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Analytical methods based on digital images coupled to chemometric tools are promising alternatives for developing analytical methodologies in determining quality parameters in foods. The total phenolics, monomeric anthocyanins, and tannin content were quantified based on digital images and pseudo-univariate calibration performed from Independent Components Analysis (ICA). Differences between ICA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS), highlighting the chosen ICA for this proposal, were explained. In all pseudo-univariate calibration curves, correlation coefficients higher than 0.9 were achieved. The results suggest that digital images coupled with ICA can give applicable pseudo-univariate calibration models to determine bioactive compounds. Even more, the device to obtain an image is cheaper than most analytical instruments. Digital images may have a promising future in developing analytical methodologies for complex samples such as foods from a pseudo-univariate calibration perspective (where a small data set is needed in the calibration step).

This study investigated the effect of the solvent composition on the extraction of phenolic compounds from teff grains and compared the efficiency between the techniques homogeniser‐assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The solvents used were water, ethanol and methanol, and the response analysed was the total phenolic content (TPC). The quantitative profile of polyphenols extracted was also determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐TQD). According to the optimisation, the maximum response was estimated at solvent ratios of 51:40:9 and 49:26:25 (water/ethanol/methanol, v/v/v) for HAE and UAE, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the extraction technique did not significantly influence the TPC extracted, but the TFC (total flavonoid content) and the antioxidant capacity were significantly higher when UAE was used. The phenolic acids p‐coumaric and protocatechuic and the flavonoids quercetin, rutin and myricetin were the main polyphenols extracted. Both techniques studied were efficient in extracting polyphenols from whole teff grains.

The olive oil consumption has spread worldwide, increasing the necessity of quality assessment, and so forth, the search for new, alternative, and rapid data interpretation has started, boosting the interest and the use of data fusion that seek for an integration of results from different techniques or methodologies for the same data set. To better understand the storage effects on the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil, data fusion was applied in the classical and alternative analysis, highlighting the similarities and differences between the techniques, assisting in the result interpretation. This perspective and strategy bring development to food chemistry analysis.

Background and Aims The current methods for measuring the anthocyanin concentration (AC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of grape juice have limitations. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the application of digital imaging as a simple, fast and low‐cost method for determining AC and AA in juice. Methods and Results The AC and AA of 75 grape juice samples were measured using reference methods and then correlated against digital images of 200 dpi resolution obtained with a scanner, using partial least squares regression. The samples were separated with the Kennard–Stone algorithm into calibration sets (50 samples) and external validation sets (25 samples). The models used for the quantification of AC and AA presented a root mean square error of calibration of 8.8 mg/L and 9.8 μmol and a root mean square error of prediction of 7.5 mg/L and 8.0 μmol, respectively. The correlation coefficients for the adjustment were 0.8479 and 0.9258 for the models in the determination of AC and AA, respectively. Conclusions Digital imaging and multivariate calibration can be used to measure efficiently selected parameters of grape juice composition. Significance of the Study Analytical methods based on digital imaging offer promising alternatives to conventional methods, since they are fast, simple, non‐destructive and employ little or no chemical reagents, thereby reducing analysis costs and facilitating in situ analysis.

This work shows an alternative methodology based on a portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled to independent components analysis (ICA) in a pseudo-univariate calibration way to determine total anthocyanins (TA) concentration and antioxidant activity (AA) in whole grape juice. To this, the scores proportions more related to TA and AA were plotted against TA and AA obtained by its respective references methodology to build pseudo-univariate calibration models with correlation coefficients of 0.9699 and 0.9814, respectively. From the results, it is possible the suggestion that NIR spectra coupled to ICA enable to overcome interferences using first-order data and work properly when there is enough selectivity for the analyte profile in the sample data.

The use of chemometric tools is progressing to scientific areas where analytical chemistry is present, such as food science. In analytical food evaluation, oils represent an important field, allowing the exploration of the antioxidant effects of herbs and seeds. However, traditional methodologies have some drawbacks which must be overcome, such as being time-consuming, requiring sample preparation, the use of solvents/reagents, and the generation of toxic waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect provided by plant-based substances (directly, or as extracts), including pumpkin seeds, poppy seeds, dehydrated goji berry, and Proven&ccedil, al herbs, against the oxidation of antioxidant-free soybean oil. Synthetic antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene were also considered. The evaluation was made through thermal degradation of soybean oil at different temperatures, and near-infrared spectroscopy was employed in an n-way mode, coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) to extract nontrivial information. The results for PARAFAC indicated that factor 1 shows oxidation product information, while factor 2 presents results regarding the antioxidant effect. The plant-based extract was more effective in improving the frying stability of soybean oil. It was also possible to observe that while the oxidation product concentration increased, the antioxidant concentration decreased as the temperature increased. The proposed method is shown to be a simple and fast way to obtain information on the protective effects of antioxidant additives in edible oils, and has an encouraging potential for use in other applications.

Digital images associated with chemometric tools, in a non-destructive approach, have been applied for the evaluation of the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil. Independent component analysis (ICA) was employed in the image data evaluation of olive oils produced from distinctive olive varieties, and it was successful in highlighting the natural grouping among the samples based on the color histograms (red, green and blue (RGB) channels). The study’s proposal indicates the ability of accurate separation of the twenty-four samples considering their color. To conclude and support the hypothesis, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in the visible spectra of the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil, to observe the similarities between the samples, and the results are in agreement with those obtained by image analysis coupled with ICA. This method demonstrates the possibility for the characterization of olive oils respecting the principles of Green Chemistry.

