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Background: Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most damaging wheat diseases worldwide, and the development of resistant cultivars is of paramount importance for sustainable crop management. However, the genetic basis of the resistance present in elite wheat cultivars remains largely unknown, which limits the implementation of this strategy. A collection of 285 wheat cultivars originating mostly from France was challenged with ten Zymoseptoria tritici isolates at the seedling stage. The collection was further evaluated in seven field trials across France using artificial inoculation. Results: Genome-wide association study resulted in the detection of 57 wheat QTL, among which 40 were detected at the seedling stage. Three quarters of these QTL were in genomic regions previously reported for to confer resistance to Z. tritici, but 10 QTL are novel and may be of special interest as new sources of resistance. Some QTL colocalise with major Stb resistance genes, suggesting their presence in the French elite winter wheat germplasm. Among them, the three QTL with the strongest effect colocalize with Stb6, Stb9 and Stb18. There was minimal overlap between the QTL detected at the seedling and adult plant stages, with only 1 out of 20 seedling QTL also being detected in field trials inoculated with the same isolate. This suggests that different resistance genes are involved at the seedling and adult plant stages. Conclusion: This work reveals the highly complex genetic architecture of French wheat resistance to STB and provides relatively small QTL intervals, which will be valuable for identifying the underlying causative genes and for marker-assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review of Kéž je všecko ku prospěchu obce! (May everything be to the benefit of the community!), published by Academia and OIKOYMENH, editor Petr Blažek, focuses on four themes: what do the documents say about Patočka, about the secret police, about the fate of Patočka’s textual estate, and about the post-November iinvestigation of the repressive measures taken against Patočka. This study draws attention, among other things, to Patočka’s intention to depart to West Germany in 1976, the influence of the misidentification of the two Chvatíks on the successful progress of work on the publication of Patočka’s texts, Karel Kosík’s plan to revise the Heretical Essays and Two Studies on Masaryk, and above all the overlooking, by the editor of this volume (and the investigators from the 1990s), of the climax of the secret police repression against Patočka on March 2, 1977.

Informers in the service of state secret police collaborate with authorities and thus contribute to the power of repressive regimes. Through a case-study of Communist Czechoslovakia (1945–1989)—and drawing from secret police archives– this article presents selected stories of informers who in one way or another also 'resisted' collaboration with the Czechoslovak State Security (StB). By doing so, we try to further complexify the notions of 'everyday resistance', on the one hand, and 'collaboration' on the other. We demonstrate that resistant acts, similar to collaborative acts, can be apolitically devoid of ideology, highly idiosyncratic, and motivated by private drivers. Informing can be a tool of social navigation—namely, making the most out of one's circumstances—in repressive times. Hence, resisting while informing also can be approached as a method for an individual to maximize opportunities within the overlapping incentives—both public and private, personal and professional—that contour decision-making and social action in repressive regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of phosphorus (P) from feedstocks to soils can provide sustainability in agriculture. In our incubation study, we investigated the effects of adding cow manure-derived vermicompost (CMV), cow manure (CM), sugarcane trash biochar (STB), and triple super phosphate (TSP) to extractable P in a sandy loam soil. P was added to the soil at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg−1 based on their total P contents. The amended soils were incubated for 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks (wk) at room temperature and extractable P samples were measured (by water, Olsen, Mehlich-3 and Bray and Kurtz) and soil pH was monitored. After 1 wk of incubation, the extractable P values were 1.4 mg kg−1 with STB at the smallest while the highest was 79 mg kg−1 with TSP. The corresponding P values in the CMV and CM amended soils were 33 mg kg−1 and 31 mg kg−1. The reductions of extractable P from 1 to 16 wks of incubation were 40%, 35%, and 80% in the CMV, CM and TSP amended soils, respectively, while they increased from 1.43 mg kg−1 to 6.05 mg kg−1 ((320%) in the STB amended soil. Among the amendments, a significant positive relationship was observed between extractable P and the pH in soils amended with STB. The findings revealed that varying P extractability in soils depends on amendment types and duration of incubation. Sugarcane trash biochar did not exhibit an ability to substitute inorganic P fertilizer for assessing bioavailable P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trophoblast organoids (TOs) are a three-dimensional ex vivo culture model that can be used to study various aspects of placental development, physiology and pathology. However, standard