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The measurement of fly density in one of the restaurants in Depok Beach, Bantul, was 15 flies/blockgrill, which was included in the dense category based on Permenkes Number 2 of 2023. It is necessary to control the density of flies because the presence of flies in restaurants can contaminate the food served due to the habit of flies that like to land on food and dirt so that they can spread disease-causing microorganisms. Fly control can be done using plant-based materials, namely cinnamon powder air freshener gel. The aim of the study was to determine the repellency ability of cinnamon powder with a concentration of 60% in air freshener gel to reduce fly density in restaurants in the Depok Beach area, Bantul. The experimental study used a one-group pre-test and post-test design with one concentration, namely 60%. The number of restaurants used was 13, and cinnamon powder air freshener gel was exposed in each restaurant for 15x24 hours. Fly density measurements were taken every 3 days at 10:00 am, 12:00 pm, and 2:00 pm. In addition to measuring fly density, temperature, humidity, and light intensity were also measured to ensure that the three factors were by fly activity. The study's results, namely the average percentage reduction in peak fly density numbers achieved at 12.00 WIB of 70.16%, did not meet the criteria for repellent protection with an average range of repellency ability of 48.95%-70.16%. However, the study's results can be the basis for the development of similar research in the future or an alternative to solving the problem of preventing fly vectors in restaurants.

The sinking of the floating hospital ship Dr. Lie Dharmawan has hampered health services several operational areas, one of which is Lembata Regency. Health services via ships are very much needed in Lembata Regency because many coastal areas still do not get maximum health services. The purpose of this research is to design a mobile health center ship that can reach coastal residents to get decent and good health services, and it doesn't take a long time to travel to get health services. The main size is obtained through the parent design approach method. Analysis of ship resistance using the holtrop method and ship stability analysis met the IMO stability criteria. Calculation of the profile construction according to the rules of BKI Vol.II which calculates the construction of the hull, deck, bottom, and superstructure. The results of the design of the mobile health center ship are designed with facilities that comply with the standards of the Minister of Health Regulation with a length of 23.13 m LOA, 21.31 m LPP, 20.35 m LWL, 6.82 m width, 1.5 m draft, 4.4 height m, Cb 0.548, speed 12 knots and the estimated cost of building a ship is Rp. 4,032,617,052,04.

This study aims to analyze the maintenance of the main propulsion fuel oil system for tugboats using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The focus is on evaluating the reliability of the system and identifying potential areas for improvement. The research employs a combination of expert interviews, industry standards, and statistical analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the maintenance practices in place. The goal is to enhance the overall performance and longevity of the main propulsion fuel oil system in tugboats. The study uses data on the operational time, failure time and frequency, the number of vessels served, and fuel system diagrams to analyze the system's reliability. Qualitative methods such as Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) were used, as well as quantitative methods such as Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), Markovian Decision Process (MDP), and reliability methods. The study found that the FO Purifier component was the critical component with a Risk Priority Number (RPN) of 294. The average value of OEE was 47%, lower than the standard of 85%. The MDP analysis showed a probability of 0.08 for mild damage and 0.46 for moderate to severe damage under steady-state conditions. The FO Purifier component had the lowest Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) value of 1658.50 hours. The study provides a graph of the reliability function against time, and recommends maintenance actions based on the MTTF and MDP.

This study examines the molecular characterization of bacteria associated with clinical symptoms and the diversity of vibriosis infecting farmed mud crab from three sampling locations, namely Rembang, Demak, and Kendal Districts. The clinical symptom was red-brown spots on carapace and wounds. Twenty-five bacterial isolates were gained from hepatopancreas, gills and carapace of nine infected mud crabs, by culturing in TCBS and TSA medium. Molecular characterization was carried out through modified rep-PCR followed by 16S-rRNA gene amplification. The results indicate that seven out of the 25 isolates, namely CJR14, CJR15, CJD23, CJK10, CJK11, CJD22 and CJR05 were 92-98% firmly related to Vibrio harveyi NCIMB1280, Catenococcus thiocicly TG5-3, Photobacterium ganghwense FR311, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC-1780, Shewanella loihica PV4, Shewanella algae ATCC5, and Vibrio alginolyticus NBRC-15630. This study revealed that the 25 isolates found from infected mud crabs fell into seven groups of bacteria. These seven groups were well-known as pathogens for aquatic organisms. Moreover, according to molecular characterization, the highest diversity of Vibrionaceae was obtained from Rembang, and the bacterium most found in all three sampling sites was C. thiocicly.

