in blood in study subjects treated with HCQ, as compared to placebo; to explore the possible effects of genetic variation in drug metabolizing enzymes on HCQ-related outcomes in the study population; to explore the associations of HCQ-related outcome variables with other patient characteristics, e.g. HLA haplotypes, HCQ concentrations, demographic variables, disease history and concomitant medications., Trial Design: This is a phase 2, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group treatment trial comparing HCQ with placebo in outpatients with Covid-19 infection. Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the two treatment arms., Participants: Main inclusion criteria: 1. Males and females >40 years of age, or 18-40 years of age with one or both of the following: i. diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2); ii. BMI > 35 kg/m
2 ; 2. Valid independent informed consent obtained; 3. Symptoms typical of Covid-19 infection, according to criteria specified in the study protocol. The onset of symptoms must be within 5 days of enrolment; 4. Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result of a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Main exclusion criteria: 1. Suspected severe or moderately severe pneumonia, presenting with any of the following: respiratory rate > 26 breaths/min; significant respiratory distress; or SpO2 ≤94% on room air; 2. Requiring treatment in the hospital, according to the treating physician's judgement; 3. Any contraindication to treatment with HCQ; 4. Pregnancy or lactation. The trial will be conducted at seven study sites in a primary public health care setting in the region of Satakunta, Finland., Intervention and Comparator: Participants will be randomized to receive either HCQ capsules at 300 mg twice a day for one day and then 200 mg twice a day for 6 days, or placebo capsules for 7 days., Main Outcomes: The primary endpoint of the study is the number of hospitalizations due to Covid-19 infection within four weeks of entry into the study. The secondary endpoints of the study include the following: duration and severity of Covid-19-related symptoms, as reported by daily self-assessments; number of Intensive Care Unit treatment episodes due to Covid-19 infection within four weeks of entry into the study; number of deaths due to Covid-19 infection within four weeks of entry into the study; number of treatment-related adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs); all-cause hospitalizations and mortality within six months of entry into the study; and self-assessed symptoms of anxiety, as assessed with repeated administration of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). The exploratory endpoints of the study include the following: extent and duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding and virus-specific antibody responses in serum; and possible other blood biomarker changes., Randomisation: Eligible study participants are randomly allocated into two treatment arms (1:1 ratio). The randomization list has been generated using Viedoc™ (Viedoc Technologies AB, Uppsala, Sweden) that is used as an electronic data capture system for this study., Blinding (masking): The participants and all study personnel remain blinded to the treatment allocation by having both IMPs packed in identical containers. Masking of the treatments was performed by re-formulation of the IMPs so that the HCQ capsules and the placebo capsules have identical appearance., Numbers to Be Randomised (sample Size): 600 participants are to be randomised with 300 in each arm., Trial Status: Protocol version 2, dated 14 July 2020; recruitment is expected to start in December, 2020, and to be completed in June, 2021., Trial Registration: EudraCT 2020-002038-33 , registered 26 June 2020 FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). The protocol has been redacted to conform with privacy regulations by deleting the names and contact information of individuals mentioned in the protocol but not listed as authors in this communication. In the interest of expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.- Published
- 2021
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35. Speech is special: The stress effects of speech, noise, and silence during tasks requiring concentration.
- Author
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Radun J, Maula H, Rajala V, Scheinin M, and Hongisto V
- Subjects
- Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor, Humans, Speech, Workplace, Young Adult, Attention, Noise, Occupational Exposure, Stress, Psychological
- Abstract
Effects of noise on people depend on sound level but also on other sound properties. A systematic comparison of the stress effects of speech and noise with the same frequency content is missing. This study compared stress reactions under sound conditions speech (sound level 65 dB L
Aeq ), noise (65 dB), and silence (35 dB), all having similar relative frequency contents. Fifty-nine participants were exposed to one out of three sound conditions on average for 48 minutes while performing tasks requiring concentration. Acute physiological stress was estimated by measuring stress hormone concentrations in plasma (cortisol and noradrenaline), heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure. Psychological stress measures were subjective noise annoyance, workload, and fatigue. Compared to silence and noise, working during speech was more annoying, loading, but less tiring, and led to elevated HRV LF/HF ratio with time. Speech also raised cortisol levels compared with silence. Although noise was more annoying, and raised cortisol levels compared with silence, working during speech was more loading and caused more physiological stress than other sound conditions. Special care should be paid to noise control in workplaces requiring concentration because already exposure to moderate sound level sounds caused clear physiological effects on people., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S . Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2021
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36. Assessing an Electronic Health Record research platform for identification of clinical trial participants.