“Queijo de Nisa” is a traditional Portuguese cheese, granted with PDO label, produced with raw ewe’s milk in which the aqueous extract of cardoon flower Cynara cardunculus L. is the only coagulant allowed. As in similar cheeses with no use of starter cultures or pasteurisation, the quality and food safety are depending on prevention, high hygienic standards and a proper manufacturing process. This study investigated the use of computer vision as novel method for the evaluation of gas holes in Queijo de Nisa in three different ripening dates (0, 15 and 35 days). A total of 48 samples were produced using cardoon flower from three different origins (C1, C2 and C3) and a commercial vegetable coagulant (C4). The results presented a high correlation between image-dependent attributes and physical–chemical properties during ripening time, especially within the first 15 days of ripening time, where major structural changes were observed inside the Queijo de Nisa cheese. Principal component analysis presented a strong correlation (p

Gluten-free biscuits were developed with the addition of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) and turmeric powder. An experimental design 2(2) were employed in the formulation optimization that promotes better sensory acceptance through acceptance test with a hedonic scale of 9 points. For characterization purposes, the centesimal composition from chia seeds and the turmeric powder were determined. The biscuits were produced from an optimized formulation with and without chia seeds and turmeric powder with microbiological results safe for consumption by evaluation Salmonella sp., positive coagulase Staphylococcus, and Coliforms to 45 °C. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used in the investigation of sensory results (color, flavor, texture, smell, appearance, overall impression). It was also considered the habits of consuming food with/without gluten, purchase intentions, including age and gender. The results show that there is no distinction between the biscuits with the addition of chia seeds and turmeric powder. A statistical test using the confidence ellipse confirms that there no significant difference, at a 95% confidence level, among the sensory results for the biscuits with and without chia seeds and turmeric powder.

Samples of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) were degreased by cold pressing and the residue obtained named degreased chia seeds (DCS) had the antioxidants extract obtained. A 22 experimental design was employed in order to evaluate the factors ethanol concentration and extraction time. The optimized conditions were extraction time 15 min with ethanol 70% where the activity (RSA), evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) method was 94.76%. For this extract, the total phenolics content was 359.64 mg EGA/100 g. A pseudo-univariate calibration model is proposed as an alternative methodology to determine the %RSA by using the relative concentration from multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) from near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the antioxidant extract from DCS. The results suggest the possibility of %RSA determination directly from NIR spectra from extracts from DCS by using the multivariate resolution method MCR-ALS.

Subcritical fluid extraction using propane and cosolvent was performed to recover palm oil from mesocarp of different palm fruit species, and compared to Bligh and Dyer method. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of pressure, temperature, and proportion of ethanol, as cosolvent, on the extraction yield. A Box–Behnken design was applied to develop the model and to predict the optimum condition. The highest experimental yield, on a dry basis (db), obtained by subcritical extraction was 47.43% for caiaue, 73.97% for African palm and 66.26% for interspecific hybrid, in the condition of 80 bar, 60 °C and 6% ethanol. These yields were close to those recovered by the Bligh and Dyer method. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the subcritical extraction allowed to extract the oil present on the surface of the particles and inside them. The kinetic behavior was represented satisfactorily by the Sovova mathematical model.

The extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a certain oxidation resistance when compared to other vegetable oils without refining process, due to their large composition of monounsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and bio-compounds. The main of this research was to evaluate and monitor the behavior of autoxidative processes through the storage time in two packaging systems of different EVOO monovarietals produced in Minas Gerais, Brazil by using ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) with multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR–ALS). We analyzed six EVOOs produced from different monovarietals (Arbequina, Empeltre, Coratina, Grappolo, Koroneiki, and Maria da Fe), over the course of 1 year, performed the analysis in times 0, 30, 90, 180, and 365 days, and storage in glass bottles and tinplate cans. The UV–Vis spectroscopy coupled with MCR–ALS was a feasible tool to monitor autoxidation processes in EVOO through storage time and in the monitoring of the EVOO quality in different package systems. The glass bottles were a package system that provides more protection for the autoxidation processes with the time for the EVOO from monovarietals Empeltre, Arbequina, and Coratina. In addition, it was possible to make a differentiation between the monovarietal olive oils produced in Brazil by observing the amount of phenolic compounds present in the chemical composition of each oil. Allowing gather information about the formation of oxidative products may correlate with the shelf life of the EVOO.

