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4. Contributors

Author

Basili, Danilo, primary, Biamis, Christina, additional, Branco, Giovana Souza, additional, Carnevali, Oliana, additional, Cassidy, Hilary, additional, Castro, L. Filipe C., additional, Chamorro-Garcia, Raquel, additional, Connolly, Lisa, additional, da Costa, Daniel Fernandes, additional, Da Cuña, Rodrigo, additional, Di Marzo, Vincenzo, additional, Di Nisio, Andrea, additional, Diaz-Castillo, Carlos, additional, Fair, Patricia A., additional, Fonseca, Elza, additional, Foresta, Carlo, additional, Forner-Piquer, Isabel, additional, Galligan, Thomas M., additional, Gaspar, Verónica Ibáñez, additional, Giommi, Christian, additional, Gómez, Gloria, additional, González, Yenifer, additional, González-Rojo, Silvia, additional, Habibi, Hamid R, additional, Hafferman, Alec C., additional, Hale, Matthew D., additional, Hardiman, Gary, additional, Herráez, María Paz, additional, Houde, Magali, additional, Jakobson, Chance L., additional, Kohno, Satomi, additional, Krzeminski, Pawel, additional, Lange, Kassidy L., additional, Leiva, Ana María, additional, Lo Nostro, Fabiana Laura, additional, Lombó, Marta, additional, Magnuson, Jason T., additional, Maradonna, Francesca, additional, Matouskova, Klara, additional, McMorrow, Tara, additional, Meccariello, Rosaria, additional, Miyagawa, Shinichi, additional, Molla, Miraf A., additional, Moreira, Renata Guimarães, additional, Nguyen, Jaden, additional, Nóbrega, Rafael, additional, Pearce, John L., additional, Ruivo, Raquel, additional, Santos, Miguel M., additional, Santosh, S. Winkins, additional, Sarp, Sarper, additional, Schlenk, Daniel, additional, Skinner, Michael K., additional, Slattery, Craig, additional, Spyropoulos, Demetri D., additional, Temkin, Alexis M., additional, Thorson, Jennifer L.M., additional, Toft, Gunnar, additional, Umar, Muhammad, additional, Vandenberg, Laura N., additional, Vidal, Gladys, additional, and Vogelsang, Christian, additional

Published
2023
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9. List of contributors

Author

Alftessi, Saber Abdulhamid, primary, Ang, Wei Lun, additional, Essalhi, M., additional, García-Payo, M.C., additional, Goh, Pei Sean, additional, Hashaikeh, Raed, additional, Hilal, Nidal, additional, Ho, Kah Chun, additional, Hong, Seungkwan, additional, Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah, additional, Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi, additional, Johnson, Daniel, additional, Karanikola, V., additional, Khayet, M., additional, Kiadeh, N.T. Hassan, additional, Kim, Jungbin, additional, Kim, Youngjin, additional, Lim, Jihun, additional, Mohamed, Twibi, additional, Mohammad, Abdul Wahab, additional, Othman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan, additional, Park, Kiho, additional, Ravi, Jeganes, additional, Sarp, Sarper, additional, Sum, Jing Yao, additional, Suwaileh, Wafa, additional, Suzaimi, Nur Diyana, additional, Teow, Yeit Haan, additional, Yavuz, A.B., additional, and Zhan, Min, additional

Published
2021
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15. Contributors