Research work aimed to prove the cooling effectiveness and efficiency of heating numerically. It was carried out by reconstructing the mold to reduce condensation while keeping the production cycle time. The simulation was done using CFD Fluent, Finite Volume Method (FVM) with a solution method of pressure-velocity, SIMPLE coupling, and second-order upwind discretization scheme. The model's boundary condition represents plastic packaging's production process. The simulation was done to optimize performance during production. Reconstruction and simulation were undertaken. The initial investigation was to produce data for cooling time versus the whole production time. The research result indicated that the average cooling time was 3/5 of the total production time. There were 15.5706 of 26.4206 sec and 15.641 of 26.491 sec, respectively. Further investigation was focused on investigating heat absorption and transfer through cells in the matrix. The porous effect showed temperature gradient reduction between cooled and cooler temperatures by simulation in color. The phenomenon predicted that the Ra contributed to the rate of temperature decrease revealed. There is also an apparent increase in temperature interfaces is evidence. The porous media application with The Rayleigh Number ≥ 105 retained the potential cooling effectivity and heating efficiency. By simulation, a series of discussions of the result of research, the potential may apply in the plastic mold to reconstruct the space and its methods using filling-porous. It is relevant because the heating ability in the phase change of fluid that creates particular characteristics has the potential to make effective cooling.

Penjadwalan dalam proses reparasi sering kali tidak sesuai dengan perencanaan awal di main schedule dari kapal tersebut. Keterlambatan dari suatu proyek pengerjaan bangunan kapal baru atau reparasi kapal akan menimbulkan kerugian yang berdampak kepada banyak pihak; baik pihak galangan, owner, dan pihak ketiga. Salah satu cara yang efektif untuk meminimalisir terjadinya keterlambatan adalah melakukan percepatan dengan Critical Path Method (CPM). Objek penelitian yang dipilih adalah reparasi kapal TB. Patra Tunda 3001. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan durasi baru setelah dilakukan reschedule reparasi kapal, menemukan aktivitas pekerjaan pada lintasan kritis, mendapatkan nilai produktivitas tenaga kerja, mencari waktu dan biaya paling optimal untuk mempercepat durasi proyek dengan adanya crashing melalui opsi perbandingan dua alternatif yaitu penambahan jam kerja (jam lembur) dan penambahan tenaga kerja. Total biaya normal sebesar Rp 9.360.000. Dari analisa pengolahan data didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa penambahan jam kerja (jam lembur) dan penambahan tenaga kerja menunjukkan percepatan yang sama optimalnya dengan hasil 25% yaitu 4 hari lebih awal dari total durasi nomal proyek 16 hari. Terdapat selisih biaya 39,31% lebih besar dari durasi normal dengan alternatif penambahan jam kerja (jam lembur) dan selisih pengurangan biaya 27,35% lebih kecil dari durasi normal dengan alternatif penambahan tenaga kerja. Reschedule Repari Kapal TB. Patra Tunda 3001 dengan penambahan kerja lebih efisien dan optimal pengerjaannya.

Reducing feed cost in the vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation can be achieved by increasing quality of commercial feed. To increase the feed quality is by adding lysine amino acid, because lysine is one of the amino acids that can boost fish growth, in turn it can shorten the cultivation cycle. The objectives of the study were to analyze effects and optimum dosages of lysine addition in the feed on feed efficiency utilization, growth and survival rate of vaname shrimp (L. vannamei). The study used shrimp juveniles with the average size of 3±0,09 g/shrimp. Test feed in the study was a commercial feed in the form of pellets that was enriched with lysine (L-lysine HCl). The amount of lysine was appropriated to the treatment dosages, namelys 0%/kg feed (A); 0,75 %/kg feed (B); 1,5%/kg feed (C); 2,25%/kg feed (D) and 3%/kg feed (E). Feeding the shrimp was based on fixed feeding rate as much as 10% of biomass weight per day and given 4 (four) times a day. The results whow that the addition of lysine in the feed significantly (P

Aspek paling penting pada proses desain kapal cepat adalah memprediksi hambatan, trim dan perubahan titik gravitasi. Prediksi hambatan total harus memiliki akurasi yang baik untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dalam desain kapal cepat,. Pengujian eksperimen menggunakan towing tank adalah salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk memprediksi hambatan kapal. Metode alternatif lain yang dapat digunakan adalah metode Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Metode ini menjadi trend di industri maritime karena biaya pengujian eksperimen pada towing tank semakin mahal dan diikuti dengan perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi tentang mekanika fluida menggunakan metode Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) yang sangat pesat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk memverifikasi performa kapal cepat menggunakan metode komputasi. Metode CFD yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan mekanika fluida ini adalah dengan menggunakan persamaan Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes untuk menggambarkan model turbulensi dengan k-ε, dengan menggunakan aliran multiphase Euler yang diasumsikan air dan udara. Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DBFI) adalah modul yang mensimulasikan gerakan benda sebagai respon terhadap gaya yang diterapkan oleh kontinum fisika. DBFI heave dan pitch pada penelitian ini diasumsikan bergerak bebas untuk dapat menghitung gerakan kapal. Hasi penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa CFD dapat membantu dalam mempredisksi hambatan, trim dan kenaikan titik gravitasi.