As relações entre agricultores familiares e poder público tornaram-se mais próximas a partir de políticas públicas que estimularam a criação de espaços de participação social, como o PRONAF, em 1996 e o Programa Territórios da Cidadania, em 2008. Nota-se que essas políticas são criadas como resultante das lutas e reivindicações por garantia de direitos (como acesso à terra, à cidadania e ao desenvolvimento econômico etc.) e por avanços na construção e implementação de instrumentos de políticas públicas voltadas ao fortalecimento dos atores locais, particularmente os agricultores familiares. A partir da discussão sobre os efeitos de diferentes arranjos institucionais na formulação, implementação e resultado das políticas, este artigo foca no aspecto da participação como um dos fatores identificados como central para a produção de inovação, legitimidade, baixo conflito social e efetividade dos programas e ações estatais. Os dados são oriundos de pesquisas feitas no Território Mato Grande/RN e no Território Portal da Amazônia/MT. Os principais resultados deste estudo de caso confirmam em parte as observações verificadas nos estudos sobre arranjos institucionais. Com especial destaque para a identificação dos gargalos para uma participação efetiva observou-se que: há ausência de participação de atores não organizados e/ou de comunidades tradicionais e de minorias apesar destes serem afetados pelas políticas em questão; ausência de representantes dos governos municipais como interlocutores e potenciais apoiadores de soluções institucionais locais; uma recorrente falta de condições operacionais mínimas para garantir a diversidade e regularidade da participação. Ainda assim, do ponto de vista dos participantes, há um aprendizado institucional que promove o exercício democrático e de cidadania.

Diffusion of Policies, Practices and Social Technologies in Brazil * (Faria, Carlos Aurelio Pimenta de; Coelho, Denilson Bandeira, and Jard da Silva, Sidney (eds). Difusao de Politicas Publicas. Sao Bernardo do Campo: Publisher UFABC, 2016)It is a welcoming introduction to the Brazilian academic community the arrival of the book 'Public Policy Diffusion', edited by Professors Faria, Coelho and Jard da Silva. As it is stated in the opening pages of the book, the use of diffusion models is very incipient in Brazil in comparison to the level of knowledge accumulation in the international literature, especially in the USA. In this sense, it is an admirable effort to gather together ten chapters not only discussing the dissemination and adoption of public policies but also presenting a diverse collection in terms of perspectives and models possible to be used as an analytical reference.But, in my view, this book could also be read as attempted explanations for the adoption of policies, practices and ideas in the Brazilian case. With the exception of the first chapter (by COELHO), which discusses analytical tools of this literature, nine out of the ten chapters include Brazil in their analysis, either as a single case or in comparison to other Latin American countries and worldwide. Although it is not the purpose of the editors, I could not avoid making connections among chapters thinking about possible general findings for the Brazilian case, which I will discuss further on.For the unfamiliar reader, the phenomenon of policy diffusion could be summarized in the following puzzle: why and how some policies get to be considered as 'good practices' and adopted by other governments?Let us first say that diffusion or transference of policies is not something neww in policy systems. What is new is an academic interest to study the phenomenon and to extract regular patterns for explanation. One thing, then, is to show policies, practices or social technologies being spread or disseminated among governments, but something quite different is to attempt to explain why and how this happens in the attempt of constructing theories of policy diffusion, transfer or, more generally, learning.Some models of explanations, concepts and types of mechanisms that could produce diffusion are presented and discussed. Although there is no unity in the use and applications of the analytical tools and concepts among authors, it is possible to extract some basic features of policy diffusion models.We learn that countries or subnational governments may 01. innovate, that is, adopt a new policy, program or practice; 02. emulate (adapting the original policy to local contexts and objectives) or 03. copy the original policy (associated with coercion). Innovation does not equate to invention as it is understood as "a program that is new to the government adopting it" (BERRY and BERRY, 2007). These are pioneering experiences that may lead to the spreading or adoption by other governments. Emulation does not equate to copying. It means that local conditions and actors will play a role by adapting the original policy to their own needs and beliefs. The case of copying the original policy without adaptation, argue some of the authors, would be more common in countries that do not have enough bureaucratic/state capacity and it is normally associated with the adoption of certain practices as a condition for loans from international agencies. Hence the label 'coercion' for this type of mechanism in which governments do not have, really, much of a choice.Countries may also be analyzed as 'importers' or 'exporters' of policy innovation as some of the authors argue.Based on the readings of the Brazilian case presented throughout the book, one learns that Brazil (also valid for other Latin American countries) has 'imported' and/or diffused domestically the ideas of economic liberalization, regulatory agencies after privatization (chapter by JORDANA), new models of reforming Public Pension (by JARDIM and JARD DA SILVA) and also models of administrative/management reforms (by ABRUCIO, SANO and SEGATTO; and also by PALOTTI, PEREIRA and CAMOES). …