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Laaksonen N, Varjonen JM, Blomster M, Palomäki A, Vasankari T, Airaksinen J, Huupponen R, Scheinin M, and Juuso Blomster
- Abstract
Electronic health records (EHR) are a potential resource for identification of clinical trial participants. We evaluated how accurately a commercially available EHR Research Platform, InSite, is able to identify potential trial participants from the EHR system of a large tertiary care hospital. Patient counts were compared with results obtained in a conventional manual search performed for a reference study that investigated the associations of atrial fibrillation (AF) and cerebrovascular incidents. The Clinical Data Warehouse (CDW) of Turku University Hospital was used to verify the capabilities of the EHR Research Platform. The EHR query resulted in a larger patient count than the manual query (EHR Research Platform 5859 patients, manual selection 2166 patients). This was due to the different search logic and some exclusion criteria that were not addressable in structured digital format. The EHR Research Platform (5859 patients) and the CDW search (5840 patients) employed the same search logic. The temporal relationship between the two diagnoses could be identified when they were available in structured format and the time difference was longer than a single hospital visit. Searching for patients with the EHR Research Platform can help to identify potential trial participants from a hospital's EHR system by limiting the number of records to be manually reviewed. EHR query tools can best be utilized in trials where the selection criteria are expressed in structured digital format., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2020
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37. Application of the PET ligand [ 11 C]ORM-13070 to examine receptor occupancy by the α 2C -adrenoceptor antagonist ORM-12741: translational validation of target engagement in rat and human brain.
- Author
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Shahid M, Rinne JO, Scheinin M, Virta J, Marjamäki P, Solin O, Arponen E, Sallinen J, Kuokkanen K, and Rouru J
- Abstract
Background: Availability of the α
2C -adrenoceptor (α2C -AR) positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [11 C]ORM-13070, and the α2C -AR antagonist ORM-12741 allows probing of the roles of this G-protein coupled receptor subtype in brain function, both in healthy humans and in patients with various brain disorders. This translational study employed [11 C]ORM-13070 autoradiography and PET to determine α2C -AR occupancy by ORM-12741 in rat and human brain, respectively., Results: ORM-12741 has high affinity (Ki : 0.08 nM) and potent antagonist activity (Kb : 0.04 nM) as well as selectivity (Ki estimates for the human α2A -AR and α2B -AR were 8.3 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively) for the human α2C -AR subtype. [11 C]ORM-13070 had highest uptake in the basal ganglia of rat and human brain. Pretreatment with ORM-12741 inhibited [11 C]ORM-13070 binding in rat striatum in a time- and dose-dependent manner at 10 and 50 µg/kg (s.c.) with an EC50 estimate of 1.42 ng/mL in rat plasma, corresponding to protein-free drug concentration of 0.23 nM. In the living human brain, time- and dose-related α2C -AR occupancy was detected with EC50 estimates of 24 ng/mL and 31 ng/mL for the caudate nucleus and putamen, respectively, corresponding to protein-free concentrations in plasma of 0.07 nM and 0.1 nM. Modelling-based maximum α2C -AR occupancy estimates were 63% and 52% in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, respectively., Conclusions: ORM-12741 is a selective α2C -AR antagonist which penetrates the rat and human brain to occupy α2C -ARs in a manner consistent with its receptor pharmacology. Trial registration number and date of registration: ClinicalTrial.cov NCT00829907. Registered 11 December 2008. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ .- Published
- 2020
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38. Population Modelling of Dexmedetomidine Pharmacokinetics and Haemodynamic Effects After Intravenous and Subcutaneous Administration.
- Author
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Ashraf MW, Uusalo P, Scheinin M, and Saari TI
- Subjects
- Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Norepinephrine blood, Young Adult, Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics, Hemodynamics drug effects
- Abstract
Background and Objective: Dexmedetomidine is a potent agonist of α
2 -adrenoceptors causing dose-dependent sedation in humans. Intravenous dexmedetomidine is commonly used perioperatively, but an extravascular route of administration would be favoured in palliative care. Subcutaneous infusions provide desired therapeutic plasma concentrations with fewer unwanted effects as compared with intravenous dosing. We aimed to develop semi-mechanistic population models for predicting pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of dexmedetomidine after intravenous and subcutaneous dosing., Methods: Non-linear mixed-effects modelling was performed using previously collected concentration and haemodynamic effects data from ten (eight in the intravenous phase) healthy human subjects, aged 19-27 years, receiving 1 µg/kg of intravenous or subcutaneous dexmedetomidine during a 10-min infusion., Results: The absorption of dexmedetomidine from the subcutaneous injection site, and distribution to local subcutaneous fat tissue was modelled using a semi-physiological approach consisting of a depot and fat compartment, while a two-compartment mammillary model explained further disposition. Dexmedetomidine-induced reductions in plasma norepinephrine concentrations were accurately described by an indirect response model. For blood pressure models, the net effect was specified as hyper- and hypotensive effects of dexmedetomidine due to vasoconstriction on peripheral arteries and sympatholysis mediated via the central nervous system, respectively. A heart rate model combined the dexmedetomidine-induced sympatholytic effect, and input from the central nervous system, predicted from arterial blood pressure levels. Internal evaluation confirmed the predictive performance of the final models, as well as the accuracy of the parameter estimates with narrow confidence intervals., Conclusions: Our final model precisely describes dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics and accurately predicts dexmedetomidine-induced sympatholysis and other pharmacodynamic effects. After subcutaneous dosing, dexmedetomidine is taken up into subcutaneous fat tissue, but our simulations indicate that accumulation of dexmedetomidine in this compartment is insignificant. CLINICALTRIALS.ORG: NCT02724098 and EudraCT 2015-004698-34.- Published
- 2020
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39. Effects of intramuscular vatinoxan (MK-467), co-administered with medetomidine and butorphanol, on cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic effects of intravenous ketamine in dogs.