culturing of TOs does not recapitulate the cellular orientation of chorionic villi in vivo given that the multi-nucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) develops largely within the inner facing surfaces of these organoids (STBin). Here, we developed amethod to culture TOs under conditions that recapitulate the cellular orientation of chorionic villi in vivo. We show that culturing STBin TOs in suspension with gentle agitation leads to the development of TOs containing the STB on the outer surface (STBout). Using membrane capacitance measurements, we determined that the outermost surface of STBout organoids contain large syncytia comprising >50 nuclei, whereas STBin organoids contain small syncytia (<10 nuclei) and mononuclear cells. The growth of TOs under conditions that mimic the cellular orientation of chorionic villi in vivo thus allows for the study of a variety of aspects of placental biology under physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septoria tritici blotch caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is the most economically damaging disease of winter wheat in Ireland. As azoles have been intensively used, Z. tritici has developed different means of resisting their toxic effects with multiple alterations now reported in individual strains. Using previously characterised Irish collections of Z. tritici, the relationships between these different alterations have been examined using conditional inference trees and random forest. The results from this study highlight the importance of specific alterations I381V and S524T, with both contributing most to the reductions in epoxiconazole (EPZ) and metconazole (MTZ) sensitivity. As the azole class of fungicides is an extensive and diverse group, it is possible these alterations do not impact other azoles in a similar manner. Further analysis of these and contemporary collections to additional azoles, including mefentrifluconazole, which continues to provide good field control of Z. tritici, is warranted.

Copyright of Technisches Messen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici Desm., is the most important disease affecting wheat in Northern Europe. There is a strong correlation between STB and weather variables; therefore, research on climate change and epidemiology is essential. In a long-term survey across 25 years, we evaluated the epidemiological development of STB at a representative location under maritime climatic conditions. The surveys conducted between 1996 and 2021 showed an increase in disease severity of STB with respect to time. At the survey location, the plants were also evaluated for other diseases, but other foliar diseases were only observed with negligible severities. However, a continuous increase in the severity of STB was observed throughout the survey. During the survey period, there was no significant relationship between disease severity and single weather parameters (e.g., temperature and precipitation). However, seasonal changes in the progression of conducive STB conditions within the season were observed during the survey. Therefore, STB infections occurred at increased temperatures due to infections later during the growth season. In general, the distribution of conducive weather conditions, which supports an infection, determines the epidemiological behaviour of STB during the growing season. Due to these enhanced STB epidemics, a decline in wheat production has been observed, especially in agronomic practices of maritime climates. This is particularly the case if temperature and precipitation during the growing season are affected by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The senior authors traveled to Ukraine to teach specific skills to Ukrainian physicians and other medical professionals, utilizing a 2-day ATLS course, workshops in point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS), lectures and webinars on damage control resuscitation, damage control surgery, and transfusion of whole blood. The authors have focused on providing skill sets that Ukrainian doctors can utilize within their existing system to improve immediate patient care for casualties resulting from the unanticipated Russian invasion and improve outcomes. Given the resource limitations and differences of the Ukrainian healthcare systems, the authors believe Western-based professionals who come to Ukraine to help for short periods should resist the temptation to offer western solutions that may not work in Ukraine. Major improvements in Ukrainian health care will require long-term efforts in teaching but also need to include increased efforts to improve hospitals, clinics, staffing, education, supplies, and equipment. Those who travel to help in Ukraine can still teach short courses that provide skills that Ukrainian doctors and nurses can use within their existing healthcare system to improve the quality of patient care in the immediate period of crisis and hopefully improve outcomes in the near term. It is not a reasonable expectation to think that the delivery of 2-day courses such as ATLS or POCUS will significantly change the country-wide delivery of healthcare. This sort of practice change requires the engagement of medical and political leaders and a sustained reform effort over years, not days or weeks. Supportive countries and non-governmental organizations need to prepare for a long and extensive investment in improving Ukrainian healthcare.