ABSTRACT Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection have been reported as an obstacle of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) culture in Indonesia. However, understanding of the molecular characteristics of EHP species in Indonesia is not widely known. The aims of this study were to determine the identity and characters of DNA, and their phylogeny of EHP species from several different locations in Indonesia with specific references to 18S rRNA gene. The EHPs were collected from cultured P.vannamei from Lampung, Pangandaran, Sidoarjo, Banyuwangi, Probolinggo, Blitar, Makassar, and Lombok. Thirteen (13) samples were randomly selected to explore their gene characters through 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The primers used were EHP_F and EHP_1R. Parameter observed were DNA sequencing, nucleotide sequence homology with related available genes in the Gen Bank database, multiple sequence alignment, and reconstruction of genetic relationship trees. DNA sequence homology analysis showed that all samples had 99.89-100% similarity to Indian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (Accession Number MH259890.1 and MH260592.1). The alignment results illustrated that all EHP sequences of Indonesian isolates were 100% identical each other. The phylogenetic tree topology provided information that all sample accessions were in the same clade and spread evenly. The conclusion were that the Indonesian EHP species were identical (100%) and it could be said that they were genetically homogeneous. Keywords: Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, 18S rRNA gene, Indonesia.

Untuk mencukupi kebutuhan akan energi, diperlukan bahan bakar alternatif untuk dikembang- kan, salah satunya adalah bioetanol. Bioetanol adalah cairan kimia yang diperoleh dari bahan tanaman, buah atau bagian tanaman yang bergula, berpati dan berselulosa. Kulit nangka me- miliki kadar gula 14,752 %, di mana dari hasil uji pendahuluan, dengan penambahan Saccha- romyces cereviceae limbah tersebut dapat difermentasi dan menghasilkan bioetanol. Tujuan pe- nelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari variasi berat Saccharomyces cereviceae (yaitu 0%, 25%, 50% dan 75%) dan waktu fermentasi (yaitu 4,5 hari, 7,5 hari dan 10,5 hari) dari kulit nangka terhadap kadar bioetanol yang dihasilkan, dengan melakukan eksperimen dengan desain post test with control group. Kadar bioetanol tertinggi yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 5,63731 %, yaitu dari variasi berat Saccharomyces cereviceae 50% dan pada variasi waktu 7,5 hari. Hasil uji statistik dengan one way anova pada derajat kepercayaan 95%, menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan kadar bioetanol yang dihasilkan dari berbagai variasi berat Saccharomyces cereviceae dan waktu fermentasi yang diamati, adalah signifikan (p

Proses perlakuan panas normalizing dilakukan pada baja ST 46 yang merupakan baja tipe low carbon pada pemanasan 880ºC dengan variasi penahan panas 20 menit dan 40 menit dengan media pendingin udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan hasil kekuatan tarik, kekerasan dan mikrografi dari variasi penahan panas dengan menggunakan media pendinginan udara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa faktor penahanan panas (holding time) berpengaruh dalam nilai tarik, nilai kekerasan dan struktur mikfografi spesimen penelitian. Pada spesimen dengan waktu tahan 20 menit didapatkan nilai tegangan maksimal 334.61 MPa, nilai tegangan luluh sebesar 238.09 dan nilai regangan 8.9%. Sedangkan pada spesimen dengan waktu tahan 40 menit didapatkan nilai tegangan maksimal 328.72 MPa, nilai tegangan luluh sebesar 235.61 dan nilai regangan 31.33%. Pada pengujian kekerasan spesimen dengan waktu tahan 20 menit mempunyai nilai kekerasan 76.11 HRB sedangkan spesimen dengan waktu tahan 40 menit mempunyai nilai kekerasan 70.22 HRB. Dari hasil pengujian tarik dan kekerasan didapatkan bahwa spesimen dengan variasi waktu tahan 20 menit memiliki nilai kekerasan dan nilai tegangan maksimal lebih besar dari variasi penahanan waktu tahan 40 menit. Pada perlakuan panas normalizing dengan variasi 40 menit struktur mikrografinya menunjukkan fasa ferrite lebih dominan, dibandingkan variasi waktu tahan 20 menit.

