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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine conditions that significantlyimpact the life quality of reproductive-aged women. In the Indian population, its prevalence varies from 3.7 to 22.5%depending on ethnicity and diagnostic criteria. Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in PCOS pathogenesis.The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an important chemotactic factor for inflammatory response ofmonocytes. Genetic variations in the MCP-1 gene may modulate MCP-1 expression. Although the association of theMCP-1 promoter polymorphism (-2518A/G) was extensively studied in different inflammatory conditions, there isonly one report in PCOS conditions. Since no study was reported from the Indian population, we aimed to explore theassociation of the MCP-1 -2518A/G polymorphism (rs1024611) with PCOS.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, to analyse the distribution and association of rs1024611 with PCOS,polymerase chain reaction-fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was carried out in 202 patients whoexhibited PCOS from menarche onwards or with higher severity of symptoms and 122 age-matched controls.Results: In our study, no significant correlation was observed in rs1024611 polymorphism with PCOS patients incomparison with control. In addition to this, we found no significant difference in the genotype and allele frequenciesbetween obese and non-obese PCOS patients.Conclusion: Our finding suggests that the MCP-1 -2518 A/G polymorphism has not been associated with PCOSpredisposition.

Abstract Pyrazole derivatives are aromatic heterocyclic compounds endowed with multifaceted applications. In the present study 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrazoles derivatives have been synthesized for the purpose of studying their physical properties and their characterization was done by FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic technique. The measurement of densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) of solutions of substituted pyrazole derivative in polar aprotic solvent i.e., Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), nitromethane (NM) as well as in their 1:1 binary mixture (DMSO + NM) was done at 310 K over a wide range of solute concentration (5–100) × 10–4 mol dm−3. The experimental results were used to determine the excess molar volumes $$({V}_{m}^{E})$$ ( V m E ) . The data of density–viscosity revealed the dipole–dipole interactions occurred between the pyrazole derivative (solute) and the solvent (DMSO, NM). Excess molar studies $$({V}_{m}^{E})$$ ( V m E ) revealed that solute–solvent interaction was found to be stronger in case of nitromethane solvent.

Abstract There are several studies that announce the inhibitory behavior of this sort of substance to strengthen the shield of metals, which is one of the positive benefits of green inhibitors. In the current investigation, Araucaria heterophylla studied as a green corrosion inhibitor to avert the mild steel during the acidic cleaning. The examination of this plant’s ability to control corrosion at different concentrations in the acidic solution used certain expert measures. The electrochemical results suggested that Araucaria heterophylla had a stronger inhibitory effect on mild steel protection from corrosion. After 12 h of immersion, 1000 ppm of A. heterophylla extract produced corrosion inhibition efficacy (about 83.94%). According to the polarization outcomes, the mild steel corrosion current density dramatically decreased with the addition of Araucaria heterophylla extract, going from 1.08 μA/cm2 for the sample without inhibitor to 0.17 μA/cm2 for the sample having 1000 ppm inhibitor and according to electrochemical study the inhibition efficiency was found around 83%. Flavonoids were found in the plant’s leaves according to the high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile. The FTIR picks analysis like N–H stretching secondary amine (3337.07 cm−1), CO–O–C–O stretching anhydride (1022.64 cm−1) defined that functional groups and heteroatom were present. By the help of a GC–MS, the suggested inhibitor’s components were identified. Scanning electron microscopy suggests that a thin layer or passive film form on the surface. Quantum chemical calculation also supports the experimental results.

Abstract In this work, Density Functional Theory (DFT) on Gaussian 09 W software was utilized to investigate the phenylephrine (PE) molecule (C9H13NO2). Firstly, the optimized structure of the PE molecule was obtained using B3LYP/6-311 + G (d, p) and CAM-B3LYP/6-311 + G (d, p) basis sets. The electron charge density is shown in Mulliken atomic charge as a bar chart and also as a color-filled map in Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP). Using these properties, the possibility of different charge transfers occurring within the molecule was evaluated. The calculated values of the energy gap from HOMO-LUMO mapping, illustrated in Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMO) and Density of State (DOS), were found to be similar for both the neutral and anion states in the gaseous and water solvent phases. Both the global and local reactivity were studied to understand the reactivity of the PE molecule. Using the thermodynamic parameters, the thermochemical property of the title molecule was understood. Non-covalent interaction was studied to understand the Van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and steric repulsion in the title molecule. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) Analysis was performed to understand the strongest stabilization interaction. In the vibrational analysis, Total Electron Density (TED) assignments were done in the intense region where the frequency of the title molecule was shifted distinctly. For vibrational spectroscopy, FT-IR and Raman spectra in the neutral and anion states were plotted and compared. Using the TD-DFT technique, the UV-Vis spectra along with Tauc’s plot were studied. Finally, topological analysis, electron localized function (ELF), and localized orbital locator (LOL) were performed in the PE molecule.

Abstract During memory formation, the hippocampus is presumed to represent the content of stimuli, but how it does so is unknown. Using computational modelling and human single-neuron recordings, we show that the more precisely hippocampal spiking variability tracks the composite features of each individual stimulus, the better those stimuli are later remembered. We propose that moment-to-moment spiking variability may provide a new window into how the hippocampus constructs memories from the building blocks of our sensory world.

Abstract: The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily plays a crucial role in regulating biological processes of virtually every tissue and system in the body, including hemostasis and hematopoiesis. Elritercept (KER-050) is an investigational, modified activin receptor type IIA ligand trap designed to bind and inhibit activin A and other select TGF-β superfamily ligands, including activin B, growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8), and GDF-11. The objectives of this phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled study of elritercept were to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic markers of activin inhibition and hematopoiesis in healthy postmenopausal women (N = 48). This study comprised 2 parts: single ascending doses ranging from 0.05 to 4.5 mg/kg; and multiple (up to 2 doses) ascending doses of 0.75 mg/kg administered subcutaneously (SC) every 4 weeks. Elritercept was generally well tolerated at all dose levels, with no dose-limiting toxicities observed. There were no severe or serious adverse events or clinically significant changes in safety laboratory measures. Serum concentrations increased in a dose-proportional manner after single SC doses, with peak concentrations achieved in 4.5 to 6 days and a mean elimination half-life of 12 days. These parameters were comparable after multiple doses. Elritercept elicited rapid, sustained, and dose-dependent increases in reticulocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets without eliciting detrimental changes in white blood cells such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. The time course and duration of changes in these cell populations supported a differentiated pharmacologic profile that is consistent with the stimulation of both early- and late-stage hematologic pathways. The trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au/ as #ACTRN12619000318189.