The senior authors traveled to Ukraine to teach specific skills to Ukrainian physicians and other medical professionals, utilizing a 2-day ATLS course, workshops in point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS), lectures and webinars on damage control resuscitation, damage control surgery, and transfusion of whole blood. The authors have focused on providing skill sets that Ukrainian doctors can utilize within their existing system to improve immediate patient care for casualties resulting from the unanticipated Russian invasion and improve outcomes. Given the resource limitations and differences of the Ukrainian healthcare systems, the authors believe Western-based professionals who come to Ukraine to help for short periods should resist the temptation to offer western solutions that may not work in Ukraine. Major improvements in Ukrainian health care will require long-term efforts in teaching but also need to include increased efforts to improve hospitals, clinics, staffing, education, supplies, and equipment. Those who travel to help in Ukraine can still teach short courses that provide skills that Ukrainian doctors and nurses can use within their existing healthcare system to improve the quality of patient care in the immediate period of crisis and hopefully improve outcomes in the near term. It is not a reasonable expectation to think that the delivery of 2-day courses such as ATLS or POCUS will significantly change the country-wide delivery of healthcare. This sort of practice change requires the engagement of medical and political leaders and a sustained reform effort over years, not days or weeks. Supportive countries and non-governmental organizations need to prepare for a long and extensive investment in improving Ukrainian healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O Sistema Tributário Brasileiro (STB) é notado por sua complexidade e falta de progressividade. Estes dois aspectos estão diretamente relacionados ao alto número de tributos, contribuindo para o chamado “efeito cascata”, que neste trabalho foi considerado como um processo de bitributação. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de mensurar quanto a administração pública brasileira arrecada a mais com o processo de bitributação, uma vez que um dos impostos que incide sobre bens e serviços tem efeito cumulativo. O método adotado para esta estimação foi o da Matriz Insumo-Produto, em especial a Inversa de Leontief, por ser capaz de aferir os efeitos diretos e indiretos de uma determinada variável sobre as demais. Os resultados estimados para os anos de 2010 e 2015 apontaram que os efeitos da bitributação sobre produtos geraram um excedente de arrecadação nestes anos da ordem de R$106 bilhões e R$141 bilhões, respectivamente.

Copyright of Geosul is the property of Geosul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the current limitations to the progress of the digital television program in Cuba is the lack of funds that the country has to acquire the receiving equipment. The above statement, along with the need to implement the analog switch-off in the national territory, has led to seek autonomous solutions. Consequently, at the Central University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas (UCLV), a prototype of a set-top box (STB) is proposed. This highly integrated device, for digital terrestrial television signals, includes a tuning and demodulation module (NIM, Network Interface Module), a general-purpose single board computer (SBC) with an open-source operating system that allows technological independence and provides facilities for the implementation of new services with high added value. This solution is based on the design and development of an electronic circuit and its Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that serves as an interface between the SBC and the NIM, for future manufacture and commercialization in the country. To validate the technical feasibility of the proposal, the structure of the data frames must be experimentally corroborated, to latter design the software procedure dedicated to the real-time processing of the signal. It is also necessary to fulfill the timing requirements of the control, configuration and monitoring signals present in the different working modes of the Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) standard, which are included in GB 20600-2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study had 3 objectives: to compare bone mineral density (BMD) from 3 axial slices, subchondral trabecular bone 2 mm inferior to the cranial endplate, middle of the vertebral body, and subchondral trabecular bone 2 mm superior to the caudal endplate; assess BMD variations and correlations of C1-T1 vertebrae; and correlate BMD with clinical outcomes and cervical sagittal parameters in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The study enrolled 71 patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion between March 2017 and January 2020. Patient demographics, clinical outcomes, cervical sagittal parameters, and Hounsfield units (HUs) of C1-T1 vertebrae were recorded. Analysis of variance was performed to compare HUs from the axial slices. Pearson correlation coefficient was performed to calculate the relationship between mean HUs of C1-T1 and to assess correlations of mean HUs with clinical outcomes and cervical sagittal parameters. There were no significant differences between HUs of 3 axial levels. Mean HUs were highest in the mid-cervical spine (C4). Significant correlations in mean HUs among all measured spinal levels were observed. Age, sex, and body mass index were not related to mean HUs. Visual analog scale, Neck Disability Index, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores were not related to HUs before and after surgery. There were significant correlations among mean HUs of C2-T1 vertebrae, C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis, and cranial tilt. Mean HUs of C4 had the strongest correlation with C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis. To our knowledge, this is the first study of cranial and caudal subchondral trabecular BMD using HUs and comparing them with the middle of the vertebral body and study of correlations between mean HUs of C1-T1 vertebrae and clinical outcomes and cervical sagittal parameters. Correcting C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis and cranial tilt would improve BMD of C1-T1 vertebrae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is a major foliar disease globally that is notorious for quickly developing fungicide resistance, making host resistance an indispensable component in mitigating STB. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) wheat line Murga is well known for its high, durable, and broad-spectrum resistance against STB infection. This study aimed to investigate the resistance mechanism of Murga to facilitate its utilization in breeding. A recombinant inbred line population was derived from a cross between Murga and STB-susceptible line Huirivis#1, comprising 297 progenies. The population was evaluated for adult-plant STB resistance in Toluca, Mexico (from 2017 to 2019), and in La Estanzuela, Uruguay (from 2016 to 2018). Genotyping was performed with the DArTseq platform. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping indicated a major and stable QTL on chromosome 3DL, explaining a phenotypic variation for STB of 41.2 to 62.5% in Mexico and 27.5 to 40.3% in Uruguay. This QTL was regarded as Stb16 based on the comparison of its physical position, the possible origin from synthetic wheat, and its broad-spectrum resistance. Additional QTLs with minor effects were identified on chromosomes 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, and 5B. The QTL on 5BS was significant in four of the six environments and must be new. Murga was the resistant donor for all QTLs except for those on 2B and 3A. Being an elite breeding line, Stb16 carrier Murga could be used as a promising STB resistance donor. Rational employment of Stb16 could contribute to STB management yet avoid the rapid emergence of Stb16-virulent isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the nuances of host/pathogen interactions are paramount if we wish to effectively control cereal diseases. In the case of the wheat/Zymoseptoria tritici interaction that leads to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease, a 10,000-year-old conflict has led to considerable armaments being developed on both sides which are not reflected in conventional model systems. Taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) have evolved in wheat to better allow it to cope with stress caused by fungal pathogens, and Z. tritici has evolved specialized effectors which allow it to manipulate its’ host. A microarray focused on the latent phase response of a resistant wheat cultivar (cv. Stigg) and susceptible wheat cultivar (cv. Gallant) to Z. tritici infection was mined for TRGs within the Poaceae. From this analysis, we identified two TRGs that were significantly upregulated in response to Z. tritici infection, Septoria-responsive TRG6 and 7 (TaSRTRG6 and TaSRTRG7). Virus induced silencing of these genes resulted in an increased susceptibility to STB disease in cvs. Gallant and Stigg, and significantly so in the latter (2.5-fold increase in STB disease). In silico and localization studies categorized TaSRTRG6 as a secreted protein and TaSRTRG7 as an intracellular protein. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and biofluorescent complementation studies demonstrated that both TaSRTRG6 and TaSRTRG7 can interact with small proteins secreted by Z. tritici (potential effector candidates). Thus we conclude that TRGs are an important part of the wheat-Z. tritici co-evolution story and potential candidates for modulating STB resistance.

