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Objectives: Fear of pain in dentistry especially the injection involved in most of the processes has always been an important issue preventing the patients from consulting a dentist at the right time. This study aims to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation therapy on reduction of pain in infiltration injection., Materials and Methods: This trial is a crossover study including 30 patients. The patients are divided into two groups (laser therapy in the first period and placebo effect in the next period or vice versa with split-mouth design) using the covariate adaptive randomization method. All the patients received bilateral maxillary canine anesthesia in two periods performed with an ICT injection device (amount of anesthesia solution loaded: 1.8 mL) at a speed of 1 mL/min and a temperature of the solution of 37 °C. In each period, patients received either a prophylactic dose of 940-nm laser (500 mW, 10 J/cm 2 ) or its placebo effect before the injection. The degree of pain perception after each sort of treatment is evaluated by both SEM (Sound, Eye, Motor, and Pain) and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) scales., Results: According to analysis, all the patients scored a VAS scale under 3 in the period they received intervention. Also considering the SEM scale, most of the patients scored 0 in the intervention period. No adverse effect was reported during or after the process., Conclusions: The study showed a significant effect of photobiomodulation on reducing pain perception during infiltration injection., Clinical Relevance: This method can be useful in order to lower the pain for the patients consulting a dentist and therefore facilitate consulting at early stages of the dental issues., Trial Registration: The registration number (date) of the clinical trial in a Primary Registry in the WHO Registry Network is IR.ARAKMU.REC.1398.248(13/03/2020). The related URL is https://en.irct.ir/trial/45362 ., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.) more...

Objective: Control of pain, fear, and anxiety of children during dental procedures is a major challenge in pediatrics. This study aimed to compare the effect of audio distraction by music and audio-story on pain and anxiety of children during dental treatment., Methods: This randomized crossover clinical trial evaluated 60 systemically healthy children between 4 and 8 years, who were candidates for pulpotomy and steel crown of bilateral primary maxillary first or second molars. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of music-story (M first), and story-music (S first) according to the sequence of receipt of the distraction techniques with a split-mouth design. The level of pain and anxiety of patients was measured using physiological scales such as pulse rate (PR), sound-eye-motor (SEM) and faces pain rating (FPR). The pkcross package in Stata software version 14 was used to assess the treatment effect, period effect, sequence effect and carryover effect., Results: In each group, 28 cases were included in the analysis. The difference in PR was not significant at the onset and termination of each treatment session between two distraction techniques and also, the mean FPR (P = 0.55) and SEM (P > 0.99) scores were not significantly different between the two groups., Conclusions: The "audio-story" and "music" distraction techniques were not significantly different for pediatrics relieving during LA administration. Thus, considering the equal efficacy of the two techniques, dental clinicians can use any of the two to distract children., Registration Information: The study registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20190702044077N1)., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) more...

Background and Objectives: Fixed space maintainers are often used following primary tooth loss. In this process, selection of a proper band size for stainless steel crowns (SSCs) is often performed by trial and error, which increases the chairside time and risk of contamination of the tried bands with saliva, blood, and gingival crevicular fluid, necessitating their subsequent sterilization. This study is aimed at determining the proper size of prefabricated bands for all SSCs of primary second molars., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, seven examiners, including three orthodontists and four pediatric dentists attempted to select the proper band size for 24 primary second molar SSCs (3M). They selected the proper band size for each size of SSC six times in three sessions. The significance of all selected choices was carried out using the test of proportions., Results: The most commonly selected bands for EU2, EU3, EU4, EU5, EU6, and EU7 SSCs were sizes 31+, 32+, 34, 35+, 37, and 38, respectively, and the proper bands for EL2, EL3, EL4, EL5, EL6, and EL7 SSCs were sizes 30, 31+, 32+, 33+, 35 and 36+, respectively. The difference in the frequency ratio of different choices for all sizes of SSCs was significant ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The current study determined the proper band size for all SSCs of primary maxillary and mandibular second molars. This information can help dental clinicians in selecting the proper band size for SSCs without trial and error., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Orthodontic Science.) more...

Background: Control of pain, fear, and anxiety of pediatric dental patients is a common concern for the parents and dental clinicians. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of audiovisual distraction (AVD) and mute-video distraction (MVD) for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients., Materials and Methods: This randomized split-mouth crossover clinical trial evaluated 60 systemically healthy children between 4 and 7 years requiring bilateral pulpotomy of primary maxillary first molars. The samples were randomly divided into 6 groups based on the distraction technique and sequence of its receipt: (I) control-AVD, (II) AVD-control, (III) control-MVD, (IV) MVD-control, (V) AVD-MVD, and (VI) MVD-AVD and were treated. The severity of pain and anxiety of patients during anesthetic injection was measured using physiological (pulse rate [PR]), sound, eyes, and motor (SEM) and faces pain rating (FPR) scales. Data were compared between Groups 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 using crossover clinical trial analysis ( P = 0.05)., Results: The increase in PR and the mean FPR and SEM scales during anesthetic injection was significantly smaller in AVD than MVD ( P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between MVD and control technique regarding PR and mean FPR or SEM ( P = 1.00)., Conclusion: It appears that MVD has no significant efficacy for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients. AVD, however, can effectively decrease the pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients during anesthetic injection., Competing Interests: The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no conflicts of interest, real or perceived, financial or non-financial in this article., (Copyright: © 2022 Dental Research Journal.) more...