In today’s fast-paced software development environment, Agile methodologies demand rapid delivery and continuous improvement, making automated testing essential for maintaining quality and accelerating feedback loops. Our study addresses the challenges of developing and maintaining automation code for web-based application testing. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that leverages large language models (LLMs) and a novel prompt technique, few-shot chain, to automate code generation for web application testing. We chose the Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) methodology owing to its advantages and selected the Cypress tool for automating web application testing, as it is one of the most popular and rapidly growing frameworks in this domain. We comprehensively evaluated various OpenAI models, including GPT-4-Turbo, GPT-4o, and GitHub Copilot, using zero-shot and few-shot chain prompt techniques. Furthermore, we extensively validated with a vast set of test cases to identify the optimal approach. Our results indicate that the Cypress automation code generated by GPT-4o using a few-shot chained prompt approach excels in generating complete code for each test case, with fewer empty methods and improved syntactical accuracy and maintainability. Based on these findings, we developed a novel open-source Visual Studio Code (IDE) extension, “Cypress Copilot” utilizing GPT-4o and a few-shot chain prompt technique, which has shown promising results. Finally, we validate the Cypress Copilot tool by generating automation code for end-to-end web tests, demonstrating its effectiveness in testing various web applications and its ability to streamline development processes. More importantly, we are releasing this tool to the open-source community, as it has the potential to be a promising partner in enhancing productivity in web application automation testing.

Background: India is a country with diverse religious and cultural practices instigating skin diseases which may be missed due to lack of awareness. Contact dermatitis (CD) to lac is not uncommon yet an underreported entity. Objectives: To study clinical patterns of allergic CD due to lac bangles and to assess common contact allergens. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted after approval by an ethical committee. Out of 850 patients attending the CD clinic from January 2021 to December 2022, the prevalence of CD lac bangles was 40 (4.7%). After obtaining consent, the history of sites, duration, morphology, and DLQI were recorded from patients’ medical records. Patch testing with Indian standard series (ISS) and raw lac powder mixed with control was done. Results: A total of 40 females were evaluated. The mean duration between contact and first symptom was 14.8 ± 10.43 months. Morphology was dry eczematous in 18 (45%), lichenoid in 10 (25%), oozy eczematous in 5 (12.5%), urticarial in 5 (12.5%) and vesiculobullous in 2 (5%) patients. In 14 (35%) females, lesions were disseminated. In 12 (30%) females, CD to bindi (4), lipstick (1), Sindhoor (5), rings (1), and plastic slippers (1) were associated. The mean DLQI was 19.37 ± 3.4. Patch test results were positive with ISS allergen epoxy in 9 (22.5%) patients, nickel in 6 (15%), cobalt in 6 (15%), paraphenylenediamine in 5 (12.5%), and lac in only 2 (5%) patients. Conclusion: Data observed in the present study suggests that CD to lac is a distinct clinical entity. Low positivity with lac in patch test proposes the need for standardized testing material.

Abstract Colon cancer remains a significant health burden globally, necessitating deeper investigation. Identification and targeting of prognostic markers can significantly improve the current therapeutic approaches for colon cancer. The differential nuclear transport (import and export) of cellular proteins, plays an important role in tumor progression. Exportins, critical mediators of nuclear export, have emerged as potential players in cancer pathogenesis. However, their precise roles and prognostic significance in colon adenocarcinoma remain elusive. This study was designed to comprehensively analyse the expression and prognostic significance of all seven exportins in Colon Adenocarcinoma (COAD) using the online public database. We used public databases UALCAN, C-Bio portal, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and DAVID, to investigate exportins in COAD patients. Kaplan–Meier plotter, Gene ontology (GO), TIMER, STRING, and KEGG were used to analyse data and draw conclusions. Our observations showed a significant correlation of exportins expression with clinical parameters, used to predict a patient's prognosis in general, such as advancing tumor stage, overall/relapse-free survival, and immune cell infiltrations. Mutation analysis showed the presence of amplifications, missense mutations in XPO2 and XPO4, and deep deletions in XPO7 genes contributing to disease progression and patients survival. This study highlights the potential use of exportins as novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colon adenocarcinoma progression and management.

Background: Painful bladder syndrome (PBS) is characterized by persistent pelvic discomfort and urinary symptoms. Cystoscopy is frequently utilized to investigate bladder abnormalities in patients with PBS, particularly those presenting with persistent hematuria, refractory symptoms, or suspected bladder pathology. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cystoscopy findings and symptom severity in patients with PBS. Materials and Methods: The study included 22 patients who underwent cystoscopy for PBS. Indications for the procedure included persistent hematuria, unrelenting symptoms, and suspected bladder pathology. Based on visual assessment, the cystoscopic findings were classified into three categories: normal, mild, and severe. Symptom severity was evaluated using a standardized symptom score questionnaire administered before treatment. Results: Of the 22 patients, 6 had normal cystoscopy findings, 14 exhibited mild changes, and 2 demonstrated severe changes. Symptom severity scores varied across the group, with no clear correlation between the severity of symptoms and cystoscopic findings. Notably, patients with severe symptoms often had normal or only mild changes on cystoscopy. Conclusion: No significant correlation was found between symptom severity and cystoscopy findings in PBS patients. This discrepancy may stem from the subjective nature of symptom scoring, the multifactorial origins of PBS symptoms, and the potential influence of functional disorders. Further research is warranted to identify additional factors influencing symptom severity in PBS.

Formation pressure is an important indicator of field production potential. Currently, the common practice to estimate reservoir pressure is the hydrodynamic exploration test. This method requires shutting down the well, often for a long time. Such long shutdowns lead to less production from the reservoir and worsen the economics of the field. Here, we present the method for determining the pressure without shutting down the well by using statistical methods for such tasks. In this article, we describe the method of finding the formation pressure by using multidimensional multivariate analysis of the actual reservoir data from the Sukharev field. To build the model, several operational, geological, and reservoir properties at various stages of the field pressure were combined into a model to predict reservoir pressure. Results showed that with this simple statistical method, formation pressure varies in two distinctive stages. In the first stage, the formation pressure is influenced by the reservoir petrophysical parameters, whereas in the second stage, operational parameters were more prominent. Finally, three separate formations in the Sukharev field were examined to predict reservoir pressure, and the results were in very good agreement with the actual measured data. This confirmed that the method was practical and capable of predicting reservoir pressure at any time of the well's lifetime.

Highlights Coelastrella sp. demonstrated strong lipid production potential, especially at pH 7.0 and 0.5% fertilizer concentration. Stress conditions enhanced lipid accumulation, indicating resilience and adaptability for cultivation. The fatty acid profile supports the use of Coelastrella sp. for sustainable biodiesel production.

Abstract Background Life satisfaction, one promising health asset, is associated with reduced risk of several chronic diseases and mortality. Mental health conditions and quality of life (QoL) are important aspects of well-being in late life and are significantly associated with life satisfaction. Despite the complex interrelationships between mental health, QoL and life satisfaction, the current literature has evaluated the simple association between them and failed to consider the complex pathways among these variables, especially among the older population. Hence, this study explores the pathways between mental health conditions (depression, anxiety, and stress), QoL and life satisfaction among older adults in eastern Nepal. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in eastern Nepal via face-to-face interviews with 847 older adults selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale and 13-item Older People’s QoL scale assessed life satisfaction and QoL, respectively. The 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale measured mental health conditions. The relationship between QoL, depression, anxiety, and stress with life satisfaction was first evaluated using linear regression, subsequently by path analysis. Results The mean (± SD) life satisfaction and QoL score were 19.7 (± 5.3) and 42.9 (± 7.1), respectively. More than one-fifth of the participants had moderate to severe depression (30%), anxiety (34%), and stress (20%). In adjusted regression analysis, QoL was positively associated (β: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.48) with life satisfaction, whereas depression, anxiety, and stress were inversely associated. In the path analysis, the relationship between depression and stress with life satisfaction was mediated by QoL. Depression was indirectly related to life satisfaction (mediated by QoL, β = -0.25), whereas stress was both directly (β = -0.11) and indirectly (mediated by QoL, β = -0.08) related to life satisfaction. Conclusions Given the high mental health burden among the older Nepali population and its potential impact on life satisfaction and QoL, routine screening for mental health should be encouraged in clinical practice. Additionally, community-based interventions and mental health promotion programs should be launched at regional and local levels.