Author

Al-Ahmed, Amir, primary, Al-Maythalony, Bassem A., additional, Alsaydeh, Sajeda Adnan Mutlaq, additional, Arar, Ozgur, additional, Bureekaew, Sareeya, additional, Chen, Yongsheng, additional, Chuntanalerg, Panupong, additional, Faungnawakij, Kajornsak, additional, Fazal, Atif, additional, Gan, Lan, additional, Gao, Haiping, additional, Goh, Pei-Sean, additional, Hong, Jin Gi, additional, Huang, Haiou, additional, Ipek, Idil, additional, Isloor, Arun M, additional, Ismail, Ahmad F., additional, Jaafar, Juhana, additional, Jamshidi Gohari, Rasoul, additional, Kartohardjono, Sutrasno, additional, Klaysom, Chalida, additional, Kunjuzwa, Nikiwe, additional, Lau, Woei-Jye, additional, Liu, Su, additional, Low, Siew-Chun, additional, Mhlanga, Sabelo Dalton, additional, Mustafa, Khawla Mozamil, additional, Ng, Be-Cheer, additional, Ng, Qi-Hwa, additional, Nthunya, Lebea Nathnael, additional, Nxumalo, Edward Ndumiso, additional, Sarp, Sarper, additional, Shahid, Salman, additional, Shahrin, Sazreen, additional, Subramaniam, Mahesan Naidu, additional, Ibrahim, G.P. Syed, additional, Tong, Xin, additional, Wang, Yifei, additional, Xiao, Chengchao, additional, Yuliwati, Erna, additional, Zaidi, Syed Javaid, additional, and Zhang, Bopeng, additional

Published
2019
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17. List of Contributors

Author

Abdullah, M.S., primary, Ali, Aamer, additional, Ashoor, Badr Bin, additional, Assaf, N., additional, Avci, Ahmet H., additional, Bouzek, Karel, additional, Brauns, Etienne, additional, Caballero, José A., additional, Ciofalo, Michele, additional, Cipollina, Andrea, additional, Curcio, Efrem, additional, Di Profio, Gianluca, additional, Esmaeilbeig, Mohammad Amin, additional, Fontananova, Enrica, additional, Gilron, J., additional, Giwa, Adewale, additional, Goh, P.S., additional, Gurreri, Luigi, additional, Hasan, Shadi W., additional, Hasan, Shadi Wajih, additional, Hsiao, Benjamin S., additional, Isloor, Arun M., additional, Ismail, A.F., additional, Kedem, O., additional, Kodým, Roman, additional, Kurihara, Masaru, additional, Ma, Hongyang, additional, Micale, Giorgio, additional, Onishi, Viviani C., additional, Politano, Antonio, additional, Quist-Jensen, Cejna Anna, additional, Rahimpour, Mohammad Reza, additional, Ramon, E., additional, Reyes-Labarta, Juan A., additional, Salleh, W.N.W., additional, Sarp, Sarper, additional, Šnita, Dalimil, additional, Syed Ibrahim, G.P., additional, Takeuchi, Hiromu, additional, Tamburini, Alessandro, additional, Tedesco, Michele, additional, Tufa, Ramato Ashu, additional, Yuliwati, Erna, additional, Yusof, N., additional, and Zulhairun, A.K., additional

Published
2019
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23. List of Contributors

Author

Amy, Gary, primary, Chae, Sung H., additional, Chung, Tai-Shung, additional, Francis, Lijo, additional, Goh, P.S., additional, Gonulsuz, Ece, additional, Guler, Enver, additional, Gwak, Gimun, additional, Han, Gang, additional, Harman, Bilgehan I., additional, Higa, Mitsuru, additional, Hilal, Nidal, additional, Hong, Seungkwan, additional, Ismail, A.F., additional, Kim, Joon H., additional, Kim, Seung-Hyun, additional, Koseoglu, Hasan, additional, Kurihara, Masaru, additional, Lee, Sangho, additional, Li, Zhenyu, additional, Lim, Sungil, additional, Linares, Rodrigo Valladares, additional, Park, Yong-Gyun, additional, Sakai, Hideyuki, additional, Sarp, Sarper, additional, Shon, Ho K., additional, Suzuki, Tasuma, additional, Tang, Chuyang Y., additional, Tanioka, Akihiko, additional, Wan, Chunfeng, additional, Yang, Zhe, additional, and Yasukawa, Masahiro, additional

Published
2018
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38. Smart water grid: the future water management platform.