A partir da discussão sobre o grau de efetividade da participação social na formulação de políticas públicas, este artigo apresenta um caso de sucesso em que parte das demandas de movimentos sociais entra na agenda governamental e se torna uma política. Para fazer a análise do Plano Juventude Viva – uma política com foco nos homicídios de jovens negros e no racismo institucional –, o estudo adota uma estratégia analítica que combina teorias de movimentos sociais e participação com teorias sobre políticas públicas. O histórico de construção dessa agenda temática pelos ativistas de movimentos e dos apoios recebidos revela como o problema dos homicídios de jovens negros se tornou uma pauta prioritária em fóruns participativos. Em seguida, o artigo mostra o momento em que se abre uma janela política, gerando uma oportunidade para ativistas, na burocracia estatal, de explorar a inserção dessa temática na agenda governamental. A análise da configuração institucional da arena decisória no governo e dos atores ali presentes, por fim, explica a política final adotada e seu conteúdo. A contribuição da análise institucional para a explicação da efetividade é um achado que sugere uma possibilidade analítica para a agenda de pesquisa sobre participação e políticas públicas. THE BLACK SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN THE FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENTAL AGENDA: a case study of the Plano Juventude VivaBased on studies analyzing social participation effectiveness into public policy formulation, this article presents a case of success in which part of the demands from social movements were adopted as a government policy. In order to analyze the “Young Persons Living Plan” – a policy focusing on the high levels of homicide among young black people in Brazil and on institutional racism – this study adopts an analytical strategy which combines theories of social movement and participation with public policy theories. The historical construction of this issue by social movement activists and also the support received by other political actors reveals how the issue of homicide among black youths became a priority agenda in participatory forums. Subsequently, the article shows the moment where a political window is opened which produced an opportunity for activists inside the state bureaucracy to explore the entering of the issue into the government agenda. Finally, the analysis of the institutional configuration of the decision-making arena within the government apparatus and of the political actors involved in the process explains the final public policy adopted and its substantive content. The contribution of the adopted institutionalist perspective to explain effectiveness is considered to be a useful finding for the research agenda on participation and public policies.Keywords: Social movements. Social participation effectiveness. Decision-making arenas. Young Persons Living Plan Brazil. Multiple streams model. LE MOUVEMENT SOCIAL NOIR DANS LA FORMATION DE L’AGENDA GOUVERNEMENTAL: une étude de cas du Plano Juventude VivaA partir de la discussion sur le degré d’efficacité de la participation sociale dans la formulation de la politique publique, cet article présente un exemple de réussite où une partie des revendications des mouvements sociaux sont entrées dans le programme du gouvernement et devenues une politique. Pour ce faire, l’analyse du Plan Jeunesse Viva – une politique axée sur les homicides chez les jeunes noirs et le racisme institutionnel – notre recherche adopte une stratégie d’analyse qui combine les théories des mouvements sociaux et de la participation avec les théories des politiques publiques. L’histoire de la construction de ce programme thématique par les militants des mouvements et le soutien reçu révèle comment le problème des homicides des jeunes noirs est devenu une priorité au programme des forums participatifs. Ensuite, l’article montre à quel moment le politique s’ouvre à la revendication, créant ainsi une opportunité pour les militants appartenant à la bureaucratie d’Etat de mettre cette question à l’ordre du jour du gouvernement. L’analyse de l’organisation institutionnelle de la structure de prise de décision au sein du gouvernement ainsi que des acteurs présents, explique la politique finale adoptée et son contenu. L’objet de l’analyse institutionnelle que nous avons aadoptée pour expliquer l’efficacité est de trouver ce que suggère une capacité d’analyse à la recherche d’ordre du jour sur la participation et la politique publique.Mots-clés: Mouvements sociaux. Efficacité de la participation sociale. Arénas de décision. Plan Jeunesse Viva Brésil. Modèle de flux multiples.

In order to provide an effective and environmentally correct alternative for oil extraction, subcritical n-propane was used under different temperature and pressure conditions to obtain Brazil nut oil. The composition of the oil was determined and compared to the oils obtained by conventional methods. The result of the extraction yield obtained using subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) at 60 oC, 6 MPa and granulometry < 1.40 mm (63.13%) presented minor differences to the yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction (SE) (68.44%) and Bligh and Dyer extraction (BD) (59.54%). The composition in fatty acids was similar regardless of the method of extraction used. Oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found in the oils extracted by SE and BD while they were not detected in the oils extracted by SFE. The quantity of bioactive compounds was higher in the oils obtained by SFE. Thus, the SFE using n-propane preserves the nutritional characteristics and lipophilic components of the oil, besides improving the availability of bioactive compounds from an effective “green extraction” without the use of toxic solvents.

This research described sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread (GFB) enriched with teff and yacon flour (YF) using flash profile (FP) and common dimension analysis (ComDim). The addition of TF and YF (up to 35%) maintained the sensory attributes. GFB enriched with YF was described by white color, aroma, and taste of white flour, softness and sour aroma. GFB enriched with YF and TF was described by brown color, rougher and aerated texture, wholemeal flour aroma and bitter taste. ComDim explained 96.9% of the total variance with the first three common dimensions (CD). CD1 and CD3 were able to correctly discriminate the products. FP allowed a quick description of the set of products and ComDim proving to be a good alternative to statistical analysis of the data. This study highlights the potential use of TF and YF for the production of gluten‐free products with adequate sensory quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Considering that the development of gluten‐free products with adequate technological, nutritional, and sensorial properties represents the main challenge for food technology, this study evaluated the descriptive sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread enriched with teff (TF) and yacon flour (YF) using flash profile (FP) technique. FP is a descriptive sensory method that has the main advantage of the elimination of the training phase of the assessors, which makes it faster and more advantageous. Usually, the results from this method are analyzed by generalized procrustes analysis. In this research, the results of the sensory description were analyzed using common dimension analysis (ComDim). The addition of TF and YF to the product is viable as it improves its nutritional composition. Furthermore, ComDim assigns different weights (saliences) to the evaluator in each dimension, allowing a differentiated analysis of its importance, proving to be a good alternative to the statistical analysis for FP.