- Author
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Turunen H, Raekallio M, Honkavaara J, Jaakkola J, Scheinin M, Männikkö S, Hautajärvi H, Bennett R, and Vainio O
- Subjects
- Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage, Analgesics, Opioid pharmacology, Animals, Blood Pressure drug effects, Butorphanol administration & dosage, Cross-Over Studies, Dogs, Female, Hypnotics and Sedatives administration & dosage, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology, Male, Medetomidine administration & dosage, Quinolizines administration & dosage, Vascular Resistance, Anesthesia veterinary, Butorphanol pharmacology, Heart Rate drug effects, Medetomidine pharmacology, Quinolizines pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of intramuscular (IM) co-administration of the peripheral α
2 -adrenoceptor agonist vatinoxan (MK-467) with medetomidine and butorphanol prior to intravenous (IV) ketamine on the cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic effects in dogs, followed by atipamezole reversal., Study Design: Randomized, masked crossover study., Animals: A total of eight purpose-bred Beagle dogs aged 3 years., Methods: Each dog was instrumented and administered two treatments 2 weeks apart: medetomidine (20 μg kg-1 ) and butorphanol (100 μg kg-1 ) premedication with vatinoxan (500 μg kg-1 ; treatment MVB) or without vatinoxan (treatment MB) IM 20 minutes before IV ketamine (4 mg kg-1 ). Atipamezole (100 μg kg-1 ) was administered IM 60 minutes after ketamine. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial (MAP) and central venous (CVP) pressures and cardiac output (CO) were measured; cardiac (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) indices were calculated before and 10 minutes after MVB or MB, and 10, 25, 40, 55, 70 and 100 minutes after ketamine. Data were analysed with repeated measures analysis of covariance models. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sedation, induction, intubation and recovery scores were assessed., Results: At most time points, HR and CI were significantly higher, and SVRI and CVP significantly lower with MVB than with MB. With both treatments, SVRI and MAP decreased after ketamine, whereas HR and CI increased. MAP was significantly lower with MVB than with MB; mild hypotension (57-59 mmHg) was recorded in two dogs with MVB prior to atipamezole administration. Sedation, induction, intubation and recovery scores were not different between treatments, but intolerance to the endotracheal tube was observed earlier with MVB., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Haemodynamic performance was improved by vatinoxan co-administration with medetomidine-butorphanol, before and after ketamine administration. However, vatinoxan was associated with mild hypotension after ketamine with the dose used in this study. Vatinoxan shortened the duration of anaesthesia., (Copyright © 2020 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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40. Amino Acid Plasma Profiles from a Prolonged-Release Protein Substitute for Phenylketonuria: A Randomized, Single-Dose, Four-Way Crossover Trial in Healthy Volunteers.
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Scheinin M, Barassi A, Junnila J, Lovró Z, Reiner G, Sarkkinen E, and MacDonald A
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- Adolescent, Adult, Biological Availability, Cross-Over Studies, Delayed-Action Preparations, Female, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Male, Middle Aged, Phenylketonurias, Young Adult, Amino Acids administration & dosage, Amino Acids metabolism, Amino Acids, Essential blood, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Healthy Volunteers, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena physiology
- Abstract
Several disorders of amino acid (AA) metabolism are treated with a protein-restricted diet supplemented with specific AA mixtures. Delivery kinetics impacts AA absorption and plasma concentration profiles. We assessed plasma profiles after ingestion of an AA mixture engineered to prolong AA absorption with Physiomimic Technology
TM (Test) in a randomized, single-dose, four-way crossover trial in healthy volunteers (Trial Registration: ISRCTN11016729). In a two-step hypothesis, the primary endpoints were (i) significant reduction in peak plasma concentrations (Cmax ) of essential amino acids (EAAs) while (ii) maintaining EAA bioavailability (AUC0-300 min ) compared to a free AA mixture (Reference). Secondary endpoints included effects on plasma profiles of other AA groups and effects on several metabolic markers. Thirty subjects completed the study. Both co-primary endpoints were met: Cmax for EAAs was 27% lower with the Test product compared to the Reference product (ratio, 0.726, p < 0.0001); overall plasma EAA levels from the two AA mixtures was within the pre-specified bioequivalence range (AUC0-300min ratio, 0.890 (95% CI: 0.865, 0.915)). These findings were supported by the results of secondary endpoints. Prolongation of AA absorption was associated with modulation of several metabolic markers. It will be important to understand whether this can improve the long-term management of disorders of AA metabolism.- Published
- 2020
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41. Investigation of the effects of vatinoxan on somatic and visceral antinociceptive efficacy of medetomidine in dogs.