Perkembangan teknologi dalam dunia perkapalan terjadi sangat pesat, mulanya kapal memiliki satu lambung (monohull), kemudian berkembang dengan munculnya kapal katamaran atau memiliki dua lambung, kapal katamaran memiliki banyak kelebihan dibanding dengan monohull mulai dari segi hambatan, olah gerak, dan lain-lain. Kapal katamaran akhirnya dikembangkan lagi dengan menjadikannya kapal hydrofoil yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi hambatan. Hydrofoil adalah sebuah kapal dengan bagian seperti sayap yang dipasang pada penyangga di bawah lambung kapal yang digunakan untuk mengangkat lambung kapal, pada saat kapal mencapai kecepatan tinggi yang menyebabkan pengurangan hambatan. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konfigurasi posisi foil yang menghasilkan gaya angkat paling besar serta hambatan yang paling kecil. Dalam melaksanakan penelitian ini penulis menggunakan program komputer berbasis Computational Fluid Dynamic(CFD) untuk penyelesaian masalah dari tujuan penelitian, Computational fluid dynamic(CFD) merupakan ilmu sains dalam penentuan penyelesaian numerik dinamika fluida.Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara menganalisa dan menghitung hambatan total kapal menggunakan model.Berdasarkan hasil analisa menggunakan software Tdyn 12.2.3.0 didapatkan nilai hambatan untuk berbagai variasi konfigurasi foil. Nilai hambatan total dapat diperkecil hingga 37,56%, nilai ini terjadi pada Froude Number 1,737 pada variasi konfigurasi Canard dengan konfigurasi 65%(aft) dan 35%(fore).

Penggunaan kayu untuk industri terus mengalami peningkatan baik untuk pemakain structural maupun non structural. Permintaan akan kayu tersebut tidak dapat terpenuhi akibat kurangnya kualitas kayu yang baik. Disisi lain pemanfaatan bambu selama ini belum optimal walapun hasil beberapa penelitian menunjukan bahwa bamboo memiliki kekuatan dan keunggulan dibandingkan dengan material bangunan lainya. Maka dilakukan penelitian tentang laminasi bambu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai kadar air, kerapatan, kuat Tarik, MOR, modulus elastisitas dari laminasi bambu petung kombinasi bambu apus akibat pengaruh suhu kempa (80°C, 100°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C). Dalam penelitian ini dibuat balok laminasi bambu petung kombinasi bambu apus untuk uji kuat tarik mengacu pada standar SNI 03-3399-1994 dan uji kuat lentur mengacu pada standar SNI 03- 3960- 1995. Hasil penelitian untuk untuk pengujian Tarik memiliki kadar air rata-rata 11.81 %, berat jenis terbesar 0.7294 g/cm³ untuk suhu kempa 140°C, kekuatan tarik rata-rata sebesar 97.84 Mpa untuk suhu kempa 120°C. untuk laminasi bambu untuk pengujian lentur memiliki nilai kadar air rata – rata sebesar 11.58%, berat jenis sebesar 0.7219 g/cm³ untuk suhu kempa 140°C, modulus of repture sebesar 101.59 Mpa untuk suhu kempa 140°C , modulus elastisitas 9171 Mpa untuk suhu kempa 140°C.

Pengaruh hasil sumber daya listrik yang dihasilkan dari mesin genset yaitu kemungkinan terjadinya lubang cacing dan retak, dan apabila arus yang terlalu rendah akan mengakibatkan kurangnya penembusan dan kemungkinan terak terperangkap tinggi, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan kekuatan dari sambungan lasan yang rendah. Pengujian pada sambungan pengelasan yang berbeda diameter elektroda dengan menggunakan mesin genset, akan diperoleh kekuatan tarik dan kekuatan impak maksimum dari masing-masing material uji dan dapat diketahui pemilihan diameter elektroda yang paling baik digunakan untuk masing-masing pelat. Pengelasan menggunakan jenis sambungan butt joint (single V-groove) dengan sudut 600, dengan diameter elektroda 3,2 mm dan 4 mm dengan tebal masing-masing material uji 8 mm dan 10 mm. Hasil pengujian didapatkan kuat tarik dari diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 443,747 N/mm2, diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 435,187 N/mm2, diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 447,23 N/mm2, dan diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 447,07 N/mm2. Hasil penelitian, modulus elastisitas dan tegangan luluh sama-sama memiliki kenaikan nilai, serta nilai pada regangan menurun. Sedangkan hasil pengujian impak didapatkan energi impak dari diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 90,67 Joule, diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 295,9 Joule, diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 44,91 Joule, dan diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 273,83 Joule.