Sacha inchi is an oilseed crop that shows high oil content and it is an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Temperature and pressure can influence in lipid composition on the subcritical extraction with n -propane. The highest extraction yield obtained was 30% under the conditions of 60 °C and 12 MPa. The extracted oil presented 442 mg of fatty acid g −1 in terms of alpha linolenic acid. Analysis by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry showed a typical TAG (Triacylglycerols) profile for Sacha inchi oil with major ions of m / z (mass-to-charge ratio) 895 (ALA-ALA-ALA), 897 (ALA-ALA-LA), 899 (ALA-LA-LA) and 901 (LA-LA-LA or OL-LA-ALA) in a form of adduct of [TAG + Na] + , in which ALA is alfa linoleic acid, LA is linoleic acid and OL is oleic acid. The phytosterols content (86.39–101.92 mg 100 g −1 of total lipids) varied according to the conditions applied for the n -propane extraction. In general, the subcritical fluid extraction with n -propane was found to preserve the important Sacha inchi oil bioactive constituents, that is, fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phytosterols. Regression analysis also showed that higher temperatures and pressures result in higher yields of phytosterols.

Araucaria angustifolia is a conifer belonging to the Araucariaceae family, whose seeds, which are known as “pinhao”, are consumed as food. We evaluated the proximal composition of these seeds endosperms ( in natura ). The values of moisture, ash, crude protein, total lipids, total fibers, and other carbohydrates were 43.70%, 1.50%, 3.42%, 1.67%, 1.29%, and 48.42%, respectively. The total lipids were extracted using subcritical n -propane and the yields and chemical composition of oils were compared to Soxhlet method. The extraction yields showed no statistical difference ( p

Cashew nuts in natura were crushed and subjected to lipid extraction using pressurized propane. There was variation in the temperature (30–60°C) and percentage of the cosolvent ethanol (0–6 %) using a 2² factorial design with central point in three replicates. The lipid composition was determined and compared to the composition of the ethereal extract obtained by Soxhlet method (SE). The amount of oil extracted ranged from 19.2 to 33.1 %. The extraction performed under the conditions of 8 MPa, 60°C using 6 % ethanol corresponded to 83.7 % of the total lipids. The higher the temperature and percentage of ethanol in the propane, the higher the extraction yield. Thirteen fatty acids were quantified, among them, oleic and linolenic acid were predominant. Tocopherols and sitosterol were higher in the oils obtained using pressurized propane and ethanol. The mathematical model of Sovova was adjusted to the kinetic curves of extraction and represented them satisfactorily.

This aim of this study was to characterize five varieties of avocado for their proximal composition, physical properties, fatty acids composition, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids and minerals. Quintal variety presented the best result for total lipids, physical properties, carotenoids and minerals. All the varieties presented a predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids (60%). The major monounsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid. Among the varieties analyzed, Breda variety had greater activity results for FRAP (145%) and DPPH (1.1200 µmol TE/g) assays, Quintal had higher values for ABTS analysis, Ouro Verde presented better results for ORAC assay (23%), and Margarida had the best result for L-ORAC analysis (200 µmol ET/g).

RESUMO: Nos países outrora chamados de terceiro mundo, hoje apelidados “países emergentes” e/ou “países periféricos e semiperiféricos”, surgem experiências inovadoras, de caráter contra-hegemónico, cujos projetos de educação superior se situam em uma perspectiva de equidade e justiça sociais incluindo os grupos sociais historicamente marginalizados e afastados do direito à educação superior. O texto que se apresenta pretende desvelar e reflectir sobre a estrutura institucional que sustenta um novo modelo de educação superior no Brasil, particularmente na Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC). Os processos de democratização dos países, acompanhados de políticas direcionadas para o investimento em novas instituições de educação superior (IES), permitiram uma diversidade considerável no que diz respeito aos novos públicos estudantis. As universidades, tradicionalmente reservadas às elites, abriram-se a novos estudantes, de diferentes dimensões de gênero, etnia, classe social e gerações. Essa abertura criou desafios e expectativas quanto à democratização da educação superior, à inclusão da diversidade cultural e epistemológica, à promoção da interculturalidade e à descolonização das relações de poder e de conhecimento. Algumas políticas de experimentação institucional merecem referência particular. No Brasil, a acção dos governos pós-neoliberais de Lula e Dilma também se centrou na criação de universidades populares, apresentando perfis diferenciados e respondendo a objetivos específicos de ação política. A primeira delas foi a UFABC, cuja matriz institucional constitui objeto do nosso estudo. Centrar-nos-emos em uma pesquisa documental de caráter qualitativo utilizando a análise de discurso na perspectiva de N. Fairclough com o objetivo de inferir as linhas estruturantes do novo modelo de educação superior com foco específico nos fundamentos conceituais, no modelo pedagógico e nos princípios reguladores da prática pedagógica. Sendo um novo modelo de educação superior que promove a interdisciplinaridade e a inclusão da diversidade social, cultural e epistemológica tendo em vista a promoção da justiça cognitiva, pretendemos saber quais os fundamentos epistemológicos que sustentam a matriz institucional da UFABC e que regulam toda a actividade académica da instituição e suas relações com a sociedade. Uma das conclusões do estudo aponta para algumas contradições entre os discursos e as práticas.