The Septoria tritici blotch disease (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases in the world as well as Iran. Genetic resistance is one of the most efficient and economical strategies to control this disease. Identification of resistance sources in wheat genotypes is necessary to control STB. In this study, 33 spring bread wheat genotypes were evaluated against five Z. tritici isolates at seedling stage. Of 33 genotypes, 10 genotypes showed resistance to one or more isolates., Nogal, Arta and N-92-9 genotypes were highly resistant to all isolates tested that show these genotypes possess known or novel effective resistance genes that can be used as resistance sources to the STB in wheat breeding programs. Seven genotypes were moderately resistant against one or more of isolates. The other wheat genotypes were susceptible to isolates tested. The five isolates studied in this study had varying degrees of virulence and invasion on wheat genotypes, which indicates difference in avirulence genes of this pathogen. The isolate BK94 was the most virulent and invasive isolate on wheat genotypes, and the isolate BK56 had the least virulence and invasion.

This article examines how changing collaborations between the Czechoslovakian, Soviet, and East German intelligence services during the 1960s formed the intelligence context of responses to the Prague Spring of 1968. The author uses international history to locate the debates over the uprising among the so-called Warsaw Five throughout 1968 in much longer interplay between local and regional drives for securitisation, centred on intelligence collaborations. This leads us to a reconsideration of the centrality of intelligence collaboration in responses to the crisis and the extent to which actors beyond the borders of Czechoslovakia conditioned these responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the nuances of host/pathogen interactions are paramount if we wish to effectively control cereal diseases. In the case of the wheat/Zymoseptoria tritici interaction that leads to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease, a 10,000-year-old conflict has led to considerable armaments being developed on both sides which are not reflected in conventional model systems. Taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) have evolved in wheat to better allow it to cope with stress caused by fungal pathogens, and Z. tritici has evolved specialized effectors which allow it to manipulate its’ host. A microarray focused on the latent phase response of a resistant wheat cultivar (cv. Stigg) and susceptible wheat cultivar (cv. Gallant) to Z. tritici infection was mined for TRGs within the Poaceae. From this analysis, we identified two TRGs that were significantly upregulated in response to Z. tritici infection, Septoria-responsive TRG6 and 7 (TaSRTRG6 and TaSRTRG7). Virus induced silencing of these genes resulted in an increased susceptibility to STB disease in cvs. Gallant and Stigg, and significantly so in the latter (2.5-fold increase in STB disease). In silico and localization studies categorized TaSRTRG6 as a secreted protein and TaSRTRG7 as an intracellular protein. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and biofluorescent complementation studies demonstrated that both TaSRTRG6 and TaSRTRG7 can interact with small proteins secreted by Z. tritici (potential effector candidates). Thus we conclude that TRGs are an important part of the wheat-Z. tritici co-evolution story and potential candidates for modulating STB resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) STb toxin exhibits striking structural similarity to Ebola virus (EBOV) delta peptide. Both ETEC and EBOV delta peptide are enterotoxins. Comparison of the structural and functional similarities and differences of these two toxins illuminates features that are important in induction of pathogenesis by a bacterial and viral pathogen.