Morning-time heart attacks are associated with an ablation in the sleep-time dip in blood pressure, the mechanism of which is unknown. The epigenetic changes are the hallmark of sleep and circadian clock disruption and homocystinuria (HHcy). The homocystinuria causes ablation in the dip in blood pressure during sleep. Interestingly, HHcy is generated during the epigenetic gene turning off and turning on (i.e., imprinting) by methylation of the DNA promoter. The mitochondrial sulfur metabolism by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase (3MST), ATP citrate lyase (ACYL), and epigenetic rhythmic methylation are regulated by folate 1-carbon metabolism (FOCM), i.e., the methionine (M)-SAM-SAH-Hcy, adenosine, and uric acid cycle. Epigenetic gene writer (DNMT), gene eraser (TET/FTO), and editor de-aminase (ADAR) regulate the rhythmic, i.e., reversible methylation/demethylation of H3K4, H3K9, H4K20, m6A, and m5C. The mitochondrial ATP citrate cycle and creatine kinase (CK) regulate chromatin transcription, maturation, and accessibility as well as muscle function. The transcription is regulated by methylation. The maturation and accessibility are controlled by acetylation. However, it is unclear whether a high fat dysbiotic diet (HFD) causes dysrhythmic expression of the gene writer, eraser, and editor, creating hyperuricemia and cardiac and renal dysfunction. We hypothesized that an HFD increases the gene writer (DNMT1) and editor (ADAR), decreases the eraser (TET/FTO), and increases uric acid to cause chronic diseases. This increases the levels of H3K4, H3K9, H4K20, m6A, and m5C. Interestingly, the DNMT1KO mitigates. Further, the DNMT1KO and ADAR inhibition attenuate HFD-induced NGAL/FGF23/TMPRSS2/MMP2, 9, 13, and uric acid levels and improve cardiac and renal remodeling. Although the novel role of nerve endings by the Piezo channels (i.e., the combination of ENaC, VDAC, TRPV, K+, and Mg2+ channels) in the interoception is suggested, interestingly, we and others have shown mechanisms independent of the nerve, by interoception, such as the cargo of the exosome in denervation models of heart failure. If proper and appropriate levels of these enzymes are available to covert homocysteine to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) during homocystinuria, then the H2S can potentially serve as a newer form of treatment for morning heart attacks and renal sulfur transsulfuration transport diseases.

On the evening of 31 March 2019, Parsa and Bara Districts in central Nepal were severely hit by a wind storm which was the first documented tornadic incidence in Nepal.In this paper, we investigate the background of the tornado formation via numerical simulations with the WRF-ARW model. The results show that: (1) a flow situation favorable to the generation of mesocyclones was formed by a combination of local plain-to-mountain winds consisting of warm and humid southwesterly wind in the lower atmosphere and synoptic northwesterly wind aloft over the southern foothills of the Himalayan Mountain range, leading to significant vertical wind shear and strong buoyancy; (2) the generated mesocyclone continuously shed rain-cooled outflow with 600∼800 m depth above the ground into the Chitwan valley while moving southeastward along the Mahabharat Range at the northeastern rim of the Chitwan valley; (3) the cold outflow propagated in the valley, forming a front; and (4) the tornado was generated when this cold outflow passed over the Siwalik Hills bordering the southern rim of the Chitwan valley. At this point, descending flow around a high mountain generated positive vertical vorticity near the ground; blocking by this high mountain and channeling through a mountain pass enhanced updrafts at the front by forming a hydraulic jump. These updrafts amplified the positive vertical vorticity via stretching, and this interaction of the cold outflow with the Siwalik Hills contributed to tornadogenesis. The simulated location and time of the disaster showed generally good agreement with the reported location and time.

This paper investigates the long-term and short-term determinants of sovereign bond yields in India, a critical macroeconomic indicator closely monitored by investors and central banks. According to term structure theory, the shape of bond yields is a key economic barometer, reflecting the overall health of the economy. Using monthly time series data from April 2001 to March 2021, the study examines variables such as long-term sovereign bond yields, short-term Treasury bill yields, economic growth, inflation, the monetary policy index, exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves, gross fiscal deficit, and global Brent crude oil prices. By accounting for structural breaks under the ARDL framework, in the presence of other controlled variables, the analysis confirmed that short-term interest rates influence long-term interest rates, validating the Keynesian conjecture in the Indian context. Additionally, economic growth, the monetary policy index, and global Brent crude oil price are identified as significant drivers of long-term interest rates. These findings have important policy implications for monetary-fiscal coordination, especially in debates on the appropriate policy mix during boom-and-bust cycles. Consequently, monetary policy should be reviewed comprehensively, incorporating a broad range of macroeconomic variables.

Abstract In recent years, the increased prevalence of diseases associated with altered lifestyles, poor diet, and related awareness of natural therapies to treat these ailments has emphasized the study of bioactive compounds and natural small molecules. After the COVID-19 pandemic, people have become more concerned with their diet and healthy lifestyle. We need to replace grains with fortified foods that can help us fight nutritional security and provide a disease-free environment. Millets are nutritionally better than other cereals for human health. Millets are gluten-free, high in fiber content, and rich in minerals. Fiber-rich foods have a low glycaemic index and can reduce the risk of oxidative stress and metabolic illnesses. The 2023 year was dedicated to the International Year of Millets (IYM 2023). Hence, Millet varieties contain a large number of bioactive products like protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, apigenin, taxifolin, kaempferol, luteolin and myricetin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and ergosterol etc. These bioactive compounds have potential health benefits, including various biological properties like anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial properties. The fermentation of millet can have the potential for an upsurge in their nutrient availability. Therefore, fermented foods have attracted much attention because of their potential health benefits. This review primarily focuses on recent developments in millet as a food, nutritional, and bioactive compound. It can potentially boost health and has implications for various fermented millet varieties. Graphical Abstract

Manual identification of brain tumors is error-prone and time-consuming for radiologists. Therefore, automation of the process is crucial. Although binary classification, such as distinguishing between malignant and benign tumors, is often straightforward, radiologists face significant challenges when classifying multimodal brain tumors. In this study, we present an automated approach that uses deep learning to classify brain tumor types using many types of data. The proposed method consists of three sequential phases. First, the median filter is used to eliminate any noise. For feature extraction in the second stage, linear contrast enhancement is used on VGG-16. The meningioma, glioma, and pituitary images are identified in the third stage of the brain tumor classification (BTC) process, which uses a modified capsule convolution neural network (CNN) design. The experimental results show that the brain tumor detection technique presented in this study successfully identifies the locations of tumor lesions. The results obtained were notably superior, with an accuracy of 98.34 %, a precision of 97.84 %, a recall of 05.34 %, and an F1-score of 94.56 %.