The investigation of the distribution of antioxidant compounds between emulsions phases, employing natural sources of these compounds directly in the emulsions, is rarely addressed. The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), combined with accelerated oxidation tests and oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), using the fluorescein (FL) decay curve (ORACFL) assay, enable an improved evaluation of the distribution of the antioxidant compounds and their lipid protection abilities. The lipid protection tendency observed was in agreement with the polar paradox theory. The ORACFL results reported here are higher than other reported in the literature, even when performing a sample extraction directly into one of the emulsion phases, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of this direct addition regarding the antioxidant activity. The analysis of the mass spectra of the emulsions enabled to verify the existence and distribution of some phenolic compounds in both phases. The direct extraction in the aqueous and oil phases of the emulsion increased, in a general way, the amount of identified compounds in each phase.

A complete factorial design (2(3)) was used to determine the influence of chia mucilage concentration (CM), locust bean gum (LBG) and base maturation time (BMT) on 14 formulations of goat milk frozen dessert. Chia mucilage was obtained by chia grain hydration (1:40) under stirring for 2 h, at 80 °C and pH of 9.0. The samples were centrifuged, as well as lyophilised to compare yields. The extraction yield of lyophilised CM was lower than 10%. The addition of LBG and CM at higher levels, influenced by BMT, increased the moisture content and the apparent viscosity of the base mixture. These formulations presented higher values for texture and lower of overrun due to the difficulty of incorporating and stabilising bubbles during whipping and freezing processes. The melting rate was also dependent on the variables analysed, and a delay in melting was observed, even in the formulations with lower fat content. CM increased the luminosity parameter proportionally to its content and provided a significant reduction of fat (up to 3.10 g 100 g(−1)) and energy value. The application of CM reduced the texture value, which was an interesting technological characteristic for frozen dessert.

The quality of vegetable oils is related to the presence of bioactive compounds, in which its contents may vary according to the extraction process. This study aimed to evaluate a clean technology for sesame oil extraction by enzymatic aqueous extraction, comparing to conventional extraction methods, such as pressing and solvent, in relation to the composition of bioactive lipophilic compounds. Two enzymes were used: Pectinex Ultra SPL and Alcalase 2.4L, and three factors were evaluated: concentration of enzymes (mL 100 mL−1), sample/water ratio (g mL−1) and extraction time (hours) through a 23 factorial design with center point in triplicate. The results showed variations in extraction yield and composition. The sesame oil extracted using enzymes showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the DPPH and L-ORAC (against peroxyl radical) assays, 128,54 and 349,98 μmol Trolox g−1 of oil, respectively, as well a higher content of total phytosterols (249 mg 100 g−1 of oil), total polyunsaturated and omega-6 fatty acids. No significant difference in γ-tocopherol content was observed, by Tukey test (p

This article discusses the reasons and teaching objectives of an array of new undergraduate courses on public administration and public policy management which have emerged recently in Brazil. While in 2001 there were only two undergraduate courses teaching formal public administration in the country, by 2015, they had risen to 40, and also included more diverse but related courses, such as public policy management, public management, public policy, and other similar ones. If one adds to this figure, distance education, and technological undergraduate courses, the total courses in these areas in Brazil amount to approximately 130 and an estimate of 25,600 students’ enrolments. All these courses are understood as belonging to the same field of knowledge, a statement made public by a national movement of professors, course coordinators, and students that stated the specificities and identity of this field of knowledge. This group became known as “The Public Field” movement, declaring the need for training students and future practitioners or academics within courses that are concerned with the public interest and democratic, and ethical governments. The discussion in the article focuses on two main aspects. First, the institutional and political reasons that opened a “window of opportunity” for these courses to emerge in Brazil. Second, the pedagogical objectives of these courses are discussed, and two experiences of innovative teaching in two Brazilian universities are presented as an example of the training objectives these courses are trying to achieve.

A 23 factorial design with center point in triplicate was used to evaluate the application of different enzymes in extraction of sunflower oil, comparing its quality with the oil obtained by conventional methods (solvent and pressing) in relation to antioxidant capacity, phytosterol and tocopherol contents, and fatty acid composition. Three enzymes were used; Pectinex Ultra SPL, Celluclast 1.5 L and Alcalase 2.4 L; and three factors were evaluated: enzyme concentration, sample/water ratio and extraction time. Enzymatic aqueous extraction produced oil with better quality in relation to some of the evaluated parameters: highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (371 µmol Trolox g-1 of oil), total phytosterols (183 mg 100 g-1 of oil) and omega-3 fatty acid content, as well the lowest content of saturated fatty acids. The application of enzymes in sunflower oil extraction represents an environmentally friendly methodology, free of toxic solvent residues and providing a final product of high quality.