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Huuskonen V, Restitutti F, Honkavaara JM, Raekallio MR, Männikkö S, Scheinin M, and Vainio OM
- Subjects
- Analgesics pharmacology, Animals, Cross-Over Studies, Dogs, Heart Rate drug effects, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology, Medetomidine pharmacology, Quinolizines pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: To determine whether concurrent vatinoxan administration affects the antinociceptive efficacy of medetomidine in dogs at doses that provide circulating dexmedetomidine concentrations similar to those produced by medetomidine alone., Animals: 8 healthy Beagles., Procedures: Dogs received 3 IV treatments in a randomized crossover-design trial with a 2-week washout period between experiments (medetomidine [20 μg/kg], medetomidine [20 μg/kg] and vatinoxan [400 μg/kg], and medetomidine [40 μg/kg] and vatinoxan [800 μg/kg]; M20, M20V400, and M40V800, respectively). Sedation, visceral and somatic nociception, and plasma drug concentrations were assessed. Somatic and visceral nociception measurements and sedation scores were compared among treatments and over time. Sedation, visceral antinociception, and somatic antinociception effects of M20V400 and M40V800 were analyzed for noninferiority to effects of M20, and plasma drug concentration data were assessed for equivalence between treatments., Results: Plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations after administration of M20 and M40V800 were equivalent. Sedation scores, visceral nociception measurements, and somatic nociception measurements did not differ significantly among treatments within time points. Overall sedative effects of M20V400 and M40V800 and visceral antinociceptive effects of M40V800 were noninferior to those produced by M20. Somatic antinociception effects of M20V400 at 10 minutes and M40V800 at 10 and 55 minutes after injection were noninferior to those produced by M20., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggested coadministration with vatinoxan did not substantially diminish visceral antinociceptive effects of medetomidine when plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations were equivalent to those produced by medetomidine alone. For somatic antinociception, noninferiority of treatments was detected at some time points.
- Published
- 2020
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42. Pharmacokinetics and Sedative Effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine in Ambulatory Pediatric Patients.
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Uusalo P, Guillaume S, Siren S, Manner T, Vilo S, Scheinin M, and Saari TI
- Subjects
- Administration, Intranasal, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Dexmedetomidine administration & dosage, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Heart Rate drug effects, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives administration & dosage, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Oxygen blood, Patient Comfort, Ambulatory Surgical Procedures methods, Conscious Sedation methods, Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics, Dexmedetomidine pharmacology, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacokinetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Our aim was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of intranasally (IN) administered dexmedetomidine used as an adjuvant in pediatric patients scheduled for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requiring sedation., Methods: This was an open-label, single-period study without randomization. Pediatric patients from 5 months to 11 years of age scheduled for MRI and receiving IN dexmedetomidine for premedication as part of their care were included in this clinical trial. Single doses of 2-3 µg·kg of dexmedetomidine were applied IN approximately 1 hour before MRI. Five or 6 venous blood samples were collected over 4 hours for dexmedetomidine concentration analysis. Sedation was monitored with Comfort-B scores, and vital signs were recorded. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated with noncompartmental methods and compared between 3 age groups (between 1 and 24 months, from 24 months to 6 years, and over 6-11 years)., Results: We evaluated 187 consecutive patients for suitability, of which 132 were excluded. Remaining 55 patients were recruited, of which 5 were excluded before the analysis. Data from 50 patients were analyzed. The average (standard deviation [SD]) dose-corrected peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.011 liter (0.0051), and the median (interquartile range [IQR]) time to reach peak concentration (tmax) was 37 minutes (30-45 minutes). There was negative correlation with Cmax versus age (r = -0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.74 to -0.37; P < .001), but not with tmax (r = -0.14; 95% CI, 0.14-0.39; P = .35). Dose-corrected areas under the concentration-time curve were negatively correlated with age (r = -0.53; 95% CI, 0.70 to -0.29; P < .001). Median (IQR) maximal reduction in Comfort-B sedation scores was 8 (6-9), which was achieved 45 minutes (40-48 minutes) after dosing. Median (IQR) decrease in heart rate was 15% (9%-23%) from the baseline., Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine is relatively rapidly absorbed after IN administration and provides clinically meaningful but short-lasting sedation in pediatric patients.
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- 2020
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43. Evidence that the multiflorine-derived substituted quinazolidine 55P0251 augments insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose via antagonism at α 2 -adrenoceptors in mice.