Abstract This numerical investigation examines the performance and exergy analysis of parabolic trough solar collectors, focusing on the substitution of the conventional circular absorber with a rhombus-shaped absorber. By evaluating the thermal and fluid dynamics properties, this study aims to identify improvements in overall system performance and efficiency. This numerical study conducts a comprehensive thermal analysis of parabolic trough solar collectors by comparing a rhombus-shaped absorber with a conventional circular absorber. The analysis considers two rim angles of the parabolic trough, specifically 80° and 90°. Fluid flow rates ranging from 200 to 600 L per minute and inlet fluid temperatures spanning from 400 to 650 K are evaluated for each configuration. The objective is to determine the impact of absorber shape, rim angle, flow rate, and inlet temperature on the thermal performance and exergy efficiency of the system. Additionally, a slope error range of 0 to 2.5 mrad is incorporated into the study. The optical efficiency, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and overall efficiency of the parabolic trough solar collector are estimated and compared for both absorber shapes. Results indicate that the thermal performance of the collector improves significantly with the rhombus-shaped absorber, showing maximum increases of 2.88% in thermal efficiency, 1.45% in exergy efficiency, and 1.4% in overall efficiency compared to the conventional circular absorber. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the design of parabolic trough solar collectors to enhance their overall efficiency and energy conversion effectiveness.

Background: The Tele-Medicine Center at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, organized module-based capacity-building training courses for in-service primary care doctors (PCDs) with MBBS degree. The objective was to bolster the coverage of the National Mental Health Program services and diminish the treatment gap in the region. As part of this training, an instant collaborative video consultation (i-CVC) module allowed PCDs to engage in live, real-time video consultations with tele-psychiatrists at NIMHANS to discuss their patients’ cases. Approximately 7% of the i-CVC cases focused on child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Aim: Aim of this study is understand the profiles of child and adolescent patients and usefulness of instant collaborative video consultations of tele-psychiatrists with primary care doctors. Materials and Methods: This study delved into data from 41 children and adolescents’ (aged 10–17 years) i-CVC module case proformas. It examined six predefined learning themes highlighted by PCDs and evaluated patientprofiles, along with diagnostic agreement between PCDs and tele-psychiatrists. Results: Among the 41 patients, there were 19 males (46.3%) and 22 females (53.7%), aged between 10 and 17 years. The study identified six key learning themes: clinical assessment, identification and diagnosis, counseling for children and parents, pharmacotherapy, and legal aspects. Emotional disorders were noted in 12 patients (29.3%), developmental disorders in eight patients (19.5%), psychotic disorders in eight patients (19.5%), and behavioral disorders in three patients (7.3%). Pharmacotherapy was initiated for five patients (12.2%), while 23 patients (56.1%) received counseling, and 13 patients (31.7%) received both treatments. Conclusion: Diagnostic agreement between PCDs and tele-psychiatrists was observed in 25 cases (61%). This study represents the first evaluation of the collaborative i-CVC module aimed at training PCDs in child and adolescent psychiatry in India. The 61% diagnostic agreement suggests the feasibility of PCD training. These findings underscore the pressing need for an Indianized, point-of-care manual in child and adolescent psychiatry to train PCDs throughout India.

Background: Vitiligo is a common, acquired, discoloration of the skin, characterized by well circumscribed, ivory or chalky white macules which are flush to the skin surface. Although majority of cases are managed by medical therapies, surgical methods are reserved for lesions not responding to medical treatment and are stable in nature. The basic principle surgical method is the transfer of melanocytes from uninvolved skin to the stable vitiligo patch in the form of either tissue graft or cellular graft. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of topical corticosteroids and PUVAsol in repigmentation of vitiligo patch following split-thickness skin grafting. Methods: Twenty patients of stable vitiligo having total 30 patches were included in the study of which 15 completed it. Each patch is subjected to split-thickness skin grafting and then randomly divided into two groups of fifteen each. Group A received PUVAsol therapy while other received topical steroid therapy started 4 weeks after surgery. During the follow-up of 6 months, five patients were lost to follow-up; fifteen patients were evaluated for pigment spread and side effects at 1st, 4th, 8th, and 24th week. Results: Eight patients (61.53%) in PUVA sol group and seven patients (58.3%) in steroid group had excellent (>90%). Color matching of grafted area was observed to be better with steroid therapy (83.3%), then PUVAsol (76.9%). Conclusion: Although the extent of repigmentation was more in Group A (PUVAsol) then in Group B, the color matching and the side effect profile were improved in Group B (topical steroid). The use of topical corticosteroid is much less cumbersome, cheaper, and easy to administer at home. The limitation of our study was short follow-up and small sample size.

As healthcare systems worldwide evolve to meet the increasing complexities of patient care, specialised higher nursing education has emerged as a pivotal component in enhancing the quality of healthcare delivery. In India, nurses constitute approximately 30.5% of the healthcare workforce; however, the nation faces significant challenges in developing a competent specialised nursing cadre. This article provides a comprehensive review of the obstacles in preparing specialised nurses, the challenges of retaining them and proposed strategies to overcome these issues. A systematic search of multiple electronic databases for studies published between 2013 and 2023 identified 28 relevant studies. Key obstacles in preparing specialised nurses were identified and categorised into educational barriers, institutional challenges and policy and regulatory issues. Retaining specialised nurses poses equal challenges, primarily due to job dissatisfaction, inadequate compensation, limited career advancement opportunities and the impact of international migration. Proposed solutions include modernising nursing curricula, establishing clear career pathways, enhancing work environments and reforming policies to improve retention. By addressing these challenges and implementing strategic recommendations, this review aims to contribute to the development of a more capable and specialised nursing workforce, ultimately enhancing healthcare delivery and outcomes in India.

Introduction: The ST population, residing in isolated, underdeveloped areas, faces significant health disparities compared to non-tribal communities. In particular, the lack of mental health infrastructure in these regions exacerbates their health challenges. Tribal communities possess distinct cultural beliefs surrounding health and illness, yet scant information exists regarding their physical and mental well-being. In addition, limited access to mental health services prevails, and many tribal individuals opt for traditional healing methods. Methodology: This study is part of the “Tele-mentoring for Rural Health Organizers of Chhattisgarh (TORENT)” project, which aims to equip rural health organizers and community health officers (CHOs) with training to screen, identify, counsel, refer, and follow up with community members facing mental health issues. Results: Covering 27 districts in Chhattisgarh, this study enlisted trained CHOs to employ the MERIT tool for mental health screenings. Among the tribal population, the study unveiled elevated rates of tobacco and alcohol use, anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and substance use disorders. Challenges in seeking professional help were widespread, driven by transportation difficulties and limited awareness. Field visits (77%) played a pivotal role in identifying cases, alongside self-referrals and referrals by Mitanin or ASHA workers. Notably, a significant proportion had a family history of alcohol use, with a preference for a locally brewed liquor called Mahua. Discussion: This study provides vital insights into the mental health status of Chhattisgarh’s tribal populations. It underscores their socioeconomic challenges, high prevalence of substance use disorders, and barriers to accessing mental health services. The study highlights the importance of delivering mental health care within tribal communities, emphasizing the engagement of locally available primary care health workers. Furthermore, it advocates for an integrated approach that acknowledges the role of faith healers in tribal communities’ mental health care.