In the indoor environment of dental clinics, dental staff and patients are exposed to various types of infectious agents transported by aerosols and particles, generated during dental procedures, promoting an increased risk of cross-infection. The aim of this study was to determine the levels and diversity of microbial aerosol in relation to particle load in five different departments of a dental school clinic. The air samples were collected by an active single-stage Andersen sampler during the treatment procedure. The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria were in the range of 52-1030 and 8-844 CFU/m 3 at the distances of 0.5 and 2 m, respectively. Bacterial aerosols in pediatric, endodontics, and restorative wards and fungal aerosols in all the sampling wards were significantly higher at the distances of 0.5 m. The dominant bacteria and fungi were identified as Micrococcus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus , and Alternaria . The positive associations were also obtained between bacteria and fungi levels and particulate matter (PM) concentrations., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature 2021.) more...

Background: Evidence highlights increased susceptibility to thoughts and behaviors related to suicide (i.e. suicidal ideation) in the student population, often in co-occurrence with mental health difficulties. Typically, studies focus on specific symptoms, with few providing comprehensive examination of risk factors. In this study we examined the prevalence of suicidal ideation among UK university students and assessed the association with multiple psychiatric risk factors., Methods: A total of N = 1273 students completed online measures of suicidal ideation, anxiety, depression, insomnia, mania, psychosis, and perceived stress., Results: 37.3% students were classified as high-risk for suicidal behaviour. Moreover, 42.2% of students contemplated suicide at least once within the past twelve months, and 25.1% reported telling someone about these thoughts at least once. Logistic regression analysis showed that suicidal ideation was significantly associated with symptoms of depression, mania, psychosis, and stress., Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of ours study does not allow us to infer causality in the observed associations., Conclusions: Our results indicate the prevalence of suicidal ideation in a large sample of university students in the UK, and highlight associated mental health risk factors associated with it. Our findings have implications for mental health practitioners working with University students., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflicts of interest declared in relation to this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.) more...

Background: Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) plays a protective role in coronary artery disease. Red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are inflammatory biomarkers and higher levels are related to atherosclerosis and adverse cardiovascular events., Aim: We aimed to investigate the relation between UCB levels and RDW, NLR, PLR in people with Gilbert's syndrome (GS)., Materials and Methods: We selected 2166 subjects (1082 with GS and 1084 healthy controls) from a database having 33,695 people. RDW, NLR and PLR were investigated in the subjects with GS and compared with the healthy controls. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relation between variables., Results: NLR and PLR were higher in the subjects with GS compared to the controls (p < 0.001). RDW was similar in both groups (p = 0.318). UCB was negatively correlated with lymphocyte counts (p = 0.040), and positively correlated with RDW (p < 0.001) and PLR (p = 0.037) in the subjects with GS. There was no significant correlation between UCB and NLR (p = 0.078). RDW (p < 0.001) and lymphocyte counts (p = 0.030) were significantly associated with UCB levels in the regression analysis conducted in the subjects with GS., Conclusion: There is a negative association between UCB and NLR, PLR due to low amounts of lymphocyte counts, which causes increased risk of CVD. These results suggest that the cardio-protective effect of UCB is due to both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory ways indirectly. more...

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite to stainless steel crowns (SSC) using two mechanical surface treatments (MSTs) and two bonding systems., Materials and Methods: Eighty-four SSCs were divided into six groups of 14; Group1: No MST+Scotchbond Universal adhesive (N+U), Group 2: Surface roughening by a diamond bur+Scotchbond Universal adhesive (R+U), Group 3: Sandblasting+Scotchbond Universal adhesive (S+U), Group 4: No MST+Alloy Primer+Clearfil SE Primer and Bond (N+A), Group 5: Surface roughening by a diamond bur+Alloy Primer+Clearfil SE Primer and Bond (R+A), Group 6: Sandblasting+Alloy Primer+Clearfil SE Primer and Bond (S+A). After MST and bonding procedure, composite cylinders were bonded to the lingual surface of SSCs, then the SBS of composite to SSCs was measured using a universal testing machine following thermocycling., Results: The SBS of groups R+U and S+U was significantly higher than that of group N+U. No significant difference was noted in SBS of groups R+U and S+U. The SBS of group S+A was significantly higher than that of groups N+A and R+A. No significant difference was noted in the SBS of groups N+A and R+A (P>0.05)., Conclusions: In Scotchbond Universal adhesive groups, sandblasting and surface roughening by diamond bur significantly increased the SBS of composite to SSCs compared to no MST. In Alloy Primer groups, sandblasting significantly increased the SBS of composite to SSC compared to surface roughening with diamond bur and no MST. more...