Proses pengelasan yang di lakukan pada material aluminium 5083 yang banyak di gunakan pada industri perkapalan yang khususnya digunakan pada bagian konstruksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan antara pengelasan TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) dan MIG (Metal Iert Gas). Pengelasan ini dilakukan pada aluminium 5083 dengan jenis pengelasan TIG dan MIG dan jenis sambungan pengelasan single v butt joint 60o, dengan kekuatan arus sama yakni 200 A. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada pengujian tarik tingkat kekuatan pengelasan TIG lebih baik dan lebih optimal dibandingkan dengan pengelasan MIG. Pada pengujian bending jenis pengelasan MIG lebih baik dibandingkan dengan jenis pengelasan TIG. Pada arus yang sama yaitu 200 A memberikan kekuatan tarik yang lebih optimal dan lebih baik pada jenis pengelasan TIG. Sedangkan untuk pengujian bending dengan perlakuan yang sama menghasilkan tegangan lentur yang lebih tinggi pada pengelasan MIG dibandingkan dengan pengelasan TIG.

Bacterial diseases is frequently occur in catfish culture. The aim of this research was to find out the diversity of causative agent associated with bacterial diseases in catfish based on 16S rDNA gene sequences. The combination between exploratory in the field and experiment, method were applied. Seventeen isolates (D01–D17) were gained from kidney and external wound of moribound catfish with NA and GSP medium that were collected from fish pond of Demak Regency, Indonesia. Based on the postulat results showed that four isolates (D07, D10, D11 and D14) that were caused 10–55% of fishes get sick and 0–30% fishes mortal. On the other hand, there were 13 isolates do not cause both sick and mortality of fish. On the basis of sequence 16S rDNA analysis, the result showed that D07, D10, D11 and D14 were closely related to Aeromonas caviae (96%), Aeromonas veronii (97%.), Plesiomonas shigelloides (97%) and Pseudomonas putida (96%) respectively. The sensitivity test result indicated that these causative agents have not sensitively to some fish drugs test.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari distribusi tekanan dan penurunan tekanan pada aliran satu fase, melalui penampang pipa persegi dengan belokan (elbow) dan mengalami pengecilan saluran (sudden contraction) ditinjau dari berbagai sudut pandang. Rasio pengecilan saluran yang dipakai adalah S= 0.6, S = 0.667 dan S = 0.8 Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengalirkan fluida melalui rotameter sebelum masuk seksi uji. Kemudian, Debit aliran yang dipakai sebagai parameter yang divariasi dalam penelitian ini, yaitu 2 gpm, 4 gpm dan 8 gpm. Dengan mnggunakan fluida satu fase yang berupa air. Titik pengukuran tinggi tekanan diambil pada bagian dinding depan dan dinding samping seksi uji. Pada bagian depan seksi uji, diambil 15 titik pengukuran sebelum dinding kontraksi dan 15 titik pengukuran sesudah dinding kontraksi. Pada bagian dinding samping seksi uji, diambil 9 titik pengukuran sebelum dinding kontraksi dan 9 titik pengukuran sesudah dinding kontraksi. Penelitian menghasilkan bahwa setiap kenaikan kecepatan selalu diikuti dengan penurunan tekanan, begitu juga sebaliknya. Pada pipa (S) = 0,6 dengan debit 8gpm, sebelum kontraksi mempunyai kecepatan (v1)= 0.0683 m/s dan tekanan 109 Kg/m2 pada sumbu saluran (titik 3c), kemudian setelah melewati dinding kontraksi tekanan turun menjadi -30 Kg/m2 pada kecepatan aliran (v2)= 0.1896 m/s. Ketika aliran mendekati sudut belokan (90o ) terjadi peningkatan tekanan karena adanya perlambatan aliran. Debit aliran berpengaruh pada besarnya tekanan, semakin besar debit aliran semakin besar juga tekanan yang dapat di ukur. Pada debit aliran (Q) 4 GPM dalam saluran rasio 0,667, aliran masuk bertekanan 85 Kg/m2 ketika debit dinaikkan menjadi 8 GPM tekanan naik menjadi 133 Kg/m2. Namun semakin jauh posisi aliran dari dasar pipa maka akan semakin kecil tekanannya. Semakin besar luas penampang pipa maka akan semakin kecil Bilangan Reynoldsnya, untuk rasio pengecilan 0,6 pipa outlet (A= 0.0025m2) pada Q = 0.000171m3/det diperoleh harga Re = 3379.53795, pada rasio pengecilan 0,667 (A= 0.0016 m2) pada Q = 0.000171 m3/det diperoleh harga Re = 4224.42244 dan untuk rasio pengecilan 0,8 pipa outlet (A= 0.0016 m2) pada debit (Q) = 0.000171 m3/det diperoleh harga Re = 4224.42244. Bilangan Reynolds juga akan naik seiring dengan besarnya debit aliran.