Abstract Heavy metals(loid)s (HMs) threaten ecosystems and human health worldwide. Organic and inorganic compounds of different HMs are released, converted, and accumulated in different environmental spheres, significantly polluting soil, water, and food chains. In recent times, ‘phytoremediation’ which can be scaled easily and may not demand as much technical oversight as traditional methods, is considered to be an environment-friendly and sustainable method of pollutant’ (including heavy metals) removal from contaminated soil and water, and therefore, is a better alternative compared to the capital and energy intensive conventional strategies. Phytoremediation is performed by the hyperaccumulator plants, which have an appreciable stress tolerance potential. Primarily, the hyperaccumulating plants absorb contaminants through the roots and translocate them to the aerial parts. Hyperaccumulators have certain genetic characteristics that can increase heavy metal absorption from soil and water. Phytochelatin, ATPase, and metallothionein facilitate this process. Phytochelatins are small peptides that help to prepare the cell for the uptake and detoxication of metals and metalloids at inter- and intracellular levels. They form stable complexes with metal(loid)s by chelation inside the cells and subsequent sequestration into vacuoles. Scientists are manipulating the genetics of hyperaccumulators in many ways to accelerate the process in specific periods. This review attempts to give a comprehensive account of the mechanism of phytochelatin action and prospects that hold the hidden truth and immense potential for accomplishing the phytoremediation of HMs from the contaminated soil environment.

Abstract The researchers in the current era provided many new recommendation methodologies. Though various recommendation techniques exist, there is a need to develop a unique technique for capturing latent factors and patterns from sparse and high-dimensional data in pervasive environments, specifically for optimizing dynamic recommendations. This study proposes a hybrid approach for optimizing dynamic recommendations in pervasive environments by combining Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) with deep learning and reinforcement learning techniques. The goal is to overcome the challenge of capturing latent factors and patterns from sparse and high-dimensional data. By leveraging NMF, meaningful latent factors are extracted, while deep learning, specifically Faster recurrent neural networks (FRNNs), learns complex feature representations. Reinforcement learning algorithms optimize the recommendation policy based on user feedback. This Hybrid Context-Aware Optimized Recommendation (HCOR) approach improves recommendation accuracy and relevance in pervasive environments, adapts to changing contexts, and enhances user experiences. The performance benefits are achieved by effectively capturing latent factors and patterns, resulting in improved accuracy and the ability to provide personalized and context-aware recommendations. The performance indicators to validate the research work include the recommendations' accuracy, relevance, and adaptability in pervasive environments. Additionally, metrics, such as precision, recall, and F1-score, are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid approach in capturing latent factors and patterns. User feedback and satisfaction are also measured to assess the impact on user experiences. The HCOR approach shows substantial performance gains, measuring a precision of 0.932, a recall of 0.922, and an F1-score of 0.943, which indicates the excellent ability of the approach to deliver accurate and personalized recommendations in a pervasive environment.

Abstract Understanding and anticipating the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes is crucial for sustainable water resource management. This study investigates the projected alterations in streamflow within the Tamor River Basin, Nepal, under changing climatic conditions, utilizing the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Future climatic variables, including precipitation, maximum, and minimum temperature, were assessed for the near (2022–2047), mid (2048–2073), and far future (2074–2100) periods under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs): SSP245 and SSP585. Bias-corrected outputs from coupled model intercomparison project, phase 6 (CMIP6) models were integrated into the SWAT model to simulate the basin's hydrological response. Results indicate that, under the SSP245 scenario, annual average maximum and minimum temperatures are expected to rise by ~ 0.046 °C and 0.050 °C, respectively, with a 12.70% increase in precipitation. Similarly, the SSP585 scenario predicts temperature increases of 0.063 °C and 0.085 °C, alongside an 11.90% rise in precipitation. These climatic changes are projected to result in a significant increase in streamflow, with an estimated rise up to 20% by the end of the twenty-first century. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making for the sustainable management of water resources in the face of climate change.

Abstract Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are well known for their excellent wear resistance and low weight. In the present work, in-situ synthesis of Al-Si-TiB2 composites with near eutectic and hypereutectic compositions of Al-Si alloys has been attempted through salt-metal reaction (K2TiF6 and KBF4 halide salts) by stir casting route. The fabricated composites were subjected to microstructure analysis, XRD study, sliding wear test, hardness and density measurements. The combined effect of Si and TiB2 is the novelty of this investigation to alter the structure–property correlation as well as hardness and tribological properties. Optical Emission Spectroscopy analysis indicated some amount of Si loss during stir casting and revealed the final composition of the cast composites. Though the increase in the density of the composite was not considerable due to incorporation of TiB2 particles, there was remarkable improvement in hardness and tribological properties attributed to clear interface between the matrix and the reinforcement as a result of in-situ process of fabrication. Wear resistance was found to be improved with increasing amount of Si content with a fixed TiB2 content in the composites under a constant load. TiB2 acts as a good grain refiner and improves the wear properties of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy composites by decreasing the brittle primary silicon particle size.

Background: The weight gain that occurs in pregnancy has the potential to influence a woman’s long-term health by increasing the risk for weight retention and obesity, as well as related comorbidities such as chronic hypertension (HTN) or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with excessive maternal gestational weight gain (GWG). Materials and Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, from October 2018 to October 2019. A total of 91 women attending the antenatal clinic of MR Bangur Hospital and getting admitted for delivery during the study period was considered as the study population. Medical records were maintained for variables of the mothers such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational HTN, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, duration of labor, mode of delivery, indication of cesarean section, Postpartum hemorrhage, and perineal tears. coGuide v.0.01 used for statistical analysis. Results: There were majority of 55 (60.4%) participants reported 18.5–24.9 body mass index (BMI). The difference in the proportion of BMI across maternal weight gain was statistically significant. The difference in the proportion of GDM, duration of labor >18 h, and duration of the second stage of labor >2 h between maternal weight gain were statistically significant. The difference in the proportion of APGAR score at 1 min, and 5 min between groups of maternal weight gain was statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study suggested that GWG has to be achieved within the Institute of Medicine recommendation according to pre-pregnancy BMI to improve pregnancy outcomes and reduce maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes.

Fabrication of haemostatic materials with excellent antimicrobial, biocompatible and biodegradable properties remains as a major challenge in the field of medicine. Haemostatic agents play vital role in protecting patients and military individuals during emergency situations. Natural polymers serve as promising materials for fabricating haemostatic compounds due to their efficacy in promoting hemostasis and wound healing. In the present work, sodium alginate/aloe vera/sericin (SA/AV/S) scaffold has been fabricated using a simple cost-effective casting method. The prepared SA/AV/S scaffolds were characterised for their physicochemical properties such as scanning electron microscope, UV–visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. SA/AV/S scaffold showed good mechanical strength, swelling behaviour and antibacterial activity. In vitro experiments using erythrocytes proved the hemocompatible and biocompatible features of SA/AV/S scaffold. In vitro blood clotting assay performed using human blood demonstrated the haemostatic and blood absorption properties of SA/AV/S scaffold. Scratch wound assay was performed to study the wound healing efficacy of prepared scaffolds. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay carried out using fertilised embryos proved the angiogenic property of SA/AV/S scaffold. Thus, SA/AV/S scaffold could serve as a potential haemostatic healthcare product due to its outstanding haemostatic, antimicrobial, hemocompatible, biocompatible and angiogenic properties.