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Lehner Z, Stadlbauer K, Brunmair B, Adorjan I, Genov M, Kautzky-Willer A, Scherer T, Scheinin M, Bauer L, and Fürnsinn C
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- Alkaloids, Animals, Insulin Secretion, Male, Mice, Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 metabolism, Blood Glucose, Insulin metabolism
- Abstract
Aims: To investigate the mechanism of action of 55P0251, a novel multiflorine-derived substituted quinazolidine that augments insulin release and lowers blood glucose in rodents, but does not act via mechanisms addressed by any antidiabetic agent in clinical use., Materials and Methods: Using male mice, we determined the effects of 55P0251 on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion from isolated islets and blood oxygen saturation, including head-to-head comparison of 55P0251 to its inverted enantiomer 55P0250, as well as to other anti-hyperglycaemic multiflorine derivatives discovered in our programme., Results: 55P0251 was clearly superior to its inverted enantiomer in the glucose tolerance test (area under the curve: 11.3 mg/kg 55P0251, 1.19 ± 0.04 min*mol/L vs 55P0250, 1.80 ± 0.04 min*mol/L; P < .0001). For insulin release in vitro, this superiority became visible only under concomitant adrenergic background stimulation (glucose-stimulated insulin release, fmol*islet
-1 *30 min-1 : without α2 -adrenoceptor agonist: 500 μmol/L 55P0251, 390 ± 34, vs 55P0250, 459 ± 40, nonsignificant; with α2 -adrenoceptor agonist: 250 μmol/L 55P0251, 138 ± 9, vs 55P0250, 21 ± 6; P < .0001). Since receptor binding assays suggested antagonism at α2A -adrenoceptors as a potential mechanism of action, we measured oxygen saturation in capillary blood from the tail as a surrogate of vasoconstriction, which supported α2 -antagonistic action in vivo (90 mg/kg 55P0251, 83 ± 3%, vs 55P0250, 57 ± 3%; P < .0001). Lack of association between glucose-lowering activities and α2A -adrenoceptor binding affinity arising from comparison of multiflorine derivatives was attributed to differences in their pharmacokinetic properties., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that 55P0251 and related multiflorine derivatives are to be categorized as α2 -adrenoceptor antagonists with potential to lower blood glucose by blocking α2A -adrenoceptors on pancreatic β cells., (© 2019 The Authors. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2020
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44. Candida antarctica Lipase A-Based Enantiorecognition of a Highly Strained 4-Dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO) Used for PET Imaging.
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Sirén S, Dahlström KM, Puttreddy R, Rissanen K, Salminen TA, Scheinin M, Li XG, and Liljeblad A
- Subjects
- Binding Sites, Biocatalysis, Catalytic Domain, Desiccation, Esterification, Ions, Kinetics, Magnesium pharmacology, Molecular Conformation, Molecular Docking Simulation, Stereoisomerism, Candida enzymology, Lipase metabolism, Positron-Emission Tomography
- Abstract
The enantiomers of aromatic 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO), used for radiolabeling and subsequent conjugation of biomolecules to form radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET), were separated by kinetic resolution using lipase A from Candida antarctica (CAL-A). In optimized conditions, ( R )-DIBO [( R )- 1 , ee 95%] and its acetylated ( S )-ester [( S )- 2 , ee 96%] were isolated. In silico docking results explained the ability of CAL-A to differentiate the enantiomers of DIBO and to accommodate various acyl donors. Anhydrous MgCl
2 was used for binding water from the reaction medium and, thus, for obtaining higher conversion by preventing hydrolysis of the product ( S )- 2 into the starting material. Since the presence of hydrated MgCl2 6H2 O also allowed high conversion or effect on enantioselectivity, Mg2+ ion was suspected to interact with the enzyme. Binding site predictions indicated at least two sites of interest; one in the lid domain at the bottom of the acyl binding pocket and another at the interface of the hydrolase and flap domains, just above the active site., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.- Published
- 2020
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45. Safety and efficacy of AMG 714 in adults with coeliac disease exposed to gluten challenge: a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
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Lähdeaho ML, Scheinin M, Vuotikka P, Taavela J, Popp A, Laukkarinen J, Koffert J, Koivurova OP, Pesu M, Kivelä L, Lovró Z, Keisala J, Isola J, Parnes JR, Leon F, and Mäki M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized administration & dosage, Celiac Disease pathology, Double-Blind Method, Female, Finland, Glutens adverse effects, Humans, Injections, Subcutaneous, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use, Celiac Disease drug therapy, Interleukin-15 immunology
- Abstract
Background: Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is implicated in the pathophysiology of coeliac disease. AMG 714 is the first anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody to be investigated for the treatment of coeliac disease. We aimed to investigate the effects of AMG 714 in patients with coeliac disease who underwent gluten challenge., Methods: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2a trial was done at three clinical sites in Finland. Inclusion criteria included age 18-80 years, a confirmed diagnosis of coeliac disease, and adherence to a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months before screening. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 150 mg AMG 714, 300 mg AMG 714, or placebo using permuted blocks and stratified by study site and sex. Patients and study staff were masked to treatment assignment. Treatments were administered by two subcutaneous injections every 2 weeks for 10 weeks (total six doses). Patients without severe villous atrophy at baseline received a gluten challenge (2-4 g daily) during weeks 2-12. Small bowel biopsy samples were obtained for histological assessments at baseline and week 12. The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage change from baseline to week 12 in villous height-to-crypt depth (VHCD) ratio. Secondary endpoints were CD3-positive intraepithelial lymphocyte density; clinical symptoms measured by gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), coeliac disease GSRS, and Bristol stool form scale (BSFS); and changes in anti-tTG and anti-DGP antibodies from baseline. The primary analysis was done in the per-protocol 1 population of patients who received at least one dose of study drug and who underwent the gluten challenge. Safety analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02637141 and EudraCT, 2015-003647-19., Findings: Between April 13, 2016, and Nov 22, 2016, 64 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the 150 mg AMG 714 group (n=22), the 300 mg AMG 714 group (n=22), or the placebo group (n=20). Two patients did not start treatment and two did not provide post-treatment biopsy samples. 49 patients underwent the gluten challenge (per-protocol 1 population) and 11 patients did not because of baseline villous atrophy. AMG 714 did not prevent mucosal injury due to gluten challenge. The least square mean difference in the relative change from baseline in VHCD ratio was -2·49% (95% CI -16·82 to 11·83; p=0·73) between 150 mg AMG 714 and placebo and 6·39% (-7·07 to 19·85; p=0·34) between 300 mg AMG 714 and placebo. Neither comparison was statistically significant. The density of CD3-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes increased in all groups, with smaller increases in the 300 mg group (-41·24% [95% CI -79·28 to -3·20] vs placebo, nominal p=0·03) but not the 150 mg group (-14·32% [-54·39 to 25·74], nominal p=0·47). Clinical symptoms were ameliorated with AMG 714 treatment between baseline and week 12, particularly diarrhoea as measured by the BSFS (nominal p=0·01 for 150 mg vs placebo, and nominal p=0·0002 for 300 mg vs placebo). Serum antibody titres for anti-tTG and anti-DGP antibodies increased in all three treatment groups, with no significant difference between AMG 714 and placebo. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 21 (95%) patients in the 150 mg AMG 714 group, 0 (95%) in the 300 mg AMG 714 group, and 19 (100%) in the placebo group. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (17 [77%] participants in the 150 mg AMG 714 group, 16 [76%] in the 300 mg AMG 714 group, and 13 [68%] in the placebo group). Injection site reactions were the most common individual adverse event, reported in eight (36%) patients in the 150 mg AMG 714 group, 11 (52%) in the 300 mg group, and five (26%) in the placebo group. No serious adverse events occurred., Interpretation: The primary endpoint, change in VHCD ratio from baseline after 12 weeks of treatment in patients with coeliac disease undergoing gluten challenge, was not significantly different between placebo and AMG 714 at either 150 mg or 300 mg. Effects on intraepithelial lymphocyte density and symptoms suggest that further research of AMG 714 may be warranted in patients with non-responsive coeliac disease., Funding: Celimmune and Amgen., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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46. Upper Airway Collapsibility during Dexmedetomidine and Propofol Sedation in Healthy Volunteers: A Nonblinded Randomized Crossover Study.
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Lodenius Å, Maddison KJ, Lawther BK, Scheinin M, Eriksson LI, Eastwood PR, Hillman DR, Fagerlund MJ, and Walsh JH
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Airway Obstruction chemically induced, Airway Obstruction physiopathology, Cross-Over Studies, Dexmedetomidine adverse effects, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives adverse effects, Male, Middle Aged, Pharynx physiology, Propofol adverse effects, Young Adult, Airway Obstruction diagnosis, Dexmedetomidine administration & dosage, Hypnotics and Sedatives administration & dosage, Pharynx drug effects, Propofol administration & dosage
- Abstract
Background: Dexmedetomidine is a sedative promoted as having minimal impact on ventilatory drive or upper airway muscle activity. However, a trial recently demonstrated impaired ventilatory drive and induction of apneas in sedated volunteers. The present study measured upper airway collapsibility during dexmedetomidine sedation and related it to propofol., Methods: Twelve volunteers (seven female) entered this nonblinded, randomized crossover study. Upper airway collapsibility (pharyngeal critical pressure) was measured during low and moderate infusion rates of propofol or dexmedetomidine. A bolus dose was followed by low (0.5 μg · kg · h or 42 μg · kg · min) and moderate (1.5 μg · kg · h or 83 μg · kg · min) rates of infusion of dexmedetomidine and propofol, respectively., Results: Complete data sets were obtained from nine volunteers (median age [range], 46 [23 to 66] yr; body mass index, 25.4 [20.3 to 32.4] kg/m). The Bispectral Index score at time of pharyngeal critical pressure measurements was 74 ± 10 and 65 ± 13 (mean difference, 9; 95% CI, 3 to 16; P = 0.011) during low infusion rates versus 57 ± 16 and 39 ± 12 (mean difference, 18; 95% CI, 8 to 28; P = 0.003) during moderate infusion rates of dexmedetomidine and propofol, respectively. A difference in pharyngeal critical pressure during sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol could not be shown at either the low or moderate infusion rate. Median (interquartile range) pharyngeal critical pressure was -2.0 (less than -15 to 2.3) and 0.9 (less than -15 to 1.5) cm H2O (mean difference, 0.9; 95% CI, -4.7 to 3.1) during low infusion rates (P = 0. 595) versus 0.3 (-9.2 to 1.4) and -0.6 (-7.7 to 1.3) cm H2O (mean difference, 0.0; 95% CI, -2.1 to 2.1; P = 0.980) during moderate infusion of dexmedetomidine and propofol, respectively. A strong linear relationship between pharyngeal critical pressure during dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation was evident at low (r = 0.82; P = 0.007) and moderate (r = 0.90; P < 0.001) infusion rates., Conclusions: These observations suggest that dexmedetomidine sedation does not inherently protect against upper airway obstruction.