Author

Lee, Seung Won, Sarp, Sarper, Jeon, Dong Jin, and Kim, Joon Ha

Subjects
HYDRAULICS, INFORMATION technology, WATER distribution, WATER quality management, WATER management
Abstract

This study introduces a schematic methodology for smart water grids (SWGs) for use in water management platforms, which integrates information and communication technology (ICT) into a single water management scheme. SWG technology is seen as a promising solution for resolving recent critical global water problems. To ensure the security of water quantity, safety of water quality, and ICT-based water management solutions, SWG technology should integrate five prime research areas: (1) platform configuration in both water and ICT networks, (2) guarantee water resources including both natural and manufactured water, (3) intelligent control of water flow using bi-directional communication in water infrastructure, (4) better management scheme dealing with risk-minimization for assets in the water infrastructure, and (5) energy efficiency in operating and maintaining water infrastructure. Two platforms (i.e. water and ICT platforms) are introduced as examples of well-designed platforms for the management of bi-directional water and data flows in accordance with both the consumer’s water demands and supplier’s water distribution schemes, in both centralized and decentralized water distribution grids. To guarantee water resources, harvesting both natural sources (e.g. river, lake, groundwater, etc.) and manufactured sources (e.g. desalination, reused waters, etc.) is proposed as a top priority. Using the platforms and multiple water resources, the intelligent water grid control plays a key role in satisfying the consumer’s as well as the supplier’s water needs, using self-diagnosing sensors and ICT-based cooperative networks. Improved management in risk-minimization for water infrastructure assets requires the GIS-based information of assets, their historical changes, and their renewal plans according to monitoring/forecasting data, etc. To improve water infrastructure energy efficiency, low energy processes combined with alternative energy sources and smart power grid management are suggested as key cost-saving methods for water production and/or distribution. Thus, integrating the five prime research areas in SWG technology can provide water managers insight into planning water infrastructure and shed light on the roles of the SWGs in future smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2015
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39. Disposable Face Masks - Analysis of the Release of Synthetic Micro and Nano Particles and Chemical Contaminants - Linked to.

Author

Sarp, Sarper

Subjects
MEDICAL masks, NANOPARTICLES, COVID-19 pandemic, MANUFACTURING industries, BIOLOGICAL membranes
Abstract

With the increase on the manufacturing and use of disposable face mask (DPFs) due to the Covid19 pandemic, the inappropriate and unregulated disposal of these items is a concerning cause of the intensification of plastic as an environmental problem nowadays. This study focuses on the emission of different contaminants from 7 DPFs brands (a total of 9 batches) that were immersed in deionised water in order to emulate environmental conditions once these DPFs are discarded and released into the environment. 7 different brands of DPFs (a total of 9 batches) were purchased from several manufacturers and suppliers and pollutants were filtered and deposited in membranes. These results have been published (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117033). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

40. Identification of micro- and submicron (nano) plastics in water sources and the impact of COVID-19 on plastic pollution

