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State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs), including lists of Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN), outline state strategies for protecting species and habitats in the United States. In developing the current, second revision SWAPs, states are increasingly pursuing coordinated landscape conservation approaches. Analyzing SGCN lists in the first revision SWAPs, we found evidence that they already support multistate conservation. Most states address a common set of vertebrate and invertebrate groups, include most of the imperiled species from these groups, do not prioritize endemics over non‐endemics, and often include most imperiled species that are shared with neighboring states. Also, a regional SGCN coordination effort was successful. Although 65% of animals on each SGCN list were assessed as at elevated risk of extirpation by state authorities, only 43% of the combined national list were at elevated risk of global extinction. Over 40% of the combined animal SGCNs are considered globally apparently secure. Plants, snails, freshwater shrimps, and freshwater insects were poorly represented in SGCN lists. For the current SWAP revisions, we recommend improving foundational data on taxonomy, range‐wide distribution, and conservation status; expanded taxonomic coverage in SGCN lists; supporting existing and establishing new interstate initiatives; and diversifying funding mechanisms that target regional cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin biomass is the second largest biomass resource on Earth but under-utilized. In this study, pretreated shrimp shells were converted into value-added platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using microwave hydrothermal treatment. Under the combined pretreatment of acid decalcification at room temperature and microwave-assisted alkali deacetylation, the HMF yield could reach 1.8 wt%. The key process parameters, including the holding temperature, holding time, and pH value, were evaluated and optimised. The highest HMF yield of 6.5 wt% was obtained at 202.6°C at a holding time of 5.8 min and a pH value of 1.5. This result demonstrates the potential of synchronously treating waste and recycling it, thereby offering a highly promising valorisation strategy for chitin-biomass utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comma shrimp, or cumaceans, are diverse benthic crustaceans, yet they are one of the groups with the poorest fossil record, hindering our understanding of the evolution of the group in deep time. Here, we describe a new species of fossil comma shrimp, Makrokylindrus itoi sp. nov., from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Japan. The singular fossil is exceptionally preserved, including details of the carapace, cuticle, and some appendages, and it represents the first known fossil of the family Diastylidae and only the fourth fossil crown group cumacean known to date. We suggest that the scarce and sparsely known fossil record of cumaceans likely reflects a lack of recognition due to their small size and unfamiliar anatomy, making fossil cumaceans easy to misidentify, be confused with crustacean larvae of unknown affinities, or be interpreted as fragments of other crustaceans (taxonomic bias), rather than a lack of fossilization potential (taphonomic bias). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MR)) is a significant aquafarm species commercially cultured in Taiwan. Intensive farming practices have led to the outbreak of Lactococcus garvieae (LG), which causes Lactococcosis in MR. Recently, LG has re‐emerged and the number of mortalities in prawn farms has increased in Taiwan. However, there is no preventative strategy described and a lack of knowledge on virulence factors and pathogenesis from LG in MR. The most virulent strain of L. garvieae from M. rosenbergii was screened in vivo among seven isolates selected for infectivity testing injecting 0.1 mL of 108 CFU/mL bacterial concentration. Among the seven isolates screened, L. garvieae 109‐6 resulted in 100% mortality within 3 days post‐infection. Furthermore, 109‐6 L. garvieae LD50 dosage from in MR was found to be 106 CFU/mL. Subsequently, the most virulent strain 109‐6 was sequenced using MinIon Nanopore sequencing. Results indicated that the LG genome yielded a protein‐coding of 3857 with 59 tRNA and 16 rRNA and no plasmid. Interestingly, the distribution of subsystems in the annotated genome revealed genes related to virulence, defence, and disease among LG 50 genes. Altogether, the virulent strain and its genome data revealed distinctive features of LG, which hinted toward its pathogenicity and could facilitate for better preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of Navicula sp. to shrimp nurseries can improve the growth of Penaeus vannamei reared in biofloc systems. However, the contribution of microalgae to the biofloc formation and the effective contribution to shrimp nutrition remain unknown. In this study, Navicula sp. was added to biofloc nursery systems of P. vannamei at distinct time frequencies for evaluating its nutritional contribution to shrimp growth. Nursery rearing was carried out in bioflocs for 35 days at a stocking density of 3000 post-larvae m−3. Shrimp were fed using a commercial feed plus fresh culture of Navicula sp. at different frequencies: no addition of Navicula sp. (WN – control), the addition of 10 × 104 cells mL−1 of the diatom every 5, 10 and 15 days (N5, N10 and N15, respectively). Food sources relative contribution to P. vannamei development was estimated using a Bayesian mixture model. The isotopic discrimination factor (Δ15N and Δ13C) for each food source was determined experimentally. After 35 days of culture, survival (∼93 %) was similar across all treatments but there was a significant difference in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The N10 treatment (0.50 ± 0.05 g, 0.99 ± 0.01) exhibited better growth parameters when compared to the WN treatment (0.33 ± 0.07 g, 11.46 ± 0.30). Biofloc was the food source most assimilated by shrimp followed by Navicula sp. and commercial feed. Contribution of Navicula sp. was higher in the N5 treatment. In the treatments with diatom addition, an inverse correlation was observed between the relative contributions of biofloc and Navicula sp., indicating that Navicula sp. is not in the biofloc composition, but it is directly consumed by P. vannamei post-larvae. Biofloc and Navicula sp. exhibited larger contributions to the growth of shrimp, reinforcing the importance of natural food sources to the aquaculture of P. vannamei post-larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, shrimp paste was prepared using Antarctic krill and fermented Antarctic krill shrimp paste as raw materials. Two commonly used heating methods, stir‐fried and steaming, were analyzed, the main difference between the two methods being that stir‐frying involves putting the shrimp paste into a wok and stir‐frying it for different periods of time, while steaming involves putting the shrimp paste into a steamer and steaming it for different periods of time. The effects of different salt concentrations and processing techniques on the volatile flavor compounds of shrimp paste were also observed. Electronic nose and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS) were employed to analyze the volatile flavor compounds. A total of 52 volatile flavor compounds were detected by GC‐IMS, of which 38 were identified (including monomers, dimers, and polymers). The identified compounds included 11 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 14 alcohols, 2 esters, 2 acids, 1 pyridine compound, and 2 sulfur compounds. In addition, 14 compounds were identifiable. Using the results of the electronic nose analysis, we were also able to differentiate between the volatile flavor compounds in shrimp pastes produced by different processing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As climate change transforms marine environments globally, species distributions correspondingly shift to locations where conditions have become or remain favourable. The ability to model these distributional shifts has been facilitated by species distribution models (SDMs). However, current SDM approaches have largely ignored climate‐driven changes in species interactions, which ultimately can have an important influence on species distributions. In this study, we utilize a long‐term, large‐scale dataset spanning 48 years and approximately 30 degrees latitude across the Canadian Atlantic shelf. We examine how climate influences the distribution and predation patterns of two invertebrates, northern shrimp Pandalus borealis and snow crab Chionoecetes opilio, aiming to evaluate the impacts of climate change on