- Published
- 2019
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47. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of SM-1, a triple-drug combination to increase total sleep time.
- Author
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Dahl T, Chen LB, Scheinin M, Suopanki-Lalowski J, Valge M, Puhakka A, Mikola H, Lovró Z, Meierjohann A, Vuorilehto L, and Roth T
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives blood, Male, Middle Aged, Polysomnography, Psychological Tests, Time Factors, Young Adult, Zolpidem adverse effects, Zolpidem blood, Azepines pharmacokinetics, Azepines pharmacology, Hydrazones pharmacokinetics, Hydrazones pharmacology, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacokinetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology, Sleep drug effects, Zolpidem pharmacokinetics, Zolpidem pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: The primary objective was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SM-1 after administration of a single oral dose to healthy volunteers in a placebo-controlled double-blind trial of daytime sedation. Secondary objectives were to determine the onset, duration, and offset of the sedative effects using subjective and objective measures of sedation. Safety and tolerability of SM-1 were also investigated., Methods: Males and females 18-45 years of age received SM-1, a combination drug product comprised of diphenhydramine, zolpidem (delayed release), and lorazepam (delayed release). The pharmacokinetic profile of each drug was determined from blood samples. Sedative effects were assessed by visual analog scale, digit symbol substitution test, memory test, and quantitative electroencephalography., Results: Similar number and severity of adverse events were observed following administration of SM-1 and placebo. Onset of sedation, as determined by subjective, performance, and electroencephalography measures, occurred 0.5-1 hr postdose, lasting about 7-7.5 hr. Plasma concentration curves for the two delayed-release components were altered compared with published data for unmodified drugs. Exposure values obtained with the combination product were in good agreement with published values of the drugs given individually., Conclusions: SM-1 was well tolerated and has pharmacologic activity starting within an hour of ingestion, lasting approximately 7-8 hr. Sedative activity was seen with subjective, psychomotor, and electroencephalography assays., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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48. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of an α 2A -Adrenoceptor Tracer Candidate, 6-[ 18 F]Fluoro-marsanidine.
- Author
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Krzyczmonik A, Keller T, López-Picón FR, Forsback S, Kirjavainen AK, Takkinen JS, Wasilewska A, Scheinin M, Haaparanta-Solin M, Sączewski F, and Solin O
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain diagnostic imaging, Fluorine Radioisotopes blood, Fluorine Radioisotopes chemistry, Imidazolidines blood, Imidazolidines chemistry, Indazoles blood, Indazoles chemistry, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Radiopharmaceuticals chemistry, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tissue Distribution, Imidazolidines chemical synthesis, Indazoles chemical synthesis, Radiopharmaceuticals chemical synthesis, Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 metabolism
- Abstract
Purpose: The α
2 -adrenoceptors mediate many effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine, and participate in the regulation of neuronal, endocrine, cardiovascular, vegetative, and metabolic functions. Of the three receptor subtypes, only α2A and α2C are found in the brain in significant amounts. Subtype-selective positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of α2 -adrenoceptors has been limited to the α2C subtype. Here, we report the synthesis of 6-[18 F]fluoro-marsanidine, a subtype-selective PET tracer candidate for α2A -adrenoceptors, and its preclinical evaluation in rats and mice., Procedures: 6-[18 F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized using electrophilic F-18 fluorination with [18 F]Selectfluor bis(triflate). The tracer was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats and in α2A -knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice for subtype selectivity. In vivo PET imaging and ex vivo brain autoradiography were performed to determine the tracer distribution in the brain. The specificity of the tracer for the target was determined by pretreatment with the subtype-non-selective α2 -agonist medetomidine. The peripheral biodistribution and extent of metabolism of 6-[18 F]fluoro-marsanidine were also analyzed., Results: 6-[18 F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized with [18 F]Selectfluor bis(triflate) in a radiochemical yield of 6.4 ± 1.7 %. The molar activity was 3.1 to 26.6 GBq/μmol, and the radiochemical purity was > 99 %. In vivo studies in mice revealed lower uptake in the brains of α2A -KO mice compared to WT mice. The results for selectivity were confirmed by ex vivo brain autoradiography. Blocking studies revealed reduced uptake in α2A -adrenoceptor-rich brain regions in pretreated animals, demonstrating the specificity of the tracer. Metabolite analyses revealed very rapid metabolism of 6-[18 F]fluoro-marsanidine with blood-brain barrier-permeable metabolites in both rats and mice., Conclusion: 6-[18 F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized and evaluated as a PET tracer candidate for brain α2A -adrenoceptors. However, rapid metabolism, extensive presence of labeled metabolites in the brain, and high non-specific uptake in mouse and rat brain make 6-[18 F]fluoro-marsanidine unsuitable for α2A -adrenoceptor targeting in rodents in vivo.- Published
- 2019
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49. Cardiovascular and sedation reversal effects of intramuscular administration of atipamezole in dogs treated with medetomidine hydrochloride with or without the peripheral α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist vatinoxan hydrochloride.