Author

Gallardo, Javier and Sarp, Sarper

Abstract

One of the most significant environmental issues that our society may deal with this century could be plastics. The world's water bodies, as well as land and air, are becoming more and more contaminated by plastic due to the ongoing and expanding manufacturing of these synthetic materials, as well as the lack of an effective strategy for managing plastic waste. The fact that plastics break down into smaller particles (micro and nanoplastics) by action of environmental physical and chemical reactions, and do not degrade biologically in a reasonable time, is a cause of concern as plastics are believed to cause harm in animals, plants and humans. To identify the types of plastics prevalent in aquatic habitats, a number of procedures have been developed, from sampling to identification. After a water body has been sampled using nets, pumps, or other tools, depending on the type of sample taken, it is usually necessary to treat the samples for separation and purification. The next stage is to employ analytical techniques to identify the synthetic contaminants. The most common approaches are microscopy, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. This thesis gives an overview of where in the environment microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be found and summarizes the most important technologies applied to analyse the importance of plastics as a contaminant in water bodies. The development of standardised analytical procedures is still necessary as most of them are not suitable for the identification of particles below 50 μm due to resolution limitations. The preparation and analysis of samples are usually time-consuming factors that shall be considered. Particularly for MP and NP analysis in aqueous samples, thermal analysis methods based on sample degradation are generally not considered to be the most effective approach. Nevertheless, Pyrolysis - Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCToFMS) is used in this thesis to propose a novel approach as due to its unique detection abilities, and with a novel filtration methodology for collection, it enables the identification of tiny particle sizes (>0.1 μm) in water samples. PTFE membranes were selected to filter the liquid samples using a glass filtration system. This way, the synthetic particles will be deposited on the membranes and will allow the study and analysis of the precipitated material. PTFE is a readily available, reasonably priced, and adaptable product that makes sample preparation quick and simple. The three plastics under study-polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-can be identified from complex samples at trace levels thanks to the employment of these widely used membranes and the identification of various and specific (marker) ions. The technique was examined against a range of standards samples that contained predetermined concentrations of MPs and NPs. Detection levels were then determined for PVC and PS and were found to be below < 50 μg/ L, with repeatable data showing good precision (RSD < 20 %). The examination of a complex matrix sample taken from a nearby river contributed to further validate this innovative methodology; the results indicated the existence of PS with a semi-quantifiable result of 250.23 g/L. Because of this, PY-GCToFMS appears to be a method that is appropriate for the task of identifying MPs and NPs from complex mixtures. This thesis also focuses on the environmental challenge that disposable plastic face masks (DPFMs) pose, which has been made significantly worse due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By the time this thesis was written, the production of disposable plastic facemasks had reached to approximately 200 million a day, in a global effort to tackle the spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus. This thesis investigates the emissions of pollutants from several different DPFM brands (medical and non-medical) that were submerged in water to replicate the conditions in the environment after these DPFMs have been discarded. The DPFM leachates were filtered using inorganic membranes type and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Light/Optical Microscopy (LM/OM), Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Micro and nano scale polymeric fibres, particles, siliceous fragments and leachable inorganic and organic chemicals were observed from all of the tested DPFMs. For non-medical DPFMs, traces of concerning heavy metals were detected in association with silicon containing fragments (i.e. lead up to 6.79 μg/L). ICP-MS also confirmed the presence of other leachable metals like cadmium (up to 1.92 μg/L), antimony (up to 3.93 μg/L) and copper (up to 4.17 μg/L). LC-MS analysis identified organic species related to plastic additives; polyamide-66 monomer and oligomers (nylon-66 synthesis), surfactant molecules, and dye-like molecules were all tentatively identified in the leachate. The question of whether DPFMs are safe to use daily and what implications may be anticipated after their disposal into the environment is brought up by the toxicity of some of the chemicals discovered. The previous approach is expanded to medical DPFMs with the utilisation of Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG-SEM) in order to get high resolution images of the micro and nanoparticles deposited on the membranes. It is also incorporated the use of 0.02 μm pore size inorganic membranes to better identify the nanoparticles released. Separated aqueous samples were also obtained by submerging medical DPFMs for 24 hours to be analysed using ICP-MS and LC-MS. Both particles and fibres in the micro and nano scale were found in all 6 DPFMs brands of this study. EDS analysis revealed the presence of particles containing different heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic among others. ICP-MS analysis results confirmed traces of heavy metals (antimony up to 2.41 μg/L and copper up to 4.68 μg/L). LC-MS analysis results identified organic species related to plastic additives and contaminants; polyamide-66 monomer and oligomers (nylon-66 synthesis), surfactant molecules, and polyethylene glycol were all tentatively identified in the leachate. The toxicity of some of the chemicals found raises the question of whether DPFMs are safe to be used on a daily basis and what consequences are to be expected after their disposal into the environment.

Published
2023
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