prey distributions. We found that both invertebrate species have a pronounced predicted response to climate change, with a northern shift in the distribution of northern shrimp and an overall reduction in abundance of both snow crab and shrimp associated with warming temperatures. Including predatory interactions as predictors in the SDMs (either directly via predator densities or via estimated predation rates) improved prediction accuracy for northern shrimp but not for snow crab. This is consistent with the ecology of these two species, as northern shrimp is more vulnerable to predation than snow crab. We found that the projections of future northern shrimp distributions are sensitive to the predicted spatial distribution and abundance of predators, highlighting the inherent complexity of predicting species response to climate change. Collectively, these results contribute to a broader literature that seeks to improve the capabilities of models to predict the effects of species interactions on species distributions under changing ecological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jack-knife shrimp Haliporoides sibogae is a target species for boat seine fishery in the waters off south-western Kyushu, Japan. Reproduction, including ovarian maturation, size at sexual maturity, and spawning season of this species were studied using females collected from Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan. The present study also explored an alternative maturity index by conducting a microscopic examination of oocytes. Histological analysis of the ovaries validated six oocyte developmental stages. Ovarian development was asynchronous, indicating multiple spawning throughout a reproductive season. On the basis of the developmental stage of the most advanced oocytes, ovarian maturity was categorized into three stages: immature, maturing and mature. Females containing oocytes exhibiting cortical crypts were defined as mature. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) significantly increased as ovarian maturation progressed, and all females with a GSI of ≥ 6% were determined to be mature. The minimum size at sexual maturity was estimated to be 24.0 mm in carapace length. The spawning season extended from November to May, with February being the peak. Moreover, microscopically, the oocytes with spherical bodies on the periphery all had cortical crypts. Therefore, observation of oocytes using a microscope was considered an effective method to easily identify mature females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was aimed at evaluating whether females of a freshwater shrimp, Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904), allocate differentially to reproduction when reared in the presence of males and in the presence of brothers/non-brothers. Ovarian growth was evaluated in three consecutive maturation cycles. The composition of biochemical reserves was determined in the eggs (i.e., embryos) laid at the end of the first cycle, in 20-day-old juveniles produced at the end of the second cycle, and in the mature ovary of females at the end of the third cycle. When reared in the absence of males, females took longer to mature the ovaries and stored less proteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the mature ovary. Females reared with brothers took longer to mature the ovaries than females reared with non-brothers, with no differences in the biochemical composition of their mature ovaries. The eggs produced by females mated to brothers showed a lower carotenoid content, higher cholesterol content, and a tendency towards lower energy content than those produced by females mated to non-brothers. These results suggest that females are capable of recognizing kin and modulate primary reproductive effort, in terms of ovarian and egg biochemical composition, according to male presence and genetic relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different drying methods (oven drying, fluid bed drying, and freeze drying) on the fatty acid composition, astaxanthin content, antioxidant activity, and colour values of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) processing wastes were investigated. These results showed that freeze drying was the most effective method in preserving the quality of shrimp processing waste (SPW), resulting in higher levels of EPA and DHA, astaxanthin content, antioxidant activity, and desired reddish colour characteristics compared to other methods. These findings highlight the potential of freeze drying as a suitable technique for converting SPW into high value products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review aimed to evaluate the current situation of pesticide residues detected in shrimp (commercial species) on the Mexican coasts. The organochlorine pesticides (OC), α-endosulfan (210.01 ng g−1), endosulfan sulfate (127.5 ng g−1), heptachlor (126.04 ng g−1 and γ-HCH (121.04 ng g−1) are identified as the most common pesticides in shrimp tissues, with the Northwest area reporting the highest concentrations of these OC. Given that there is an under-evaluation of pesticide residue levels, there was a greater contribution of studies directed at the Northwest of the country considering that there are states that are among the main shrimp-producing and consumers entities. The concentrations and types of pesticides banned nationally and globally, due to their toxic effects on the population, were reported. Therefore, since the most current information is 19 years out of date, it is necessary to perform recent evaluations with sensible and precise methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the performance of domesticated tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae and mud crab Scylla paramamosain co‐cultured in 90 extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam from 2022 to Sep 2023. Limited supplementary feeding was applied for only 20% of the studied ponds. Results show that ponds stocked with domesticated postlarvae produced significantly larger shrimps at harvest and had better postlarvae usage efficiency (P < 0.05) compared with those stocked with older postlarvae produced by wild‐caught broodstock. Furthermore, a combination of stocking domesticated postlarvae and using organic fertilizer for pond preparation and during the crop was found to significantly improve productivity by 28% and final harvest size by 67% (P < 0.05). Larger shrimps fetched 54% higher farm‐gate prices, thus significantly increasing gross revenue for farmers. Co‐culture of mud crab in rice‐shrimp ponds at low densities (0.2–0.7 pcs/m2) was popular and profitable. Productivity was 116–187 kg/ha/crop with a profit margin up to 92.8%. Income from mud crab was very similar to that from shrimp. The results of this study suggest that domesticated postlarvae of P. monodon should be used for stocking extensive systems, preferably in combination of using organic fertilizer to enhance natural foods. Further improvement of income and profit can be achieved if more attention is paid on crablet quality and quality improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further explore the impact of nutrient fortification on the ovarian secondary development of redclaw crayfish, four groups were set up: group ①, no feeding; group ②, formulated feeding; groups ③ and ④, formulated feed + nutrient bait. Results showed (1) the proportions of egg‐bearing shrimp in groups ③ and ④. 2) The weight growth rate of group ① was the lowest, the maturation coefficient of unripe shrimp in group ④ was the highest, and the egg‐holding rates in groups ③ and ④ were significantly higher than those of group ①. The hatching and survival rates of yellow eggs in group ④ were significantly higher than those in group ②. The hatching and survival rates of red eggs in groups ③ and ④ were significantly higher than those in group ①. (3) The weight gain rate of juveniles in group ④ was significantly higher than those of group ①. (4) Genes and proteins related to ovarian development were screened. In summary, group ④ had a higher proportion of egg‐holding shrimp, faster ovarian development, and a higher maturity coefficient. The hatching and survival rates of eggs, and the survival and weight gain rates of the offspring were also high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient gene transfer and expression tool is lacking for shrimps and shrimp cells. To solve this, this study has developed a shrimp DNA virus-mediated gene transfer and expression system, consisting of insect Sf9 cells for viral packaging, the shrimp viral vector of pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS and the baculoviral vector of Bacmid or Bacmid-VP28 encoding the shrimp WSSV envelope protein VP28. The pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS vector