Duck plague (DP) is an acute, contagious and fatal disease, caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV), with worldwide distribution causing several outbreaks and posing severe economic losses. The present study was carried out with a goal of development of a live attenuated cell culture based DP vaccine using an Indian strain of DEV and evaluation of its safety, efficacy along with complete genome analysis. The live attenuated DP vaccine (DPvac/IVRI-19) was developed by serial propagation of a virulent isolate of DEV (DEV/India/IVRI-2016) in the chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) primary cell culture. Adaptation of DEV in CEF cell culture was indicated by more rapid appearance of cytopathic effects (CPE) and gradual increase of virus titre, which reached up to 107.5 TCID50/mL after 41 passages. The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine were determined by immunization trials in ducklings. The DPvac/IVRI-19 was found to be avirulent and completely safe in the ducklings. Further, the vaccine induced both humoral and cell mediated immune responses and afforded 100% protection against the virulent DEV challenge. A comparison of the whole genome of DPvac/IVRI-19 (MZ911871) and DEV/India/IVRI-2016 (MZ824102) revealed significant number of mutations, which might be associated with viral attenuation. Phylogenetic tree of DEV/India/IVRI-2016 revealed its evolutionary relationship with other DEV isolates, but it formed a separate cluster with certain unique mutations. Thus, with the proven safety and 100% efficacy, the DPvac/IVRI-19 is suitable for large scale production with precisely pure form of vaccine and has potential utility at national and global levels.

Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation provides numerous advantages such as high combined heat and power (CHP) efficiency, potentially long-term material stability, and the use of low-cost materials. However, due to the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction at intermediate temperatures (500–700 °C), the cathode of SOFC requires an efficient and stable catalyst. Significant progress in the development of cathode materials has been made over recent years. In this article, multiple strategies for improving the performance of cathode materials have been extensively reviewed such as A- and B-site doping of perovskites, infiltration of catalytic active materials, the use of core-shell composites, etc. Emphasis has been given to intrinsic properties such as chemical and thermal stability and oxygen transport number. Furthermore, to avoid any insulating phase formation at the cathode/electrolyte interface, strategies for interfacial layer modifications have also been extensively reviewed and summarized. Based on major technical challenges, future research directions have been proposed for efficient and stable intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation.

Composite materials are identified to be an alternate solution for the present-day problems pertaining to the reduction of the weight of the components without compromising on their strength and stiffness. The application of the different reinforcements improves the mechanical or thermal properties of the base matrix material related to the application and the heterogeneous nature of the composite material adds flexibility in the design. The manufacturing methods of the composites have also improved in the recent past to ensure that the Reinforcements are properly distributed in the base matrix. Machining a hard composite using conventional techniques is tedious, time-consuming, and will lead to higher tool wear. Therefore, non-conventional machining processes were adopted for the machining of the composite material which can be carried out using inexpensive tooling, The present work aims at optimization of the machining parameters and helps in providing better productivity and cost-effectiveness. The material identified for the optimization was AA6351-SiC-B4C hybrid composites which have widespread application in the nuclear industry. This work aimed at the optimization of the parameters by employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the identification of the optimum parameters. The current was identified to be the major contributing parameter for the machining of the composite for the output parameters considered. The optimum values for all the composites were identified to be at 12A current.100 µs Pulse on time and feed rate of wire at 8m/min irrespective of the percentage variation of B4C. It can be identified that the optimum values identified are independent of the reinforcement percentage and therefore, can be adopted for all the percentages of B4C in the composite.

Abstract The major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), APOE4, accelerates beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque formation, but whether this is caused by APOE expressed in microglia or astrocytes is debated. We express here the human APOE isoforms in astrocytes in an Apoe-deficient AD mouse model. This is not only sufficient to restore the amyloid plaque pathology but also induces the characteristic transcriptional pathological responses in Apoe-deficient microglia surrounding the plaques. We find that both APOE4 and the protective APOE2 from astrocytes increase fibrillar plaque deposition, but differentially affect soluble Aβ aggregates. Microglia and astrocytes show specific alterations in function of APOE genotype expressed in astrocytes. Our experiments indicate a central role of the astrocytes in APOE mediated amyloid plaque pathology and in the induction of associated microglia responses.

Introduction: Femoral head fractures are uncommon injuries where patient outcomes depend on immediate surgical workup and postoperative rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using the screw fixation technique for the fracture head of the femur. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients with femoral head fractures were treated by ORIF using the screw fixation technique in the Department of Orthopedics at a tertiary care hospital in Coimbatore, India for a period of 2 years. They were followed up for a minimum of 1 year to assess postoperative fracture union, postoperative complications, and functional and radiological outcomes by using relevant scoring systems such as Harris Hip Score, Oxford Hip Score, and Thompson-Epstein Hip Score. Results: Femoral head fracture patients in the age group of 36 ± 12.5 years (M: F = 1.8:1), classified as per Pipkins and Thompson-Epstein system were operated using the ORIF technique and followed up for 3.3 ± 1.8 years; the mean range of motion at the operated hip joints achieved were flexion 115.5°, extension 24.4°, abduction 35.5°, adduction 26.5°, internal rotation 34.4°, and external rotation 36.6°. Harris’s hip score was excellent in 57%, good in 14%, fair in 7%, and poor in 21% of the subjects. Oxford’s hip scores were satisfactory in 93% of the subjects. Osteoarthritis (28.9%) and avascular necrosis (7.14%) were seen as complications. Conclusion: According to our Indian population and cost constraints prevailing, we extrapolate these results obtained to our community population and thereby recommend ORIF of fracture femoral head by the screw fixation technique and postoperative non-weight-bearing protocol as a safe treatment schedule.

Objective: To evaluate the cardioprotective effect of bioassay-guided isolated fractions of Cleome viscosa methanolic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa were evaluated. The FD-40 fraction from this extract was further evaluated for antihyperglycemic efficacy (insulin and HbA1c), antioxidant activity, and cardioprotective effects (creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and histopathology) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In silico studies were also conducted to assess the bioactivity of FD-40. Results: Cleome viscosa methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and FRAP assays compared to other extracts. Treatment with FD-40 (40 mg/kg b.w.) isolated from this extract normalized blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, creatine kinase-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase levels in diabetic rats. It also significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes, decreasing lipid peroxidation as well as restoring the levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Histological study demonstrated that FD-40 treatment improved cardiac structure in diabetic rats. Molecular docking analysis revealed that phytocompounds from FD-40 had strong binding affinities with cardiac markers and oxidative enzymes. Hexose (5TMS) demonstrated greater binding affinity with xanthine oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusions: FD-40 of Cleome viscosa methanolic extract exhibits significant cardioprotective effects in diabetic rats by regulating cardiac markers and reducing oxidative stress. The underlying mechanisms need to be elucidated in the future.