This paper was a case study during the sabatical program at Kingston University London in February 2007. It has been studied by team of motorsport automotive department Kingston University London and it has been elaborated as a final project on Master Program. This study takes into account some of the issues surrounding the debate about alcohol fuels in Motorsport and the wider automotive sector and is primarily concerned to add data where there seems to be little existing research since Motorsport is a secretive business. Motorsport plays an important part in the automotive industry and is a sport enjoyed worldwide. Racing practice is regarded as using the best available resources and technology as it requires optimal performance. The racing arena gives engineers the opportunity to test valuable technological solutions to prove their merits. Therefore, racing is the natural starting point for introducing new technological solutions to the public and could lead to the wholesale conversion to renewable fuels to meet our automotive energy needs. Alcohol has unique properties that make superior in many ways to ordinary gasoline. The higher knock resistance allows for higher compression ratios to be utilized resulting in higher power outputs and thermal efficiency. The efficient use of energy is of growing concern in all spheres of life and the automotive sector needs to be front runner in these efforts.

This research explores human rights violations in Papua, focusing on the feasibility of international troop deployment as an intervention strategy against a backdrop of severe abuses such as extrajudicial killings and arbitrary arrests documented by organizations such as Amnesty International. The study aims to assess the potential role of international troops in safeguarding human rights and maintaining peace, using a qualitative methodology to analyze secondary data from human rights organizations and governmental sources to identify trends and challenges. The main contributions include highlighting gaps in existing interventions, proposing a conceptual framework for international troop deployment that considers legal, political, and ethical dimensions, and contextualizing issues of state sovereignty and regional diplomacy within the ASEAN framework. Specific findings indicate that while international troop deployment could enhance civilian protection and accountability, it faces significant barriers, including legal constraints related to international law, political resistance from local authorities and neighboring states, and ethical concerns such as the risk of escalating violence and undermining local governance. The study concludes by suggesting a balanced approach emphasizing dialogue, sustainable development, and cooperation within ASEAN to address human rights issues in Papua effectively.

Intake manifold merupakan salah satu komponen yang sangat penting. Fungsi intake manifold adalah untuk menghantar udara ke silinder atau ruang bakar, posisi dan sudut belokan pada runner sangat berpengaruh terhadap kesempurnaan pencampuran bahan bakar didalam silinder atau ruang bakar. Tujuan penelitian dalam tugas akhir ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan karakteristik aliran fluida, keseragaman pendistribusian aliran fluida dimasing-masing runner dan untuk mengetahui tingkat turbulensi aliran fluida pada silinder atau ruang bakar pada intake manifold standar dan setelah dimodifikasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan merubah geometri sudut runner intake manifold standar yang memiliki sudut 80o menjadi 65o. Desain pembuatan intake manifold dengan menggunakan software solidworks 2013. Dari hasil simulasi CFD didapat nilai-nilai kecepatan dan penurunan tekanan pada outlet dimasing-masing runner yang menunjukkan perbedaan antara intake manifold standar dan setelah dimodifikasi. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi menunjukkan perbedaan pusaran (vortex) yang terjadi didalam silinder atau ruang bakar antara intake manifold standar dan setelah dimodifikasi.

A Defence SOE Holding was formed called Defence Industry Indonesia (Defend ID) and PT Dahana (Persero) is one of the 4 (four) companies incorporated in this holding. To achieve Defend ID's target of becoming a Top 50 Defence Global Company, PT Dahana implements strategic management to increase its competitiveness and become a major player in the global defence industry. PT Dahana faces strategic challenges in the defence industry both at the internal, national and global levels. This research article uses a qualitative method with a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) framework, with the aim of obtaining a systematic assessment of PT Dahana's internal and external strategic factors. The research results obtained are that PT Dahana can utilize its strengths to overcome weaknesses and threats and take advantage of existing opportunities. By continuously strengthening strategies and innovations, PT Dahana is expected to continue to maintain and improve its position in the future.

This research examines the production management of self-propelled mortar carrier systems in supporting the independence of Indonesia's defense industry. In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 16 of 2012 on Defense Industry which aims to ensure that the fulfillment of defense and security equipment can be carried out independently. This research uses the theory of production and production management presented by E.L. Brech. The production system starts from inputs, which consist of information, management, equipment and workers, as well as raw materials and capital, which then get treatment in the form of transformation into outputs in the form of goods and services. This research uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Primary data is obtained through interviews and direct observation to related parties, while secondary data is obtained from literature studies, documents and other data. This research reveals that the production process at PT SAS Aero Sishan still requires improvement efforts to increase production effectiveness. This research underlines the importance of production management to optimize the resources owned through the production process so as to produce quality and superior products and services in order to realize the independence of the defense industry.