was constructed by assembling the genomic DNA of shrimp infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), which has shortened inverted terminal repeats, into a pUC19 backbone, and then an expression cassette of baculoviral polyhedron (PH) promoter-driven GUS (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene was inserted immediately downstream of IHHNV for proof-of-concept. It was found that the viral vector of pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS could be successfully packaged into IHHNV-like infective virions in the Sf9 cells, and the gene transfer efficiency of this system was evaluated and verified in three systems of Sf9 cells, shrimp hemolymph cells and tissues of infected shrimps, but the GUS expression could only be detected in cases where the viral vector was co-transfected or co-infected with a baculovirus of Bacmid or Bacmid-VP28 due to the Bacmid-dependence of the PH promoter. Moreover, the packaging and infection efficiencies could be significantly improved when Bacmid-VP28 was used instead of Bacmid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculation with Exiguobacterium profundum FELA1 isolated from traditional shrimp paste and koji on the taste, flavor characteristics, and bacterial community of rapidly fermented shrimp paste. E-nose and e-tongue results showed higher levels of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, enhanced umami and richness, and reduced bitterness and astringency in samples of shrimp paste inoculated with fermentation (p < 0.05). Eighty-two volatile compounds were determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPEM-GC-MS). The contents of 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethanol, isovaleraldehyde, and 2-nonanone in the inoculated samples were significantly increased (p < 0.05), resulting in pleasant odors such as almond, floral, and fruity. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the addition of koji and FELA1 changed the composition and abundance of bacteria and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria. Spearman's correlation coefficient indicated that the alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones of the inoculated fermented samples showed a strong correlation (|ρ| > 0.6) with Virgibacillus and Exiguobacterium, which contributed to the formation of good flavor in the fast fermented shrimp paste. This study may offer new insights into the production of rapidly fermented shrimp paste with better taste and flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing interest in healthy diets has increased demand for fish and seafood, with aquaculture playing a crucial role in meeting this need. Developing new aquaculture products can enhance their commercial value and address consumer demand, but it is unclear which products will be well-received. This study aimed to generate ideas for new products derived from sea bream and prawns, and to gather consumer opinions on these ideas, segmented by gender and age. Two methodologies were used: focus groups and Check-All-That-Apply (CATA). In the focus groups, with two sessions per species and 10 participants each, ideas for aquaculture products were generated and categorized as fresh, dehydrated, fermented, marinated, and canned. The CATA technique, applied to 387 individuals, assessed the acceptability of fresh species, yielding average scores of 6.6 for sea bream and 6.8 for prawns. Sea bream was associated with products like fillets and long-shelf-life loins, while prawns were linked to snacks and toppings. In conclusion, the use of tools like focus groups has shown promising results for developing new aquaculture products. CATA analysis indicated that sea bream should be minimally processed with a long shelf life, and prawns should be processed into dehydrated products. Women preferred traditional products, while men favoured innovative options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to identify the content of astaxanthin and its esterified forms using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry detection in three samples of shrimp waste. The analyses revealed twenty-one astaxanthin derivatives, including astaxanthin in free form, across all three extracts with the highest number of derivatives observed in the head extract. The shell extract had a lower content of astaxanthin and its esterified forms, with monoesterified astaxanthins being the major components, with contents ranging from 0.5–1 mg g−1. On the other hand, in both global waste and head extracts, astaxanthin diesters were found to be the dominant bioactive compounds, with contents ranging from 0.7–5.2 mg g−1 and 10.2–18.2 mg g−1, respectively. Notably, the astaxanthin content extracted from head was significantly higher compared to other extracts, indicating its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free fatty acids have long been used as dietary supplements in aquaculture, but the application of monoglycerides has increased interest in more recent times. The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde (SMMG) on the growth performance, survival, immune responses, and tolerance to hypoxic stress of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, shrimp post-larvae were divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates and fed with diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% diet for 30 days. The final body weight and survival rate were determined. In Experiment 2, the juvenile shrimp from Experiment 1 were subjected to hypoxic stress conditions (dissolved oxygen level 2–2.5 mg/L) for 14 days, then the specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate, intestinal Vibrio spp. count, immune responses, and histopathological change of the hepatopancreas were analyzed. Following the 30-day feeding trial, the results revealed that the final body weight and survival of the 0.3–0.5% SMMG groups (2.81–3.06 g and 74.00–84.33%, respectively) were significantly higher than the control shrimp (1.96 g and 68.33%, respectively). In the hypoxic stress experiment, the survival rates of shrimp fed 0.4–0.5% SMMG (71.67–80.00%) were significantly higher than the control (51.67%). Although the SGR were not affected by SMMG supplementation, all immune parameters evaluated were significantly enhanced, and the intestinal Vibrio spp. counts were significantly decreased in the 0.4–0.5% SMMG-fed shrimp; the histopathological structure of the hepatopancreas was also improved in these shrimp compared to the control. Our findings indicated that SMMG as a feed additive has beneficial effects in improving shrimp health and increasing tolerance to hypoxic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandalid shrimp use morphological and behavioral defenses against their numerous fish and invertebrate predators. Their rapid tail-flip escape and rigid exoskeleton armor may be sensitive to changes in ocean temperature and carbon chemistry in ways that alter their efficacy and impact mortality. Here we tested the hypothesis that ocean warming and acidification conditions affect the antipredator defenses of Pandalus gurneyi. To test this hypothesis, we exposed shrimp to a combination of pH (8.0, 7.7, 7.5) and temperature (13°C, 17°C) treatments and assessed their tail-flip escape and exoskeleton armor after short-term (2 weeks) and medium-term (3 months) exposure. Results revealed complex effects on escape kinematics, with changes in different variables explained by either pH, temperature, and/or their interaction; decreased pH, for instance, primarily explains reduced acceleration while cold temperature explains increased flexion duration. Carapace mineral content (Ca and Mg) was unaffected, but warmer temperatures primarily drove enhanced mechanical properties (increased hardness and stiffness). No effects were observed in the stiffness and strength of the rostrum. Furthermore, most of the observed effects were temporary, as they occurred after short-term exposure (2 weeks), but disappeared after longer exposure (3 months). This demonstrates that P. gurneyi defenses are affected by short-term exposure to temperature and pH variations; however, they can acclimate to these conditions over time. Nonetheless, changes in the tail-flip escape kinematics may be disadvantageous when trying to flee predators and the enhanced exoskeleton armor could make them more resistant to predation during short periods of environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White feces syndrome (WFS) in Penaeus vannamei has a dynamic etiology in shrimp culture. The etiological factors associated with WFS, namely Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), aggregated transformed microvilli (ATM), midgut parasites, and environmental factors (temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite) were