Introduction: Breast pathology encompasses a wide spectrum, ranging from benign conditions to invasive cancers, posing significant diagnostic challenges. Most breast lesions are usually divided into benign and malignant disorders, and their prognosis can often be reasonably predicted. However, certain tumours exhibit borderline characteristics and occupy a grey area between benign and malignant, making it difficult to forecast their course with any degree of accuracy. Aim: To assess the histopathological spectrum of benign and borderline breast lesions. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted over a period of five years (January 2019 to December 2023) at Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India analysed 831 cases of breast lesions to determine their clinicopathological features, such as laterality of the breast and gross features. Grossing of the specimens was performed, and details were noted. Tissue pieces were processed, and sections were stained using conventional Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Results: Out of 831 breast lesions, 640 (77.0%) cases were benign, 15 (1.8%) were borderline, and 176 (21.2%) were malignant. Fibroadenoma was the most frequent lesion in females with 419 cases (50.4%), with a mean age of 21.4 years. In males, gynaecomastia was the most common finding in 21 (2.5%), with a mean age of 17 years. The second most common lesion overall was fibrocystic disease 148 (17.8%), with a mean age of 33.5 years. Other benign lesions included inflammatory breast diseases 21 (2.5%), lactational adenoma 2 (0.24%), sclerosing adenosis 7 (0.84%), microglandular adenosis 8 (0.96%), tubular adenoma 7 (0.84%), benign phyllodes 4 (0.48%), and lipoma and hamartoma 3 (0.36% combined). Borderline lesions included atypical ductal hyperplasia 9 (1.08%), ductal carcinoma in-situ 3 (0.36%), and borderline phyllodes tumours 2 (0.12%). Conclusion: In the study population, the range of benign breast diseases appears consistent with findings from other studies, with fibroadenoma emerging as the predominant benign lesion, followed by fibrocystic changes. While premalignant lesions were less prevalent in present study, a thorough evaluation of all cases of breast lesions is recommended to rule out the potential for breast cancer.

Background/Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the GI Genius (Medtronic) module in clinical practice, focusing on the adenoma detection rate (ADR) during colonoscopy. Computer-aided polyp detection (CADe) systems using artificial intelligence have been shown to improve adenoma detection in controlled trials. However, the effectiveness of these systems in clinical practice has recently been questioned. Methods This single-center prospective observational study was conducted at the University Hospital of Southern Denmark and included all individuals referred for colonoscopy between November 2020 and January 2021. The primary outcome was ADR, comparing patients examined with CADe to those examined without it. The selection of patients to be examined with the CADe module was completely random. Results A total of 502 patients were analyzed (318 in the control group and 184 in the CADe group). The overall ADR was 32.1% with a slight increase in the CADe group (34.7% vs. 30.5%). Multivariable analysis showed a very modest and statistically insignificant increase in ADR (risk ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.88–1.43). Conclusions The use of CADe in clinical practice did not increase ADR with statistical significance when compared to colonoscopy without CADe. These findings suggest that the impact of CADe systems in everyday clinical practice are modest.

Abstract Background It is not clear if conventional liver fat cutoff of 5.56% weight which has been used for identifying fatty liver in western populations is also applicable for Asians. In Asian women of reproductive age, we evaluate the optimum metabolic syndrome (MetS)-linked liver fat cutoff, the specific metabolomic alterations apparent at this cutoff, as well as prospective associations of preconception liver fat levels with gestational dysglycemia. Methods Liver fat (measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy), MetS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based plasma metabolomic profiles were assessed in 382 Asian women, who were planning to conceive. Ninety-eight women went on to become pregnant and received an oral glucose tolerance test at week 26 of gestation. Results The optimum liver fat cutoff for diagnosing MetS was 2.07%weight. Preconception liver fat was categorized into Low (liver fat

Consider a tree graph $ G $ with edge set $ E(G) $. The notation $ d_G(x) $ represents the degree of vertex $ x $ in $ G $. Let $ \mathfrak{f} $ be a symmetric real-valued function defined on the Cartesian square of the set of all distinct elements of the degree sequence of $ G $. A graphical edge-weight-function index for the graph $ G $, denoted by $ \mathcal{I}_\mathfrak{f}(G) $, is defined as $ \mathcal{I}_\mathfrak{f}(G) = \sum_{st \in E(G)} \mathfrak{f}(d_G(s), d_G(t)) $. This paper establishes the best possible bounds for $ \mathcal{I}_\mathfrak{f}(G) $ in terms of the order of $ G $ and parameter $ \mathfrak{p} $, subject to specific conditions on $ \mathfrak{f} $. Here, $ \mathfrak{p} $ can be one of the following three graph parameters: (ⅰ) matching number, (ⅱ) the count of pendent vertices, and (ⅲ) maximum degree. We also characterize all tree graphs that achieve these bounds. The constraints considered for $ \mathfrak{f} $ are satisfied by several well-known indices. We specifically illustrate our findings by applying them to the recently introduced Euler-Sombor index.

Abstract This research takes on a crucial task- exploring the optimal placement of Renewable Distributed Generators such as Solar Photovoltaic, wind turbines and Electric Vehicles into the Radial Distribution System (RDS). This is a strategic move aimed at minimising power loss (PLoss) and improving the voltage profile and stability index. The RDGs are integrated into RDS with and without considering the uncertainty of the different load demands for 24 h. The probability function of Beta and Weibull distribution functions are employed to attain the solar irradiance and wind speed in a particular region. In addition, EVs are also integrated into RDS, employing meta-heuristic algorithms intended to reduce power loss (PLoss) and improve the voltage profile. The study uses an Indian 28-bus test system mimicking a balanced radial distribution network to integrate distributed generators (DGs) and EV charging stations. The simulated results demonstrate that integrating DGs into power systems has offered considerable benefits, including reduced PLoss, heightened efficiency, decreased dependency on centralised generation, and improved environmental sustainability. It is discovered that the Multi-population Evolution Whale Optimization Algorithm (MEWOA) produces better results than other methods in the literature and is valuable and practical for handling these nonlinear optimisation situations.

Abstract Post-harvest losses caused by insect pests, particularly the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, pose a significant challenge in food storage facilities worldwide. To combat this pest, synthetic insecticides and fumigants are widely used. However, effective contact insecticides are scarce. Hence, the present study explored the alternatives by evaluating the contact toxicity of various insecticides against S. oryzae using glass, jute, and floor tiles as surface substrates and further examining the effect on progeny production of promising candidate insecticides. Among the insecticides tested, malathion exhibited the highest toxicity on glass and jute surfaces regardless of the exposure period. On the other hand, spinetoram proved to be the most effective on tile surface with an 8 h exposure period. Among the alternate insecticides (spinosad, spinetoram, chlorfenapyr and lambda-cyhalothrin), spinetoram was most effective with LC50 values of 155.8 and 116.9 mg/m² for 4 h and 8 h exposure, respectively, on tile surface; 204.6 and 129.0 mg/m² for 4 h and 8 h exposure, respectively, on glass surface; and 271.5 and 199.5 mg/m² for 4 h and 8 h exposure, respectively, on jute surface. Relative toxicity assessments revealed spinetoram to be 2.11 and 2.51 times more effective than deltamethrin on tile surface for 4 and 8 h of exposure, respectively whereas it was 1.14 times more effective than malathion on tile surface at 8 h exposure. Principal component analysis indicated a higher demand for insecticide doses closely associated with the structural properties of surfaces, particularly evident with jute surfaces. Furthermore, the effect on adult mortality and progeny production by malathion, spinetoram, and lambda-cyhalothrin revealed malathion as the most effective insecticide followed by spinetoram. Carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were notably higher in deltamethrin-treated insects compared to other insecticides. The studies concluded that spinetoram can be considered an alternative to conventional insecticides for the management of S. oryzae under different storage conditions.