- Author
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Turunen H, Raekallio MR, Honkavaara JM, Restitutti F, Kallio-Kujala IJ, Adam M, Nevanperä K, Scheinin M, Männikkö SK, Hautajärvi HJ, Larenza Menzies P, and Vainio OM
- Subjects
- Anesthesia veterinary, Animals, Cardiac Output drug effects, Cross-Over Studies, Dexmedetomidine pharmacology, Heart Rate drug effects, Hemodynamics drug effects, Injections, Intramuscular veterinary, Male, Medetomidine administration & dosage, Medetomidine antagonists & inhibitors, Quinolizines antagonists & inhibitors, Random Allocation, Single-Blind Method, Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists pharmacology, Cardiovascular System drug effects, Dogs, Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacology, Imidazoles pharmacology, Medetomidine pharmacology, Quinolizines pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the cardiovascular and sedation reversal effects of IM administration of atipamezole (AA) in dogs treated with medetomidine hydrochloride (MED) or MED and vatinoxan (MK-467)., Animals: 8 purpose-bred, 2-year-old Beagles., Procedures: A randomized, blinded, crossover study was performed in which each dog received 2 IM treatments at a ≥ 2-week interval as follows: injection of MED (20 μg/kg) or MED mixed with 400 μg of vatinoxan/kg (MEDVAT) 30 minutes before AA (100 μg/kg). Sedation score, heart rate, mean arterial and central venous blood pressures, and cardiac output were recorded before and at various time points (up to 90 minutes) after AA. Cardiac and systemic vascular resistance indices were calculated. Venous blood samples were collected at intervals until 210 minutes after AA for drug concentration analysis., Results: Heart rate following MED administration was lower, compared with findings after MEDVAT administration, prior to and at ≥ 10 minutes after AA. Mean arterial blood pressure was lower with MEDVAT than with MED at 5 minutes after AA, when its nadir was detected. Overall, cardiac index was higher and systemic vascular resistance index lower, indicating better cardiovascular function, in MEDVAT-atipamezole-treated dogs. Plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations were lower and recoveries from sedation were faster and more complete after MEDVAT treatment with AA than after MED treatment with AA., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Atipamezole failed to restore heart rate and cardiac index in medetomidine-sedated dogs, and relapses into sedation were observed. Coadministration of vatinoxan with MED helped to maintain hemodynamic function and hastened the recovery from sedation after AA in dogs.
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- 2019
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50. Molecular mechanisms underlying mifepristone's agonistic action on ovarian cancer progression.
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Ponikwicka-Tyszko D, Chrusciel M, Stelmaszewska J, Bernaczyk P, Chrusciel P, Sztachelska M, Scheinin M, Bidzinski M, Szamatowicz J, Huhtaniemi IT, Wolczynski S, and Rahman NA
- Subjects
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal administration & dosage, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal pharmacokinetics, Biomarkers, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial genetics, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial metabolism, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial pathology, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Movement genetics, Cell Proliferation, Cells, Cultured, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Membrane Proteins genetics, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Mifepristone administration & dosage, Mifepristone pharmacokinetics, Ovarian Neoplasms genetics, Ovarian Neoplasms metabolism, Ovarian Neoplasms pathology, Receptors, Progesterone genetics, Receptors, Progesterone metabolism, Transforming Growth Factor beta1 genetics, Transforming Growth Factor beta1 metabolism, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal pharmacology, Mifepristone pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Recent clinical trials on ovarian cancer with mifepristone (MF) have failed, despite in vitro findings on its strong progesterone (P4) antagonist function., Methods: Ovarian cancer human and murine cell lines, cultured high-grade human primary epithelial ovarian cancer (HG-hOEC) cells and their explants; as well as in vivo transgenic mice possessing ovarian cancer were used to assess the molecular mechanism underlying mifepristone (MF) agonistic actions in ovarian cancer progression., Findings: Herein, we show that ovarian cancer cells express traceable/no nuclear P4 receptor (PGR), but abundantly P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). MF significantly stimulated ovarian cancer cell migration, proliferation and growth in vivo, and the translocation of PGRMC1 into the nucleus of cancer cells; the effects inhibited by PGRMC1 inhibitor. The beneficial antitumor effect of high-doses MF could not be achieved in human cancer tissue, and the low tissue concentrations achieved with the therapeutic doses only promoted the growth of ovarian cancers., Interpretation: Our results indicate that treatment of ovarian cancer with MF and P4 may induce similar adverse agonistic effects in the absence of classical nuclear PGRs in ovarian cancer. The blockage of PGRMC1 activity may provide a novel treatment strategy for ovarian cancer. FUND: This work was supported by grants from the National Science Centre, Poland (2013/09/N/NZ5/01831 to DP-T; 2012/05/B/NZ5/01867 to MC), Academy of Finland (254366 to NAR), Moikoinen Cancer Research Foundation (to NAR) and EU PARP Cluster grant (UDA-POIG.05.01.00-005/12-00/NCREMFP to SW)., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2019
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