investigated within shrimp farms in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. The investigation encompassed 62 WFS-affected shrimp farms, along with a subset of three WFS-negative farms to ensure a comprehensive analysis. Severity scores (0, 1, and 2) were assigned for each factor and their interrelationship was investigated using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA analysis highlights the endemic presence of EHP (52 farms), along with elevated nitrate, ammonia, and water salinity, as key driving factors of WFS in shrimp farms among the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. Histological evidence unveils the high prevalence of ATM structures (54 farms) in the hepatopancreas of WFS-affected shrimps. Micro eukaryotes, including gregarines, cestodes, and digeneans, were commonly observed parasites in the white midgut of WFS-affected shrimps. The occurrence of WFS appears to be more frequent during rainy days and is particularly prevalent between 40 and 50 days of culture (DOC). The insights on the interrelationship between the etiological factors associated with WFS can contribute to a better understanding of management strategies and aid in the development of preventive measures to mitigate the occurrence of WFS in shrimp farms across Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein hydrolysates as a feed supplement have been reported to enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and improve the host's animal intestinal balance. Thus, this study evaluates the prebiotic effects of hydrolyzed squid by-products in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, diet. A 50-day feeding trial was conducted following a 4 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The juvenile P. monodon were fed plant-based diet (without fishmeal) supplemented with graded levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% hydrolyzed squid by-products, either with or without Bacillus subtilis BF12. A control group fed a fish meal-based diet was also included. The shrimp growth, survival, nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities, immune-related and gut pro-inflammatory gene expression, and intestine histomorphology were the evaluated biological responses. Feeding shrimp with plant-based diet containing 0.5% hydrolyzed squid by-products and B. subtilis BF12 supplement improved growth, enhanced feed conversion, improved nutrient retentions, upregulated the immune-related genes, and downregulated the gut pro-inflammatory genes. Enhanced digestive enzyme activities were observed in treatment groups with higher hydrolyzed squid by-product supplementation. Moreover, hydrolysate supplementation and probiotic application increased the shrimp's intestinal villi height and promoted the growth B. subtilis BF12 probiotics in the gut. Collectively, the present work suggests that hydrolyzed squid by-product protein supplementation at 0.5% and B. subtilis BF12 probiotics can promote growth, enhance the immunological responses, and improve the gut health of juvenile P. monodon fed a plant-based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinct coal break occurs widely in the late Early Jurassic in Central Asia, the cause of which, however, is still debated largely due to the uncertainty of its age constraint. In the Junggar Basin of northwestern China, this coal break coincides with the Sangonghe Formation, which is well exposed along the basin margins, and is mainly composed of lacustrine deposits rich in a variety of fossils, including plants, pollens and spores, bivalves, clam shrimps, insects and some vertebrates. Here we name them as the Sangonghe biota and review their biostratigraphic framework. The Sangonghe biota constrains the Sangonghe Formation to the late Pliensbachian to the early Aalenian. Abundant thermophilous plants and Classopollis, together with frequent occurrences of red beds and carbonate nodules in the middle part of the Sangonghe Formation, are indicative of an arid climate in Central Asia at that time. This arid interlude should be responsible for the coal break, which may be related to the global warming in the early Toarcian. However, more precise dating evidence is needed to substantiate this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the number of shrimp larvae plays a critical role for achieving reasonable feeding in aquaculture. However, previous shrimp larvae counting models failed to accurately distinguish between shrimp larvae and other objects due to the loss of shrimp larvae continuity information. Also, shrimp larvae counting has the challenges of multi-scale changes, transparent body overlap, and background noise. To solve the above problems, a novel shrimp larvae counting network called SLCOBNet is proposed. First, overlapping splitting image is devised, with each patch sharing half of its area, ensuring the continuity of information regarding shrimp larvae between patches. Then, shrimp larvae feature of different scales and multi-scale density maps are obtained through the feature pyramid aggregation and the regression head with multi-scale receptive fields, respectively. Moreover, a novel loss function called Bayesian-DM-Count loss, composed of DM-Count loss and Bayesian loss, was designed to address the existing transparent body overlap and background noise problems. Experiments were performed by collecting shrimp larvae data from the breeding trays of a real aquaculture farm. The extensive experimental results on three shrimp larvae datasets have shown that SLCOBNet achieves 3.27, 3.61 and 1.28 in Mean Absolute Error. Hence, the proposed method exhibits a better counting accuracy compared to other counting methods. Furthermore, the predicted results were consistent with the true values. • Density estimation model proposed for shrimp larvae counting. • Overlapping splitting extracts the continuity information of shrimp larvae. • Obtaining shrimp larvae features of different scales by feature pyramid aggregation. • Designing Bayesian-DM-Count loss to address the body overlap and background noise. • Comparison experiments and ablation study verify its superiority and validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the discovery of some novel dynamical scenarios for quasi-periodic shrimp-shaped structures embedded within chaotic phases in bi-parameter space of a discrete predator–prey system. By constructing high-resolution, two-dimensional stability diagrams based on Lyapunov exponents, we observe the abundance of both periodic and quasi-periodic shrimp-shaped organized domains in a certain parameter space of the system. A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted to elucidate the similarities and differences between these two types of shrimps. Our analysis reveals that, unlike periodic shrimp, quasi-periodic shrimp induces (i) torus bubbling transition to chaos and (ii) multistability with multi-tori, torus-chaotic, and multi-chaotic coexisting attractors, resulting from the crossing of its two inner antennae. The basin sets of the coexisting attractors are analyzed, and we observe the presence of intriguing basin boundaries. We also verify that, akin to periodic shrimp structures, quasi-periodic shrimps also maintain the three-times self-similarity scaling. Furthermore, we encounter the occurrence of spiral organization for the self-distribution of quasi-periodic shrimps within a large chaotic domain. We believe that these novel findings will significantly enhance our understanding of shrimp-shaped structures and the intricate dynamics exhibited by their distribution in chaotic regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to detect the bioacoustics signal in the underwater soundscape, specifically those produced by snapping shrimp, using adaptive iterative transfer learning. The proposed network is initially trained with pre-classified snapping shrimp sounds and Gaussian noise, then applied to classify and remove snapping-free noise from field data. This separated ambient noise is subsequently used for transfer learning. This process was iterated to distinguish more effectively between ambient noise and snapping shrimp sounds characteristics, resulting in improved classification. Through iterative transfer learning, significant improvements in precision and recall were observed. The application to field data confirmed that the trained network could detect signals that were difficult to identify using existing threshold classification methods. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of false detection decreased, and detection probability improved with each stage. This research demonstrates that incorporating the noise characteristics of field data into the trained network via iterative transfer learning can generate more realistic training data. The proposed network can successfully detect signals that are challenging to identify using existing threshold classification methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This research investigated microplastic ingestion in two marine crustacean species of high commercial importance, namely the Giant Red Shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea and the Deep-Water Rose Shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris. The primary purpose of this study was to better understand how these species are affected by microplastic pollution, a growing concern in the marine environment worldwide. Based on stable isotope analysis of muscle tissue and on the examination of their gastrointestinal tracts, it was found that the trophic niche of the two species is similar, but the type of particles ingested differed significantly in terms of shape, colour, size class, and polymer. These outcomes shed light on the pervasive impact of microplastic contamination on marine wildlife, emphasising potential threats to consumers at higher levels of the food web. A better knowledge of pathways that microplastics follow through marine food webs is crucial for understanding the ecological implications posed by this emerging contaminant. Increasing plastic contamination poses a serious threat to marine organisms. Microplastics (MPs) ingestion can represent a risk for the organism itself and for the ultimate consumer. Through the analysis of the gastrointestinal tract, coupled with stable isotope analysis on the muscle tissue, this study provides insights into the relationship between MPs pollution and ecology in two commercial marine species caught in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea: Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Parapenaeus longirostris. Stable isotope analysis was conducted to determine the trophic position and the trophic niche width. The gastrointestinal tracts were processed, and the resultant MPs were analysed under FT-IR spectroscopy to estimate the occurrence, abundance, and typology of the ingested MPs. The trophic level of the species was similar (P. longirostris TP = 3 ± 0.10 and A. foliacea TP = 3.1 ± 0.08), with an important trophic niche overlap, where 38% and 52% of P. longirostris and A. foliacea has ingested MPs, respectively. Though species-level differences may not be evident regarding MP's abundance per individual, a high degree of dissimilarity was noted in the typologies of ingested particles. This research provides valuable insights into how MPs enter marine trophic webs, stressing that isotopic niche analysis should be combined with other methods to explain in detail the differences in MPs ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single specimen of a new genus and species of marine palaemonid shrimp was collected from the outer slope of the barrier reef of Koumac, northwest New Caledonia. The new shrimp is remarkable due to its unique series of diagnostic characters, i.e., the presence of compressed supraorbital teeth, a well-developed orbital cavity, closely set antennal and hepatic teeth on the carapace, swollen eyestalks, fully reduced endites on the maxilla, an anteriorly produced lobe on the fourth thoracic sternite, relatively small second chelipeds, and strongly biunguiculate ambulatory dactyli. This specimen occupies an isolated phylogenetic position among the symbiotic palaemonid shrimp analyzed, only demonstrating a feeble morphological inclination towards the "gnathophyllid" section of these. However, neither the main diagnostic characters nor genetic data allow for further clarification of a closer relationship between this new shrimp and any currently known palaemonid genus as of yet. The new genus and species is described in this report, and its phylogenetic position is discussed based on molecular and morphological characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects and mechanism of the addition of Alaskan pollock surimi on shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) surimi gel were explored from the aspects of gel quality, protein structure and flavor property. The ratios of pollock surimi to shrimp meat were set as 0:1 (P0S1), 1:9 (P1S9), 2:8 (P2S8), 3:7 (P3S7), 4:6 (P4S6) and 5:5 (P5S5). The results showed that the addition of pollock surimi significantly improved the gel strength and water holding capacity of the shrimp surimi gel. In addition, from the results of protein conformation, chemical interactions, three-dimensional network structure and protein pattern, the high β-sheet/ α-helix ratio, strong intermolecular interaction and high level of protein network cross-linking were the main reasons for pollock surimi to improve the gel properties of shrimp surimi gel. However, the addition of pollock surimi had a negative impact on the color and flavor of shrimp surimi gel. Among all samples, P3S7 improved the gel properties while retaining the unique color and smell of shrimp surimi gel as much as possible, which could be a feasible and promising method to improve the gel quality of shrimp surimi products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rice seedlings of different stages of development were infested with tadpole shrimp (TPS, Triops longicaudatus [LeConte]), of different sizes in four experiments conducted in a lath house in Colusa, CA, during 2015 and 2016. Tadpole shrimp size was based on carapace length. Rice seedling stages were classified as S0 if no structures were present; S1 if only the coleoptile was present; S2 if the coleoptile and radicle were present; S3-I if the prophyll had emerged; S3-II if the first true leave had emerged but was not unfurled; and V1 if the first true leave was unfurled. Results showed that TPS of all sizes are capable of injuring rice and reducing seedling establishment, with larger TPS causing more seedling establishment reduction than medium or small TPS. The coleoptile, radicle, and roots were the structures most injured by TPS. During the S0 stage, TPS buried seeds, preventing their establishment. Seedling stages S1, S2, and S3-I were found to have the highest risk of injury by TPS, while seedling stage V1 had the lowest. Pearson's correlation between injured seedlings and the normalized number of established seedlings indicates that injury to the coleoptile, root, and radicle combined are the most important in preventing seedling establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projected growth in insect production as alternative feedstuffs will yield novel by‐products that are potentially valuable for aquafeed applications. We analyzed the nutrient composition of three by‐products occurring from black soldier fly larvae production (exuvia, cocoon, imago) and the bioavailability of key nutrients for Pacific Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Protein accounted for 317 g kg−1 in exuviae, 433 g kg−1 in cocoons, and up to 521 g kg−1 in adult flies (imagines). Considerable amounts of essential amino acids were detected in imago meal, which significantly matched the ideal dietary amino acid composition for penaeid shrimp (r2 = 0.66, p = 0.0076). Exuviae and cocoons contained moderate amounts of lipids (64–140 g kg−1), while imagines comprised 356 g kg−1 total lipid. Saturated fatty acids predominated in all insect materials (47%–83% of total fatty acids). Chitin concentration was highest in cocoons and exuviae (154 and 139 g kg−1) and low in imagines (51 g kg−1). A feeding trial with shrimp, L vannamei, revealed apparent digestibility coefficients of 20%–59% for protein, 24%–54% for energy, 25%–49% for carbon, and 27%–68% for copper. Defatting of imago meal increased the digestibility of protein, energy, and carbon by 77%, 64%, and 61%, respectively. Defatted imago meal can serve as a protein supplement for shrimp diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of the zoeae I, II and III of Alpheus cf. packardii was described based on laboratory-hatched larvae. Parental female was captured at Ubatuba bay, north coast of São Paulo, Brazil. The morphological characteristics of the species were compared with descriptions of other Alpheus species with known first zoeal stages. The zoea I of A. cf. packardii differs from the other 27 species through: coxal endite of maxillule with 6 (4 simple, and 2 sparsely plumose) setae; basal endite with 2 stout spines, 1 small plumose setae and 1 small simple setae; coxal endite of maxilla not bilobed, with 2 long sparsely plumose setae; basal endite bilobed, proximal lobe 2 simple and 1 sparsely plumose setae, distal lobe with 2 simple setae and 1 sparsely plumose setae, both with one terminal protuberance; second maxilliped with endopod 4-segmented, 1 terminal simple, 0, 1 terminal serrate, 5 (1 proximal and 3 terminal simple, plus 1 terminal serrate) setae. Considering the importance