Abstrak Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi dilema keamanan dan implikasinya terhadap kebijakan pertahanan negara, yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi strategi resolusi yang efektif. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan data sekunder, penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh sejarah, mekanisme keterlibatan diplomatik, dan kemajuan teknologi di bidang pertahanan. Berdasarkan analisis sejarah, Dilema Keamanan mempengaruhi strategi pertahanan termasuk penangkalan nuklir dan perlombaan senjata selama Perang Dingin. Keterlibatan diplomatik melalui hotline militer, perjanjian pengendalian senjata, dan pertemuan bilateral merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam mengurangi ketegangan. Langkah-langkah ini menumbuhkan kepercayaan dan mengurangi kesalahpahaman, yang sangat penting untuk meningkatkan keamanan internasional. Selain itu, memanfaatkan teknologi pertahanan seperti sistem pertahanan rudal dan kemampuan siber terbukti penting dalam mencegah ancaman sekaligus meminimalkan agresi yang dirasakan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa transparansi, kepentingan bersama, dan komunikasi yang efektif sangat penting dalam mengelola teknologi ini untuk menghindari meningkatnya dilema keamanan. Sebagai kesimpulan, studi ini menggarisbawahi pentingnya strategi pertahanan yang seimbang yang mengintegrasikan inisiatif diplomatik dan teknologi maju untuk meningkatkan stabilitas dan mencegah konflik. Kata Kunci: dilema keamanan, kebijakan pertahanan negara, kemajuan teknologi, keterlibatan diplomasi

The Covid-19 pandemic and ongoing war between Russia-Ukraine have impacted global food security and had significant impact on global food supply disruption. These challanges has had significant impact on six key areas including food production, processing and storage; food transport and logistics; food markets; consumers; food-dependent services; and food quality. Europe and Africa are the regions that have been most significantly affected. The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine on the worldwide food security situation. The data underwent analysis and comprehensive examination from exsisting literature over the course of the year 2022. The study findings indicate that the Russia-Ukraine conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on global food supply disruptions. The ongoing conflict poses a threat to the realization of SDGs related to poverty, hunger, and responsible consumption and production. Therefore, governments can take public policy and education actions to address these challenges as strategic measures.

The Papua secessionist movement hinders Indonesia's stability efforts. The government has implemented measures, deploying intelligence for managing social crises as defined by Law 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management. The present study examines the separatist movement in Papua, its resultant societal upheaval, and the crucial role of intelligence in mitigating this societal crisis. The study explores applying Human-Made Disaster Intelligence, using AI and data tech, to mitigate risks in the Papua case. This study employs a literature review with 26 sources to explore challenges posed by separatist and terrorist movements in Papua. Data is gathered from official sources, excluding personal websites and social media. The study was conducted from January to March 2023. Data analysis utilizes descriptive narratives to qualitatively explore separatist and terrorist movements, social disasters, intelligence, and the Papua region. The research findings demonstrate that the separatist movement in Papua has resulted in a significant societal calamity, causing conflicts, casualties, and economic challenges. Man-made disaster intelligence is proposed to manage social disasters by collecting and analyzing data related to separatist activities. Intelligence plays a crucial role in detecting and mitigating risks associated with separatism, offering preventive and remedial measures. Challenges include limited resources and the need for collaboration among intelligence agencies. Strategic measures to enhance intelligence involve increased resources, collaboration, transparency, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for data analysis. The complexity of using AI in countering separatist movements requires careful consideration of data sources, collection methods, and reliability measures.

Since Indonesia gained independence in 1945, security dynamics have been intricately linked with conflict. The emergence of separatist movements, such as the Free Papua Movement or Free Papua Organization (Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM), has significantly disrupted Indonesia’s stability. This study aims to analyze the actions undertaken by OPM in their quest for independence, utilizing the perspective of the Montevideo Convention of 1933. Employing a qualitative descriptive research methodology, this research relies on secondary data from a literature review focused on the Papua region. The study reveals several key findings: The size and stability of a population are critical factors for the existence of a state. West Papua, with a population of 1.15 million, plays a pivotal role. The establishment of well-defined territories is crucial for distinguishing and representing nations. The proposed establishment of the Republic of West Papua has garnered support and recognition from nations like Vanuatu. Moreover, the Republic of West Papua actively engages in international organizations such as UNPO. Establishing and exercising effective government control over a nation’s territory is essential for asserting sovereignty and maintaining independence. This is exemplified by the Papua National Manifesto and the declaration of Papua’s independence in 1961. Building and maintaining relationships with other countries necessitate active participation in the global community. International recognition and support play pivotal roles in achieving long-term political goals. Challenges related to democracy, human rights, and environmental issues pose significant hurdles to Indonesia’s diplomatic relations. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle offers a framework for preventing mass atrocities and holding state actors accountable for crimes against humanity. International cooperation and dialogue are imperative in addressing these complex issues and safeguarding the well-being of affected populations.