Abstract Supercapacitors currently hold a prominent position in energy storage systems due to their exceptionally high power density, although they fall behind batteries and fuel cells in terms of energy density. This paper examines contemporary approaches aimed at enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors by adopting hybrid configurations, alongside considerations of their power density, rate capability, and cycle stability. Given that electrodes play a pivotal role in supercapacitor cells, this review focuses on the design of hybrid electrode structures with elevated specific capacitance, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Factors such as available surface area, porosity, and conductivity of the constituent materials significantly influence electrode performance, prompting the adoption of strategies such as nanostructuring. Additionally, the paper delves into the impact of novel bio-based hybrid electrolytes, drawing upon literature data to outline the fabrication of various hybrid electrode materials incorporating conducting polymers like polyaniline and polypyrrole, as well as metal oxides, carbon compounds, and hybrid electrolytes such as ionic liquids, gel polymers, aqueous, and solid polymer electrolytes. The discussion explores the contributions of different components and methodologies to overall capacitance, with a primary emphasis on the mechanisms of energy storage through non-faradic electrical double-layer capacitance and faradaic pseudo-capacitance. Furthermore, the paper addresses the electrochemical performance of hybrid components, examining their concentrations and functioning via diverse charge storage techniques.

Abstract Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) dynamic behaviour upon substrate interaction is discussed for structural characteristics investigation. Two different Peptide substrates hydrophobicity and disulfide interaction are chosen. The molecular docking is done by Discovery Studios 3.1 and HADDOCK v2.2, followed by molecular dynamics studies done by GROMACS 5.0.5 (AMBER force filed), and finally, protein domain motion is analysed by DynDom, which gives detailed insights on possible conformation changes in PDI while encountering a substrate. The analysis of obtained points out that, each peptide substrate displayed a unique set of interaction patterns and secondary structural elements fluctuations in PDI. Substrate binding made the C-terminal half of the molecule (b’ and a’ domain) rigid and the N-terminal half (b and a domain) flexible. PDI-Peptide complexes provide key insights into PDI with substrate interaction. b’ domain makes adjustments to the original conformation for stable PDI-Substrate complexes. This triggers disarray in the conformation of the entire protein. The results exposed the structural mechanism through which the reduced form of PDI undergoes metamorphosis into oxidized form by connecting two renowned crystal structures.

Abstract Background The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is a devastating global pest of cotton that has caused substantial economic damage to Bt Bollgard-II® cotton plants in recent years due to the evolution of Bt resistance. The associated fitness cost is assumed to be one of the factors delaying the development of resistance against Bt transgenic crops. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the biological performance of pink bollworms by comparing the life history and demographic parameters of a resistant (Field-R) and susceptible (Lab-S) population. Results Prolonged larval duration (23.40 days in Field-R vs 18.80 days in Lab-S population), total life cycle (male = 50.00 vs 42.80 days; female = 53.60 vs 46.20 days), reduced fecundity (100.60 vs 154.20 eggs/female) and fertility (88.00 vs 138.00 fertile eggs/female) was observed. The demographic parameters indicated a significant reduction in the net reproductive rate (184.27 vs 276.72), innate capacity for increase in number (0.11 vs 0.15), finite rate of increase in number (1.12 vs 1.16 female progenies produced/female/day), weekly multiplication rate (2.16 vs 2.86), potential fecundity (545.06 vs 634.11 eggs), number of hypothetical F2 females (33 955.65 vs 76 572.41), but longer mean length of generation (47.54 vs 37.74 days) and population doubling time (6.30 vs 4.62 days) in Field-R compared with Lab-S population. A stage-specific life table demonstrated the differences in survival rates between susceptible and resistant populations at various life stages, with the resistant population having higher generation mortality (0.22 vs 0.19). Conclusions The study confirms the involvement of fitness costs associated with Bt resistance in P. gossypiella. Despite reduced reproductive fitness, the resistant population tried prolonging the larval stage as a compensatory mechanism to repair the damaged host tissues due to Bt intoxication and for accumulation of enough nutrient reserves for normal pupation and adult emergence. Presence of a high proportion of double Bt-resistant larvae in the field coupled with continued noncompliance with refug planting certainly favours the flaring up of this monophagous pest despite the observed fitness costs. The resistance cannot be effectively reversed unless suitable alternative management strategies are deployed.

Abstract Background Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an economically important disease of broiler chickens caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP). The pathogenesis, or disease process, of NE is still not clear. This study aimed to identify the alterations of metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with subclinical or clinical NE in CP infected birds and to investigate the possible variations in the metabolic profile of birds infected with different isolates of CP. Methodology Using a well-established NE model, the protein content of feed was changed abruptly before exposing birds to CP isolates with different toxin genes combinations (cpa, cpb2, netB, tpeL; cpa, cpb2, netB; or cpa, cpb2). Metabolomics analysis of jejunal contents was performed by a targeted, fully quantitative LC-MS/MS based assay. Results This study detected statistically significant differential expression of 34 metabolites including organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and biogenic amines, including elevation of butyric acid at onset of NE in broiler chickens. Subsequent analysis of broilers infected with CP isolates with different toxin gene combinations confirmed an elevation of butyric acid consistently among 21 differentially expressed metabolites including organic acids, amino acids, and biogenic amines, underscoring its potential role during the development of NE. Furthermore, protein-metabolite network analysis revealed significant alterations in butyric acid and arginine-proline metabolisms. Conclusion This study indicates a significant metabolic difference between CP-infected and non-infected broiler chickens. Among all the metabolites, butyric acid increased significantly in CP-infected birds compared to non-infected healthy broilers. Logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between butyric acid (coefficient: 1.23, P

Introduction: Psoriasis is a prevalent, long-lasting inflammatory skin condition characterised by various clinical manifestations and arising from the interaction of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. It has been found to be associated with several medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, Cardiovascular (CV) diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Aim: To compare the Electrocardiographic P Wave Dispersion (PWD) in individuals with and without psoriasis and to correlate PWD with the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study comparing the electrocardiographic PWD in 30 patients with psoriasis to that of 30 age- and gender-matched subjects without psoriasis who attended Government Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, during a period of one year (February 2021 to January 2022). A structured questionnaire was used to record history and examination findings. A 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed on study participants from both groups in a supine position following 15 minutes of rest. Categorical and quantitative variables were expressed as frequency (percentage) and mean±SD, respectively. The Karl Pearson test was used to find correlations. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Ten (33.3%) patients belonged to the age group of 41-50 years. The duration of the disease ranged from six months to 21 years. Seventeen (56.7%) patients had a PASI score between 10-20, and 5 (16.7%) patients had a PASI score of less than 10. The maximum value of the P wave and PWD was higher in the case group and was statistically significant (p≤0.001 and p≤0.001, respectively). A statistically significant correlation was found between the severity of psoriasis and PWD (r=0.564, p≤0.001) and between the duration of psoriasis and PWD (r=0.372, p=0.04) in this study. Conclusion: PWD was found to be higher in psoriasis patients, with a significant correlation between PWD and both the severity and duration of the disease. Therefore, ECG should be considered as a screening test for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) in all psoriasis patients.