of the identification of larval forms in the natural environment, our results can be used in a larval identification key and help to advance research on areas such as ecological distribution of early post-embryonic stages in the meroplankton community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) presents a considerable peril to the aquaculture sector, leading to notable financial consequences on a global scale. Previous studies have identified hub proteins, including WSSV051 and WSSV517, as essential binding elements in the protein interaction network of WSSV. This work further investigates the functional structures and potential applications of WSSV hub complexes in managing WSSV infection. Using computational methodologies, we have successfully generated comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) representations of hub proteins along with their three mutual binding counterparts, elucidating crucial interaction locations. The results of our study indicate that the WSSV051 hub protein demonstrates higher binding energy than WSSV517. Moreover, a unique motif, denoted as "S-S-x(5)-S-x(2)-P," was discovered among the binding proteins. This pattern perhaps contributes to the detection of partners by the hub proteins of WSSV. An antiviral strategy targeting WSSV hub proteins was demonstrated through the oral administration of dual hub double-stranded RNAs to the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, followed by a challenge assay. The findings demonstrate a decrease in shrimp mortality and a cessation of WSSV multiplication. In conclusion, our research unveils the structural features and dynamic interactions of hub complexes, shedding light on their significance in the WSSV protein network. This highlights the potential of hub protein-based interventions to mitigate the impact of WSSV infection in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that animal geography should extend its limits and analyses to the fragmented ‘byproducts’ and ‘bits of life’ that are made from animals. In so doing, we argue that a ‘byproductive lens’ is vital to an animal geography in the face of multiple and overlapping ecological crises. The paper opens by theorising byproductive animals and bits of life as increasingly important in the context of emerging biotechnologies. Drawing on our work with shrimp and chickens, we look at how animal byproducts (shells and eggs, respectively) are being put to work, remediated and rendered for pharmaceuticals, biomaterials and other novel industrial purposes. In doing so, we explore the limits of animal geographies through a byproductive lens, to argue that these animal derivatives are bits of life embroiled in bioeconomies, biocapital and biopolitics. We conclude by arguing that byproductive animal geographies offer generative insights for scholars interested in expanding the remit of animal geography’s engagements with scale and ethics, and for scholars engaging with animals across the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchialine systems are coastal groundwater habitats around the world which host a unique community of cave adapted species (stygobionts). Such communities are expected to be separated by haloclines into either fresh or saline groundwater communities, hence climate changes (e.g., eustatic sea level shifts) and anthropic driven changes (e.g., salinization) may have a great impact on these stygobiont communities. Here we used cave-restricted species of Typhlatya from the Yucatan Peninsula as models to identify physiological capacities that enable the different species to thrive in marine groundwater (T. dzilamensis) or fresh groundwater (T. mitchelli and T. pearsei), and test if their distribution is limited by their salinity tolerance capacity. We used behavior, metabolic rates, indicators of the antioxidant system and cellular damage, and lactate content to evaluate the response of individuals to acute changes in salinity, as a recreation of crossing a halocline in the anchialine systems of the Yucatan Peninsula. Our results show that despite being sister species, some are restricted to the freshwater portion of the groundwater, while others appear to be euryhaline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugation to a carrier protein is essential to give rise to the antigenicity of hapten. Three carrier proteins e.g. KLH (Keyhole Limpet hemocyanin), BSA (bovine serum albumin), and OVA (Ovalbumin) were used mostly. KLH is advantageous to the others, majorly owing to its strong immunogenicity and limited usage in other biological assays. However, the cost of obtaining Keyhole Limpet is high and the solubility of KLH is not as well as the other carriers, especially after hapten conjugation. Here, we extracted the shrimp hemocyanin (SHC) from Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei), which is a commonly sea product worldwide. The high pure SHC could be acquired by two-step purification, with a production yield of > 1 g proteins (98% pure) per 1 kg shrimp. Compared to KLH, the peptide-SHC conjugates exhibit higher solubility after hapten conjugation. Meanwhile, compared with KLH, SHC induces comparable antibody production efficiency in mammals, with or without conjugation. Furthermore, rabbit polyclonal antibodies or mouse monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing SHC-peptide conjugates, and the subsequent antibodies were confirmed to be used in western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Therefore, we demonstrated that SHC may be used as a substitute for KLH in future antibody and vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trail aimed to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin loaded olive oil nanoemulsion (CUR‐OLNE) on growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemical, redox status, and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, considering the economic efficiency of supplementation. A total of 280 healthy shrimps (3.42 ± 0.02 g) were randomly distributed into five equal groups and were fed diets containing 0 (CUR‐OLNE0), 5(CUR‐OLNE5), 10(CUR‐OLNE10), 15(CUR‐OLNE15) and 20 (CUR‐OLNE20) mg CUR‐OLNE/kg diet, respectively for 16 weeks. Among CUR‐OLNE treated groups, CUR‐OLNE20 showed the highest growth performance and feed utilization traits, including final body weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. Notably, the photomicrographs provided further compelling evidence regarding the potential effect of CUR‐OLNE supplementation on muscle structure and integrity. Compared to the control, the levels of blood protein significantly induced in CUR‐OLNE15 and CUR‐OLNE20 treated groups (p < 0.05). All CUR‐OLNE ‐supplemented groups possessed lower activities of liver enzymes as well as the levels of urea and creatinine compared to the control (p < 0.05). The addition of 20 mg CUR‐OLNE/kg diet decreased the concentrations of cortisol, glucose and triglycerides. The dietary treatment significantly improved the secretion of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and protease. The lowest levels of Malondialdehyde and the highest levels of total antioxidant capacity, super oxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M were detected in both of CUR‐OLNE15, and CUR‐OLNE20 treated groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). There were considerable significant effects of dietary supplementation of CUR‐OLNE on economic efficiency. In conclusion, the application of nanocarriers for the delivery of dietary immune stimulants such as CUR‐OLNE to Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp is a promising strategy for improving shrimp nutrition. The addition of 20 mg CUR‐OLNE/kg to the diets of can be recommended as an affective intervention to improve growth performance, feed utilization, and health status of shrimp. Implementing this intervention can maximize the economic efficiency of shrimp farming while promoting sustainable practices in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach for the kinetics of non-isothermal kinetic analysis of complex solid systems is proposed. A thermal analysis of the decomposition of chitin isolated from Black Sea shrimp shells was conducted. The breakdown processes of a complex solid state were investigated. Correlation dependencies for a rough solution of the Arrhenius integral were applied to study the kinetics of decomposition. To evaluate the accuracy of this process, a complex criterion was used. The results helped us conclude that real adequacy is achieved by decomposition into four subprocesses. Digestion identification results were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synalpheus ubatuba zoea I was described by assessing laboratory‐hatched larvae. It was compared to other Synalpheus descriptions available in the literature. Partial