The success of a research is highly dependent on the method adopted, especially research related to dangerous and expensive matters which will certainly require special handling in the development or maintenance steps. One of them is research related to space technology such as aviation and rocketry technology, which is very dependent on the design model of the flying vehicle and, in general, will always use simulation to ensure that the entire system being built is carried out safely and can be implemented properly according to plan. In the development of the prototype flying vehicle, especially the development of the avionics and flight control system, the vehicle will go through sequential simulation steps from Software in the Loop Simulation (SILS), Hardware in the Loop Simulation (HILS), and Ready-to-Fly System (RTFS). In this paper, the simulation steps will be described with the intention of facilitating integration and testing of each sub-system being developed, testing the control strategy applied or eliminating bugs if something goes wrong. In the end, with a series of flying vehicle simulations, it can be developed quickly and cost-effectively, including saving human resources.

This study delves into an unconventional method for combating radicalism, namely through the use of comedy or humor, with cases drawn from Indonesia and Jordan. It suggests that comedy can serve as a means of easing societal tensions and countering extremist ideologies. Utilizing a qualitative approach through literature review, the research highlights the efficacy of humor in combating extremism, particularly evidenced in the Jordanian context. This success suggests that humor could become a potent tool in the global fight against radicalism. This perspective is in line with a growing acknowledgment of the importance of non-traditional mediums, such as humor, in comprehensive strategies to combat radical ideologies, as demonstrated in a study focused on countering theTaliban. Moreover, the study identifies a lack of significant attention to the role of comedy in preventing radicalism in Indonesia. It predicts that in the future, entities such as the Indonesian Ministry of Defense and the national counter-terrorism agency may incorporate comedy or humor as a proactive measure against radicalism. The implications of this research extend to educational reforms, highlighting the need for multifaceted strategies to address the complex challenges posed by radicalism in diverse societies. The study utilizes a qualitative research method, employing a literature review approach to gather insights and evidence from existing studies and sources. It finds that comedy has been successful in combating extremism, especially in Jordan as the case. Additionally, it highlights a limited focus on the role of comedy in preventing radicalism in Indonesia.The research resulted that humor is able to become a potent weapon in the global battle against extremism. It anticipates that organizations like the Indonesian Ministry of Defense and the national counter-terrorism agency may adopt comedy as a proactive measure against early stage of radicalism in the future. Moreover, it underscores the necessity for comprehensive strategies, including educational reforms, to tackle the complexities of radicalism in varied societies.

This research explores the role of private military companies (PMCs) in defense policy and military operations. This research utilizes a qualitative approach, primarily relying on secondary data sources such as government reports, academic articles, and legal documents. The findings highlight PMCs' diverse legal and regulatory landscape, including international conventions and national legislation. These frameworks aim to provide oversight and accountability for the activities of PMCs, addressing their status, recruitment, and operational limitations. Furthermore, the study highlights the ethical considerations associated with using PMCs, such as human rights abuses, transparency, and accountability issues. Lastly, it uncovers the geopolitical implications of relying on PMCs, including the potential erosion of state sovereignty, regional power dynamics, and the risk of conflict escalation.

Pak choy is rich in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamin K, all essential for health. Pak choy requires a proper balance of nutrients for optimal growth. In a hydroponic system, any imbalance in nutrient levels can negatively impact plant growth and reduce the nutritional value stored in the tissues. Selecting suitable varieties and providing appropriate calcium treatment can help increase calcium content and enhance productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of calcium concentration on growth, yield, and Ca content and the most responsive varieties to increased calcium concentration. The research design used was a Split Plot Design with two factors, namely calcium nitrate concentration (k) as the main plot consisting of k0 = without addition of Ca(NO3)2, k1 = addition of 300 mg/L Ca(NO3)2, k2 = addition of 600 mg/L Ca(NO3)2, k3 = addition of 900 mg/L Ca(NO3)2, and k4 = addition of 1200 mg/L Ca(NO3)2. Varieties (v) as subplots consist of v1 = Masbro, v2 = Nauli F1, and v3 = Flamingo. The results showed that the Nauli F1 variety had the best effect on the number of leaves, growth rate index, and fresh weight of shoots. Adding 900 mg/L of calcium nitrate had the best impact on plant growth, while adding 1200 mg/L of calcium nitrate caused plant poisoning. The Masbro variety was responsive to Ca biofortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]