Las oportunidades que brinda la televisión digital han captado la atención tanto de proveedores como de televidentes pues abre el camino a servicios que la televisión analógica tradicional no podía ofrecer al permitir al usuario convertirse en una parte más activa del mundo de la televisión. Luego de varios años del proceso de despliegue de la televisión digital en el contexto nacional no se cuenta aún con STB (Set Top Box) autóctono y se constata que las bondades que ofrece están sin aprovecharse a plenitud. Debido a esta situación en la presente investigación se diseñan esquemas que utilicen la Raspberry Pi como plataforma base de STB para alcanzar un mayor nivel de interactividad en la señal televisiva. Para ello se confecciona una estructura de datos basada en casos de estudio de interés para empresas proveedoras de servicios para la comunicación entre la Raspberry Pi como cliente STB y el proveedor de servicios interactivos. Las pruebas realizadas demuestran que la Raspberry Pi es una opción válida como plataforma de hardware base del STB cubano que puede soportar como canal de retorno las tecnologías que brinda la empresa ETECSA para la informatización de la sociedad.

To measure the quality of service of IPTV, the quality of service (QoS) is measured at the front end of the subscriber's STB. As is well known, QoS measures how reliably data are transmitted in a given network status. For example, the RTP packet header is scanned to analyze the packet loss, delay, jitter, etc. The IPTV services, however, send video data, including video and audio signals, and video data are sensitive to human sight and hearing. Back-mirroring technology is a function that enables the smart device to be utilized as a remote control device for interactive operation by wirelessly transmitting the screen of Android-based broadcasting devices (IPTV, smart TV, set-top box, etc.). In this paper, we suggest an advanced method and more diverse set of controls in order to process the signal from the set-top boxes or TV etc., suggesting that they are more convenient and more versatile. Using this solution, users will be able to use smart devices to increase user convenience and additional content markets by providing the same user convenience as smart devices, such as touch, drag, scaling, and scaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the synovium. Yet we still lack robust tissue-specific (synovial) biomarkers that are able to guide clinical decisions and stratify patients according to their disease subgroup and predicted response to treatment. The EULAR Synovitis Study Group and the OMERACT synovial tissue biopsy (STB) Special Interests Group have undertaken a consensus exercise to identify factors that are important for the standardisation of STB handling and analytical procedures in two situations—clinical practice and translational research.

Role-based access control（RBAC）technology is one of the hotspots in the research of access control.It is of great flexibility and high efficiency.The permission of RBAC model was refined,and four elements such as object,action,domain and group were added to the model.The inheritance of domain was put forward.The extended model（ODG-RBAC）provided a more fine-grained access control.Through using ODG-RBAC model in the family open platform STB manage system,the problem of access control was resolved.Meanwhile,by providing diversified design scheme of permissions and roles,the complex responsibility assignment was implemented.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 lockdown, India saw a major restriction in the movement of people. Patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) required early interventions and follow-up of independent predictors like symptom-to-balloon (STB) time and door-to-balloon (DTB) time. This study aimed to determine changes in STB and DTB time before and after the COVID-19 lockdown and its associated risk factors., Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study of 105 patients admitted to the cardiac care units (CCU) of two tertiary care centers in a district of Southern India for six months was conducted to compare the changes in STB and DTB time before and after the COVID-19 lockdown (three months before March 2020 and three months after March 2020), and data was collected from medical records. The data collected was then entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, USA), numerically coded, and analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 21 (IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests assessed the association between the dependent and independent variables. The STB/DTB time (before and after the COVID-19 lockdown) was the dependent variable, while the age, gender, co-morbidities, smoking status, and date of admission of patients (before and after the COVID-19 lockdown) were taken as the independent variables. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The predictor variables were identified using the regression method, where all variables with a significance of <0.2 were taken., Results: The overall mean (±SD) STB time was 408.7 (±307.1) minutes, and the mean (±SD) DTB time was 161.7 (±261.6) minutes. The pre-lockdown mean STB time was 404.6 minutes, and the mean DTB time was 153 minutes, whereas the post-lockdown mean STB and DTB time were higher at 413.3 minutes and 171.6 minutes, respectively. Out of the total 105 patients, 95 (90.5%) had an STB time of ≥120 minutes, and 77 (73.3%) had an ideal DTB time of <90 minutes. There was no statistically significant variation in the STB and DTB time before and after the lockdown. Only the age group >60 years (38 (97.4%)) was found to be statistically significant with an STB time of ≥120 minutes after the lockdown (p-value=0.040), and patients referred from primary and secondary care centers (AOR (95% CI)=4.669 (1.129-19.298)) were found to be an independent factor in reducing DTB time before and after the COVID-19 lockdown., Conclusion: The efficiency of the health system, irrespective of the COVID-19 lockdown, was observed; nevertheless, a delay in the overall recognition of symptoms of MI was perceived. The importance of time factors in identifying the symptoms of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially MI and stroke, has to be ascertained among the general population., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Mohandas et al.)