sequences of parental female's 16S rRNA were analysed and it provided additional evidence for species identification. The first S. ubatuba zoea can be identified by a set of morphological characteristics, namely: antennal scale 4‐articled; basial endite of the maxillule with 3 stout spines + 1 spine; coxal endite of the maxilla with 3 plumose setae and 1 simple seta; basis of the first maxilliped with 4 spines and 2 simple setae; endopod of the third maxilliped with 5‐articled with 0, 0, 0, 2 (1 serrate + 1 simple) setae, 4 simple setae. There was significant larval morphology difference between these characteristics in comparison to other species in the Brevicarpus group (S. brevicarpus and S. minus) which S. ubatuba belongs to. Despite systematic and ecological information provided in the original S. ubatuba description, the present study is the first to focus on the particular features of this species' larval morphology. Evidence of the herein provided larval morphology traits in addition to potential comparison to congeners presenting well‐known larval descriptions, supported the identification of newly discovered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic significance of the shrimp industry relies heavily on the comprehensive utilization of all of the shrimp's parts. However, this importance is often threatened by common challenges such as disease and pollution, caused by prominent contaminants that are capable of exerting adverse effects either directly as physical pollutants or indirectly through the incorporation of additives or adsorbed chemicals. Among these substances are endocrine disruptors, which pose risks to both wildlife and human populations. In this study, 11 endocrine-disrupting compounds were determined (3 bisphenols, 3 phthalates, 3 pesticides, and 2 nonylphenols) through the development of a cost-effective, greener and cost-friendly method based on solid-phase matrix dispersion (MSPD) with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Determinations were performed on different parts of the shrimp: the cephalothorax, abdomen, intestine and shell. Several variables were optimized in the extraction, separation and detection phases, resulting in average recoveries of about 90%. The limit of detection (LOD) varies depending on the analyte and matrix. At concentrations of 1 mg/kg in the cephalothorax+shells and 1.25 mg/kg in the abdomen+intestine, all compounds were detected, except for nonylphenols. The developed method has allowed the simultaneous determination of 11 endocrine disruptors in different parts of the shrimp samples. Furthermore, the MSPD has been demonstrated to be an efficacious, selective, and streamlined sample extraction method, eliminating the necessity for pretreatment steps such as centrifugation and filtration, as well as the use of large volumes of solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibriosis is one of the most serious diseases that commonly occurs in aquatic animals, thus, shaping a steady inherited resistance trait in organisms has received the highest priority in aquaculture. Whereas, the mechanisms underlying the development of such a resistance trait are mostly elusive. In this study, we constructed vibriosis-resistant and susceptible families of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after four generations of artificial selection. Microbiome sequencing indicated that shrimp can successfully develop a colonization resistance trait against Vibrio infections. This trait was characterized by a microbial community structure with specific enrichment of a single probiotic species (namely Shewanella algae), and notably, its formation was inheritable and might be memorized by host epigenetic remodeling. Regardless of the infection status, a group of genes was specifically activated in the resistant family through disruption of complete methylation. Specifically, hypo-methylation and hyper-expression of genes related to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and iron homeostasis might provide rich sources of specific carbon (lactate) and ions for the colonization of S. algae, which directly results in the reduction of Vibrio load in shrimp. Lactate feeding increased the survival of shrimp, while knockdown of LDH gene decreased the survival when shrimp was infected by Vibrio pathogens. In addition, treatment of shrimp with the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine resulted in upregulations of LDH and some protein processing genes, significant enrichment of S. algae, and simultaneous reduction of Vibrio in shrimp. Our results suggest that the colonization resistance can be memorized as epigenetic information by the host, which has played a pivotal role in vibriosis resistance. The findings of this study will aid in disease control and the selection of superior lines of shrimp with high disease resistance. Author summary: Vibriosis is a bacterial disease that commonly occurs in animals, and causes high mortality and severe economic loss in aquaculture every year. Therefore, shaping a steady inherited resistance trait in organisms has received the highest priority in artificial selection. Whereas, the mechanisms underlying the development of such a resistance trait are mostly elusive. In this study, we found that penaeid shrimp can adopt a defense mechanism of colonization resistance against vibriosis. Wherein, a specific enrichment of a single probiotic species (Shewanella algae) in the intestine plays pivotal roles in reducing the Vibrio load and controlling vibriosis. Further evidence revealed that this process might be memorized and regulated by the host's epigenetic system. Activation of a subset of the host genes might provide proper niches for the enrichment of probiotics and simultaneous reduction of pathogens in the intestine through disruption of complete methylation. Together, our findings not only offer new insights into the key mechanisms in shaping disease resistance in shrimp, but also provide some clues for vibriosis control in aquaculture and for the selection of superior lines of shrimp with high disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection is a major threat to Pacific white shrimp aquaculture, causing significant shrimp mortality. Bacteriophages (phages) provide a promising antibiotic alternative due to their specificity towards specific bacteria. This research includes essential steps isolating phages from shrimp pond water and characterizing them, including plaque morphology, spot tests, phage density evaluations, host range assessments, and in vitro studies targeting V. parahaemolyticus. In-vitro tests encompassed six treatments, each with three replicates: negative control (K-), positive control (K+), antibiotic control, phage density of 107 (FB7), phage density of 108 (FB8), and phage density of FB109 (FB9). Phages were successfully isolated from shrimp pond water in Banyuwangi, indicated by plaque formation on double-layer agar media. These phages exhibited morphological characteristics, featuring small, round plaques (d= 0.02-0.5 ± 0.08 cm) with flat, wavy edges and clear plaque. Phage plaques were amplified with an average density of 3.5×109 PFU/mL. Host range tests revealed that only V. parahaemolyticus Situbondo was susceptible to the isolated phages, while five other bacterial strains were not. In bacterial inhibition tests, treatments with different phage densities significantly outperformed the negative control, media control, and antibiotic control. However, the antibiotic control performed better than phage density treatments (0.61 ± 0.01). All phage density treatments effectively reduced V. parahaemolyticus density compared to the negative control, with the most favorable results observed in the FB9 treatment at a density of 109 PFU/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a pathogenic bacterium that indusces mortality is pacific white shrimp. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of V. parahaeomyticus in shrimp through immersion and evaluate, polymerase chain reaction, histopathology, and immune response. The study employed two treatments with four replicates each. Shrimp were infected through immersion with V. parahaemolyticus at a concentration of 107 CFU/mL for 30 minutes, followed by transferring the shrimp to a rearing container. Gill, hepatopancreas, gut, and hemolymph samples were collected at 6, 12, and 24 hours post-infection. Infected shrimp exhibited clinical symptoms such as a pale body and hepatopancreas, along with empty gut. Shrimp mortality reached 97.08%, while no mortality occurred in the control grouph. The abundance of V. parahaemolyticus in organs exceeded 105 CFU/mL. Histopathological examination revealed mild, moderate, and severe damage. PCR confirmation tests at 12 and 24 hours yielded positive results, with a DNA band at 230 bp. Immune responses, including total hemocytes, phagocytic activity, phenoloxidase, and respiratory burst, demonstrated significantly different results (P<0.05). It was concluded that the distribution of V. parahaemolyticus in the shrimp body, specifically in the gills, hepatopancreas, and gut, exceed 105 CFU/mL, as confirmed by a 230 bp DNA band in the PCR test. Tissue damage, manifested as lesions and necrosis, occurred in the gills, hepatopancreas, and gut. Additionally, the imun response of Vibrio-infected shrimp was found to be lower than that of uninfected shrimp (negative control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of V. parahaemolyticus infection in the whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) reared in different volumes of biofloc system. Post-larval shrimp with an average body weight of 0.28 ± 0.01 g were reared in 15 aquariums with working volume of 33.3 L and stocking density of 3 shrimp per liter. The shrimp were reared for 21 days in a biofloc system (C:N ratio of 10) with biofloc volume of 5, 10, and 15 mL/L, and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus at a density of 103 CFU/mL initially. The positive control treatment involved shrimp reared without biofloc and challenged, while the negative control treatment involved shrimp reared without biofloc and without challenged. The shrimp was fed with commercial feed while the protein content of 39-40% four times a day. The results showed that the presumptive Vibrio count (PVC) and the population of V. parahaemolyticus in the biofloc treatments were significantly lower than the positive control (p<0.05). Furthermore, the biofloc treatment with a volume of 15 mL/L demonstrated the best results compared to other treatments in decreasing PVC and V. parahaemolyticus population as evidenced by the immune response, survival rate, and growth performance of whiteleg shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the appearance of high mortalities in the traditional cultivation of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaus vannamei), the objective was to evaluate the health in semi-intensive nurseries in Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A random sample of 200 shrimp was collected, with 50 shrimp sampled per month during the dry season (August to November), was collected for presumptive clinical and histopathological examination of the hepatopancreas. Histologically, the hepatopancreatic fragments were evaluated for the presence of intracytoplasmic bacteria, and scores (1-4) were assigned according to the degree of severity of the lesions (DS). Morbidity percentages of 89.5% of shrimp infected with the bacterium Hepatobacter penaei were recorded. Hemolymph clotting time was not suitable for diagnosing individuals with necrotizing hepatopancreatitis. The affected individuals presented melanized lesions, such as focal to diffuse necrosis in the abdominal segments (45.5%), and the pleopods presented an expansion of chromatophores only in the most evolved cases of the infection, with 73% presenting uropods with expanded chromatophores. In the hepatopancreas, it was found that 57.5% had tubules with a significant reduction in lipid levels, 66.5% had DS 3, indicating the transition phase of the disease, and 23% had DS 4, considering the chronic phase. The absence of cytoplasm was observed in B cells with chromatin condensation. The findings suggest that abiotic factors, such as salinity (34.3‰ ± 2.78) and high temperatures (27°C ± 1.40), may have contributed to the pathogen's virulence in marine shrimp ponds, resulting in a high mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptide F is a key hormone that controls feeding in invertebrates, including decapod crustaceans. We investigated the differential expression of Macrobrachium rosenbergii neuropeptide F (MrNPF) in the digestive organs of female prawns, M. rosenbergii, during the ovarian cycle. By using RT-qPCR, the expression of MrNPF mRNA in the esophagus (ESO), cardia (CD), and pylorus (PY) of the foregut (FG) gradually increased from stage II and peaked at stage III. In the midgut (MG), hindgut (HG), and hepatopancreas (HP), MrNPF mRNA increased from stage I, reaching a maximal level at stage II, and declined by about half at stages III and IV (P < 0.05). In the ESO, CD, and PY, strong MrNPF-immunoreactivities were seen in the epithelium, muscle, and lamina propria. Intense MrNPF-ir was found in the MG cells and the muscular layer. In the HG, MrNPF-ir was detected in the epithelium of the villi and gland regions, while MrNPF-ir was also more intense in the F-, R-, and B-cells in the HP. However, we found little colocalization between the MrNPF and PGP9.5/ChAT in digestive tissues, implying that most of the positive cells might not be neurons but could be digestive tract-associated endocrine cells that produce and secrete MrNPF to control digestive organ functions in feeding and utilizing feed. Taken together, our first findings indicated that MrNPF was differentially expressed in digestive organs in correlation with the ovarian cycle, suggesting an important link between MrNPF, the physiology of various digestive organs in feeding, and possibly ovarian maturation in female M. rosenbergii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sakura shrimp Lucensosergia lucens are pelagic shrimp that reside in the North Pacific Ocean. In Japan, commercial fishing activities aimed at this shrimp species only occurs in Suruga Bay in Shizuoka prefecture, but there has been a dramatic decrease in the magnitude of the harvest in recent years. Because sakura shrimp reside in the deep sea, their food habits and feeding behaviors are not well understood. The objective of this study was to establish a method for efficiently raising sakura shrimp larvae to juvenile shrimp. When a newly hatched larva was cultured individually, it developed to the post-larval stage when fed a sufficient amount. However, when ten individuals were cultured together, the survival rate sharply declined after 10 days owing to the cannibalism by elaphocaris III-stage larvae. This cannibalism was not due to the shortage of food because the cannibalism rate significantly dropped when larvae density was decreased to less than 1 individual/mL. The longest lifespan of a larva was 97 days, which is the longest recorded time for a sakura shrimp larval culture. Our results suggested that sakura shrimp larvae can develop to the post-larval stage in a laboratory-scale culture if the expression of cannibalism is inhibited by decreasing the larva density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work presents research carried out in the community of Rio Furo Grande - Abaetetuba islands, whose objective is to analyze the capture of shrimp using two fishing instruments (traditional matapi constructed from raw materials extracted from nature and ecological ones produced from synthetic materials). . To this end, it was used as a bibliographic and field research methodology. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews carried out in person, in addition to photographic records taken during the research to generate data on the stages of construction of the conventional matapi and the new prototype. As a result, it was found that the conventional matapi has spaces considered small that prevent smaller shrimp from escaping, something that generates an impact on the economy and ecological sustainability of the community. The new prototype proved to be more advantageous, because it has larger spaces in its structure that allow only the smaller shrimp to escape, thus capturing only the larger shrimp - suitable for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This research explores the cryoprotective potential of gelatin hydrolysate by determining weight loss and physicochemical changes in the muscle protein of freeze–thawed shrimp. Shrimp treated with gelatin hydrolysate exhibited significantly higher and lower weight gain (9.20%) than those treated with distilled water (0.93%) and mixed phosphates (16.99%), respectively. Gelatin hydrolysate could lower the increasing rate of thawing and cooking loss and freezable water content in freeze–thawed shrimp (P < 0.05) and comparable to those of mixed phosphates treated shrimp (P > 0.05). As the shrimp were subjected to freeze–thawing, gelatin hydrolysate slowed the decline of protein solubility and Ca2+‐ATPase activity and mitigated the rise of surface hydrophobicity and disulfide bond content. It also delayed the shear force increase. These findings suggest that gelatin hydrolysate could be an effective alternative to traditional cryoprotectants, retarding weight loss and protein denaturation to preserve shrimp quality during freezing and frozen storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]