The present work aimed at studying the effect of different drying methods applied to tilapia byproducts (heads, viscera and carcasses) fed with flaxseed, verifying the contents of omega-3 fatty acids. Two diets were given to the tilapia: a control and a flaxseed formulation, over the course of 60 days. After this period, they were slaughtered and their byproducts (heads, viscera and carcasses) were collected. These fish parts were analyzed in natura, lyophilized and oven dried. Byproducts from tilapia fed with flaxseed presented docosapentaenoic, eicopentaenoic and docosahexanoic fatty acids as a result of the enzymatic metabolism of the fish. The byproducts from the oven drying process had lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the multivariate analysis, the byproducts from fish fed with flaxseed had a greater composition of fatty acids. The addition of flaxseed in fish diets, as well as the utilization of their byproducts, may become a good business strategy. Additionally, the byproducts may be dried to facilitate transport and storage.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the total phenolic content (TPC) result in white rice, using a new methodology that employed Fast Blue BB (FBBB) reagent, which reacts more specifically with phenolic compounds, along with direct QUENCHER procedure. This is the first time in which such conciliation between FBBB reagent and QUENCHER was done. The obtained model allowed to evaluate how the factors influenced the method linearity (R2), improving the choice of the optimal system condition. Furthermore, the similarity between experimental results and values generated by the model indicated the method validity within the studied region. Thus, the optimal condition determined in the present work was 30 min reaction time, 0.17 mL FBBB reagent and use of 5% NaOH as the catalyst for the reaction. This optimized condition suggested that the combination of the method, which used FBBB reagent and the direct QUENCHER procedure, was rapid and effective, yielding high TPC values (1488.73 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g).

A complete 22 experimental planning (two factors at two levels) with central point in quintuplicate was used to investigate the influence of the factors: chia and azuki flours on fatty acids composition of gluten-free chocolate cake. Both factors were significant, but chia flour presented greater influence on the results. Increased values of both factors contributed to improve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (380.96 g kg-1 of product), mainly n-3 series (70.25 g kg-1 of product), and provided more adequate nutritional indices. The principal component analysis and desirability function indicated the sample with higher level of both factors as the optimal region. This sample showed an increase in contents of alpha-linolenic acid (188.03%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.16%) when compared to control formulation. The addition of chia flour can improve nutritional characteristics of food stuffs such as bakery products, especially their lipid composition.