Identifying tolerance traits to diseases in wheat genotypes has an increased interest to minimize pesticide use and to complement resistance and escape. Yield tolerance to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) was studied pooling up three experiments involving 18 genotypes, 5 years and 6 sites in France, amounting to 161 genotype × year × site × management combinations. Each combination involves a crop pair (treated or not against foliar diseases) repeated two to three times. Most crops were grown under high fertilization, and STB was the main disease present in untreated crops. Crop traits (ear density, grain number and weight, area of leaf laminas) were recorded; green area of leaf laminas over time was fitted to a Gompertz equation, producing metrics for senescence traits (time and duration). Over the whole dataset, LAI from 1.1 to 7.5 m 2 m −2 ; yields from 280 to 1122 gDM m −2 and relative yield losses up to 70% were recorded. Fungicide treated crops exhibited slightly larger ear density and leaf lamina area independently of the intensity of epidemics. As an overall trend, yield became more determined by source traits when epidemics occurred. Yield loss was proportional ( r 2 = 0.7) to senescence advance by disease. Decrease in grain number and weight were also correlated ( r 2 = 0.4 and 0.8, respectively) to yield loss. Two epidemic indices were built to compare data across year × site combinations. Then yield in untreated crop was predicted ( r 2 = 0.87) from yield in corresponding treated crop, and interaction of epidemic indices with traits of the treated crops that therefore were pointed out as responsible for tolerance variability. Late senescing crops exhibited a greater tolerance to epidemics. Conversely, grain weight was a major key of intolerance. To minimize the trade-off between yield potential and tolerance it is thus suggested to maximize grain number. This study represents a first step in identifying key traits involved in tolerance to STB in varying agronomic conditions and cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of satellite television evolution stages. There are presented functional basis structures and main features of satellite television, stages of transition to digital television (DTV). Transition to DTV required many efforts for standardization of algorithms used for the source signal adaptation to the transmission medium, of suitable compression methods, of new modulation schemes, of best Forward Error Correction codes, of format conversion, etc. The main standards of satellite DTV can be considered DVB-S, DVB-DSGN, DVB-RCS, DVB-S2 and DVB-S2X. For these standards, there are presented some background aspects, functional block diagram, technology elements, benefits and specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deployment of Digital Terrestrial Television is an essential project of social infrastructure creation. It intends to improve people's standard of living by introducing a state-of-the-art technology. Worldwide, the technological change of Analog Television into Terrestrial Digital Television started since 1998. It's an inevitable change that each country has to face and which is part of the digitalization process that already has taken place in many other technologies. In order to determine the most convenient standard for Cuba, it was necessary to take into account several aspects of political, economic and technological natures. This paper comprises the evaluation of Set-Top Box quality parameters for DTMB digital television signal broadcasting standard. DTMB is being adopted after more than ten years of work conducted by a Technical Committee created with this purpose. All the experiments have been carried out according to the UIT-R BT.2035-2 recommendation: “Guidelines and techniques for the evaluation of digital terrestrial television broadcasting systems including assessment of their coverage areas". The objective of Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) testing and trials is to evaluate the performance of an available system in a variety of transmission configurations and reception conditions. These tests include measurements of receiver performance in the presence of Random Noise, RF signal level Variation (Dynamic Range) and Static Multipath Interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]