Cake is the second most consumed food among the bakery ones, the first product is bread. This popularity is mainly due to convenience and sensory acceptance. However, one negative point of this food is the lack of essential nutrients for human beings. This problem is worse in gluten-free products because the main ingredient used by bakery industries is rice flour, which consists basically of carbohydrates. Azuki (Vigna angularis) is a legume widely produced and consumed in Asia, used in the various products manufacturing, especially in typical sweets. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an angiosperm plant from the mint family (Lamiaceae) characterized as a grain from tropical and subtropical climate, widely consumed in pre-Columbian America by the Aztecs, in the region that includes Mexico and Guatemala. Both grains, azuki and chia, are considered rich source of many essential nutrients to good health maintenance. One of the most relevant aspects regard to nutrients is the lipid composition. Several fatty acids are essential for the maintenance of biological systems, mainly the ones from n-3 series. Factorial design allows a smaller number of experiments and findings from qualitative results. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows the standard recognition, information is feasible and there is a reduction in the dimensionality of the data. Desirability analysis allows the detection of the optimum region. ARTICLE 1: The objective of this work was the application of chemometric methods to investigate the influence of the factors: percentage of chia and azuki flours on lipid composition and nutritional aspects of gluten-free chocolate cakes. ARTICLE 2: This work aimed at evaluating angularis and niponensis cultivars of azuki beans from south region of Brazil. ARTICLE 1: A 22 full factorial design (two factors at two levels) with center point in quintuplicate was conducted to investigate the influence of factors: % of chia and azuki flours on the lipid composition of gluten-free chocolate cake. Mathematical models were proposed to the responses, as well as principal component analysis and evaluation of the desirability function. ARTICLE 1: Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) cultivars: angularis and niponensis, were acquired directly from the producer in the region of Maringa city, Parana state, Brazil. Both cultivars were evaluated concerning proximal composition and crude energy, fatty acid composition, indices of the nutritional quality of lipids, tocopherol isomers, vitamin E activity, minerals, dietary reference intake values, bioactive properties, and multivariate analysis. ARTICLE 1: The factors % of chia and azuki flours were significant, but chia flour presented higher influence on the results. The increasing of these values contributed to improve the fatty acid composition, Increased values of both factors contributed to improve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly n-3 series, and provided more adequate nutritional indexes. The principal component analysis distinguished the samples with higher contents of chia and the desirability analysis indicated the sample with the highest level of chia as the optimal region. ARTICLE 2: Both cultivars presented proximal composition similar to literature and the majority fatty acids were 18:2n-6, 16:0 and 18:3n-3. All samples showed polyunsatured fatty acids prevalence and nutritional indices and ratios considered adequate for biological system maintenance of a healthy organism. The grains presented significant contents of tocopherols and vitamin E activity, resulting in a high contribution to the dietary reference intake. Significant contents of iron, manganese and zinc were also found in the azuki beans, and they are very important mainly due to their function as cofactors in metabolic reactions. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids corroborated with other studies and contributed to the antioxidant activity. The principal components multivariate analysis allowed distinguishing the cultivars, and the two principal components could explain 92.28% of data variance. ARTICLE 1: Chemometric methods were very useful for improvement of fatty acids composition of gluten-free chocolate cake. The models analyzed were significant and allowed obtaining the response surfaces. The formulation with higher contents of chia and azuki flour was considered as a point of greatest desirability. The addition of chia and azuki flours in gluten-free products is a great alternative to improve nutritional characteristics of foods, mainly bakery ones that can be consumed even by celiac patients. ARTICLE 2: Cultivars of adzuki beans are excellent sources of many essential compounds, such as essential fatty acids, tocopherols, minerals and antioxidant properties The multivariate analysis allowed distinguishing batches of angularis and niponensis cultivars, as well as evaluating the importance of the parameters. The traditional use of adzuki beans in the eastern dietary is promising due to their intrinsic characteristics. O bolo é o segundo produto de panificação mais consumido mundialmente, perdendo apenas para o pão. Essa popularidade deve-se principalmente a praticidade e boa aceitação sensorial por parte dos consumidores. No entanto, uma das principais problemáticas apresentada pelo produto bolo é a carência de nutrientes essenciais à saúde humana, principalmente quando se trata de versão sem glúten, cujo principal ingrediente utilizado pela maioria dos fabricantes é a farinha de arroz, constituída basicamente de carboidratos. Azuki (Vigna angularis) é uma leguminosa amplamente produzida e consumida na Ásia, usado na fabricação de vários produtos, especialmente em doces típicos. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) é uma planta angiosperma da família da menta (Lamiaceae), caracterizada como um grão de clima tropical e subtropical, largamente consumida no América pré-colombiana pelos astecas, na região que inclui México e Guatemala. Ambos os grãos, azuki e chia, são considerados fontes de muitos nutrientes essenciais para a manutenção da boa saúde. Um dos aspectos mais importantes diz respeito aos nutrientes é a composição lipídica. Diversos ácidos graxos são essenciais para a manutenção dos sistemas biológicos, especialmente os da série n-3. O planejamento fatorial permite um menor número de experimentos e conclusões a partir de resultados qualitativos. Análise de componentes principais (ACP) permite o reconhecimento de padrões, viabilização de informações e redução na dimensionalidade dos dados. A análise de desejabilidade permite a detecção da região ótima. ARTIGO 1: O objetivo deste trabalho foi à aplicação de métodos quimiométricos para investigar a influência dos fatores: percentuais de farinha de chia e azuki adicionados a formulações de bolo de chocolate sem glúten na determinação da composição em ácidos graxos e aspectos nutricionais. ARTIGO 2: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as cultivares angularis e niponensis de feijão azuki produzidos na região sul do Brasil. ARTIGO 1: Um planejamento fatorial 22 completo (dois fatores em dois níveis) com ponto central em quintuplicata foi realizado para investigar a influência dos fatores: % de farinha de chia e farinha de azuki na composição de ácidos graxos de bolo de chocolate sem glúten. Foram propostos modelos matemáticos com as respostas, bem como análise de componentes principais e avaliação da função de desejabilidade. ARTIGO 2: As cultivares de feijão Azuki (Vigna angularis): angularis e niponensis, foram adquiridas diretamente do produtor na região de Maringá, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Ambas as cultivares foram avaliadas considerando composição proximal e energia bruta, composição em ácidos graxos, índices da qualidade nutricional de lipídios, isômeros de tocoferol, atividade da vitamina E, minerais, valores de referência para ingestão diária, propriedades bioativas, e análise multivariada dos dados. ARTIGO 1: Os fatores % de farinha de chia e azuki foram significativos, sendo que a farinha de chia apresentou maior influência nos resultados. Os maiores valores de ambos os fatores contribuíram para melhorar as concentrações de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, principalmente os da série n-3, e proporcionou índices nutricionais mais adequados. A análise de componentes principais distinguiu as amostras com teores mais elevados de farinha de 10 chia, e a análise de desejabilidade indicou a amostra com maior concentração de farinha de chia como a região ótima. ARTIGO 2: Ambas as cultivares apresentaram composição proximal similares com a literatura e os ácidos graxos majoritários foram 18:2n-6, 16:0 e 18:3n-3. Todas as amostras mostraram prevalência de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e valores de razões e índices nutricionais adequados para a manutenção do sistema biológico de um organismo saudável. Os grãos apresentaram teores significativos de tocoferol e atividade da vitamina E, resultando em uma alta contribuição para a ingestão de referência diária. Quantidades significativas de ferro, manganês e zinco também foram encontrados nos grãos de azuki, e eles são considerados importantes devido a sua função de cofator em reações metabólicas. Compostos fenólicos e flavonoides corroboraram com outros estudos e contribuíram para a atividade antioxidante. A análise de componentes principais permitiu distinguir as cultivares, e as duas componentes principais puderam explicar 92,28% da variância de dados. ARTIGO 1: Os métodos quimiométricos foram eficientes para melhorar a composição de ácidos graxos de bolo de chocolate isento de glúten. Os modelos estatísticos foram significativos e permitiram a obtenção das superfícies de resposta. O ponto de maior desejabilidade foi a formulação com maior teor de farinha de chia. A substituição parcial da farinha de arroz por farinha de chia e azuki em produtos isentos de glúten se mostrou uma boa alternativa para melhorar as características nutricionais de alimentos, especialmente os produtos de panificação que podem ser consumidos inclusive por pacientes celíacos. ARTIGO 2: As cultivares de feijão azuki são excelentes fontes de vários compostos essenciais, tais como ácidos graxos, tocoferóis, minerais e propriedades antioxidantes. A análise multivariada permitiu distinguir lotes de cultivares angularis e niponensis, bem como avaliar a importância dos parâmetros. O uso de feijão azuki na dieta oriental é promissora devido as suas características intrínsecas. 14, [20] f