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Introduction: Plant dispersal directly depends on reproduction success, and hence, on sexual systems. In bryophytes, wherein fertilization involves a continuous film of water between male and female sexual organs, reproduction in unisexual species involves the sympatric distribution of male and female sex-expressing individuals. Here, we determine whether these conditions are controlled by the environment. In particular, we test the hypotheses that (i) sex-expressing males and females exhibit different ecological niches and (ii) environmental variation drives sex expression, sporophyte formation, and hence, dispersal capacities. Methods: We scored 1,080 specimens of the unisexual moss Abietinella abietina across Sweden as non-sex expressing, expressing female or male, or sporophytic. We tested whether reproductive stages were related to latitude. Topography and climatic conditions at 1-km resolution were employed to measure niche overlap between (i) sex-expressing and non-expressing and (ii) male and female specimens. We finally modelled sex expression and sporophyte production depending on these topo-climatic predictors. Results: Among the 63% of reproductive samples across the entire latitudinal gradient, females outnumbered males by a factor 5.6, and 8% of the female samples bore sporophytes. Although the distribution of the sexes was not explained by topo-climatic variables, the probability of sex-expressing samples being male increased with latitude. It resulted in a higher regional sex ratio in the North than in southern regions. Successful sexual reproduction, in terms of sporophyte occurrence, was confined to central Sweden. It was predicted by intermediate to increasing precipitation seasonality and intermediate temperature values. Discussion: Despite a high level of sex-expression, and no significant differences of niche preference between males and females, sporophyte occurrences were rare. Our results suggest that sporophyte formation was determined by mate availability and macro-climatic conditions, the latter possibly affecting fertilization success. We further infer that environmental conditions at the pre-zygotic stage have lower than expected effects on the overall distribution of this moss. Modelling environmental data at higher resolution, smaller scale and expanding geographic coverage to include more sporophyte occurrences, and comparing genetic diversity in sporophytic with non-sporophytic populations, are future lines of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive biology patterns are crucial for understanding the dynamics and evolution of plants. This is particularly relevant in bryophytes, where sex expression and reproductive success can vary significantly with environmental conditions. Islands, with their isolated and diverse environments, provide natural laboratories to explore these dynamics. In this study, we investigate sex expression, the phenotypic sex ratio, and sporophyte production in one moss (Exsertotheca intermedia) and three liverwort species (Frullania polysticta, Frullania teneriffae, Porella canariensis) across their entire distribution range. Depending on the species, the geographic range includes the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles, and the Faroe Islands. For the non-Macaronesian endemic species (F. teneriffae, P. canariensis) higher levels of sex expression and males were found in the Macaronesian archipelagos. In leafy liverworts, females appear to be correlated with lower temperatures and higher precipitation levels, while males seem to be associated with higher temperatures and relatively lower precipitation levels. In this study, we demonstrated that bryophyte populations from Macaronesia exhibited higher levels of sex expression compared to their continental counterparts, suggesting that the distinct environmental conditions of these islands play a crucial role in shaping their reproductive patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many pupils experience restricted participation in Swedish schools due to a non-inclusive learning environment. Partnering for Change (P4C) is an evidence-based service delivery model, developed and employed successfully in Canada to create inclusive learning environments. P4C could potentially be used in Swedish schools, but its feasibility outside Canada is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of P4C in Swedish compulsory schools. Fifteen interviews with teachers, occupational therapists (OT), and principals conducted after four months of applying P4C in seven classes, were analysed using deductive content analysis based on five feasibility areas. Quantitative questionnaire data concerning implemented interventions were analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings showed that participants considered P4C acceptable and its implementation possible. P4C integrated well with, and extended, schools' existing work on inclusive learning environments. Teachers and OTs implemented 83 interventions, indicating a need for improvements in the learning environment, which P4C helped to address, as positive effects for both pupils and teachers were noted. In summary, P4C was considered feasible in fostering inclusive learning environments in Swedish compulsory schools, offering potential value to the pupil health team without requiring further adaptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia. Treatments for AD do not reverse the loss of brain function; rather, they decrease the rate of cognitive deterioration. Current treatments are ineffective in part because they do not address neurotrophic mechanisms, which are believed to be critical for functional recovery. Given that structural losses are assumed to be the root cause of cognitive impairment in AD, strengthening neurotrophic pathways may be a useful preventative therapeutic approach. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2), which is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), has emerged as a crucial mechanism of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, and many studies have indicated that this neurotrophic peptide is a viable candidate for treating and preventing AD-induced cognitive decline. An increase in IGF2 levels improves memory in healthy animals and alleviates several symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders. These effects are primarily caused by the IGF2 receptor, which is widely expressed in neurons and controls protein trafficking, synthesis, and degradation. However, the use of IGF2 as a potential target for the development of novel pharmaceuticals to treat AD-induced memory impairment needs further investigation. We compiled recent studies on the role of IGF2 in AD-associated memory issues and summarized the current knowledge regarding IGF2 expression and function in the brain, specifically in AD-induced memory impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilin, an elastomeric protein with remarkable physical properties that outperforms synthetic rubbers, is a near-ubiquitous feature of the power amplification mechanisms used by jumping insects. Catapult-like mechanisms, which incorporate elastic energy stores formed from a composite of stiff cuticle and resilin, are frequently used by insects to translate slow muscle contractions into rapid-release recoil movements. The precise role of resilin in these jumping mechanisms remains unclear, however. We used RNAi to reduce resilin deposition in the principal energy-storing springs of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) before measuring jumping performance. Knockdown reduced the amount of resilin-associated fluorescence in the semilunar processes (SLPs) by 44% and reduced the cross-sectional area of the tendons of the hind leg extensor-tibiae muscle by 31%. This affected jumping in three ways: First, take-off velocity was reduced by 15% in knockdown animals, which could be explained by a change in the extrinsic stiffness of the extensor-tibiae tendon caused by the decrease in its cross-sectional area. Second, knockdown resulted in permanent breakages in the hind legs of 29% of knockdown locusts as tested by electrical stimulation of the extensor muscle, but none in controls. Third, knockdown locusts exhibited a greater decline in distance jumped when made to jump in rapid succession than did controls. We conclude that stiff cuticle acts as the principal elastic energy store for insect jumping, while resilin protects these more brittle structures against breakage from repeated use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Technological advancements gradually lead to the revision and transformation of healthcare, training, and research. Surgery is a field of medicine where the collaboration of human resources and the application of innovative technologies could elevate faithfulness and efficiency. The article, exploring the technologies and analyzing them in terms of their reliability, the benefits of performing precision surgeries, the effectiveness in the outcome of surgery with less psychosomatic fatigue, and the improvements in the training process for surgeons, emphasizes the safety and quality that can be achieved. The study was conducted by searching the relevant papers mainly from 2016–2024 using different online databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed to examine the impact of adopting new technologies in medicine. This paper highlights that the use of innovative technologies in a wide range of surgical procedures could, by adapting interdisciplinary procedures, provide significant results in issues related to safety, quality, reliability, and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background. People suffering from brain cancer, regardless of histological tumour characteristics, often experience motor disturbances, cognitive–behavioural difficulty, language impairments, and functional and social limitations. The current treatment approach entails surgery and adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined with intensive rehabilitation. The primary focus of rehabilitation is usually motor and functional recovery, without specifically addressing the patient's quality of life. The present systematic review identifies and evaluates the predictors of functional and cognitive rehabilitation outcomes and their influence on quality of life in adult patients with brain cancer. (2) Methods. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Elsevier, Cochrane) were searched for reviews about functional, cognitive, and quality-of-life outcomes in patients with central nervous system tumours, including articles published between January 2018 and May 2024. (3) Results. The search retrieved 399 records, 40 of which were reviewed. Five main areas of predictive factors were identified: diagnosis, therapy, complications, outcomes (in the motor, cognitive, and quality-of-life categories), and tailored rehabilitation. (4) Conclusions. These indicators may inform integrated care pathways for patients with primary central nervous system tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural evolution endows some insects and marine organisms with a special class of protein-based elastic tissues that possess energy feedback characteristics, providing them with the foundation for jumping and flying, and protecting them from the damage caused by movements or waves. However, the design and fabrication of such protein-based elastomeric materials that can function in human society through biomimetic strategies still remains challenging. Recombinant proteins designed by synthetic biology can mimic the advantageous structures in natural proteins and can be biosynthesized without the requirements for harsh conditions such as high temperatures and cytotoxic agents, which provides a great opportunity to prepare protein-based elastomeric materials. In this review, starting from the design of protein molecules, we highlight an overview of the synthesis of elastomeric materials based on recombinant resilin, recombinant elastin-like proteins and other recombinant folded proteins, etc., and then demonstrate their application progress in the fields of biomedicine and high technology. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of protein-based elastomeric materials are envisioned to provide insights into the design and synthesis of the next generation of protein-based elastomeric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that both cannabis use and emotional problems (anxiety and depression) tend to peak in emerging adulthood. There is a relative paucity of research examining the temporal associations between cannabis use and emotional problems among emerging adults. Accordingly, this multi-wave longitudinal study examined three competing models of temporal precedence: the vulnerability model (negative emotions precede cannabis use); the scar model (cannabis use precedes negative emotions), and the reciprocal model (bidirectional associations between cannabis use and negative emotions). A sample of 299 North American emerging adults (M age = 23.69 years, 58% female) completed three waves of survey measures and cross-lagged panel models were run to evaluate how anxiety and depression were related to both cannabis use and related problems across the 1-month study period. Regarding anxiety symptoms, some support was found for the vulnerability model, in that anxiety preceded cannabis problems across some waves. No directional or reciprocal associations between anxiety and cannabis use were found. As for depression symptoms, there was support for reciprocal links between cannabis problems and depression across waves. However, consistent with the anxiety-related findings, no directional or reciprocal associations between depression and cannabis use were found. The scientific and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Plain language summary: Research shows that both cannabis use and emotional problems (anxiety and depression) tend to peak in emerging adulthood. There is a relative paucity of research examining the temporal associations between cannabis use and emotional problems among emerging adults. Accordingly, this multi-wave longitudinal study examined three competing models of temporal precedence: the vulnerability model (negative emotions precede cannabis use); the scar model (cannabis use precedes negative emotions), and the reciprocal model (bidirectional associations between cannabis use and negative emotions). A sample of 299 North American emerging adults (M age = 23.69 years, 58% female) completed three waves of survey measures and cross-lagged panel models were run to evaluate how anxiety and depression were related to both cannabis use and related problems across the 1-month study period. Regarding anxiety symptoms, some support was found for the vulnerability model, in that anxiety preceded cannabis problems across some waves. No directional or reciprocal associations between anxiety and cannabis use were found. As for depression symptoms, there was support for reciprocal links between cannabis problems and depression across waves. However, consistent with the anxiety-related findings, no directional or reciprocal associations between depression and cannabis use were found. The scientific and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer remains a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths among women globally. We seek for this study to examine the correlation between the incidence rates of breast cancer and newly identified risk factors. Additionally, we aim to utilize machine learning models to predict breast cancer incidence at a country level. Following an extensive review of the available literature, we have identified a range of recently studied risk factors associated with breast cancer. Subsequently, we gathered data on these factors and breast cancer incidence rates from numerous online sources encompassing 151 countries. To evaluate the relationship between these factors and breast cancer incidence, we assessed the normality of the data and conducted Spearman's correlation test. Furthermore, we refined six regression models to forecast future breast cancer incidence rates. Our findings indicate that the incidence of breast cancer is most positively correlated with the average age of women in a country, as well as factors such as meat consumption, CO2 emissions, depression, sugar consumption, tobacco use, milk intake, mobile cells, alcohol consumption, pesticides, and oral contraceptive use. As for prediction, the CatBoost Regressor successfully predicted future breast cancer incidence with an R squared value of 0.84 ± 0.03. An increased incidence of breast cancer is mainly associated with dietary habits and lifestyle. Our findings and recommendations can serve as a baseline for developing educational programs intended to heighten awareness amongst women in countries with heightened risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propósito: Identificar los aspectos que los Actores Sociales consideran en la construcción de futuros compartidos en las comunidades. En su aplicación en los países emergentes, especialmente en el Sur Global, a menudo se pasan por alto las particularidades socioculturales de las comunidades y los actores, generando fricciones o conflictos sociales. Este artículo presenta dos elementos críticos que contribuyen al debate: a) la importancia de entender a los Actores Sociales dentro de un modelo de generación de futuros comunitarios en los países emergentes; b) los factores relevantes que influyen en los actores en un ejercicio de construcción de futuros en las comunidades. Diseño/metodología/enfoque: A partir de la investigación cualitativa, se utilizó un estudio de caso de prospectiva comunitaria del futuro: El futuro de Puerto Gaitán 2037 (Meta, Colombia). Se aplicó un método de recolección de información a partir de la observación de los participantes y el análisis de la documentación. El método de análisis fue el DQA (Análisis Cualitativo Deductivo). Hallazgos: La participación de Los Actores Sociales presenta un modelo de cinco elementos relevantes que influyen en los actores para la construcción exitosa de futuros en las comunidades. Los primeros cuatro factores, revelados por la teoría, existen en la realidad. Asimismo, se demuestra un quinto factor: el Pensamiento a Largo Plazo, que se evidencia en un Modelo de aplicación de Estudios de Futuros para el contexto específico, aplicable al caso de comunidades en países del Sur Global. Originalidad/valor: Si bien existen ejemplos aislados de recomendaciones respecto a estudios para generar el futuro de las comunidades, este es el primer estudio que presenta factores concretos que contribuyen a orientar la construcción de futuros comunitarios desde Actores Sociales, especialmente en países del Sur Global como Colombia. También es uno de los primeros estudios en utilizar el DQA como método de análisis en un tema de Estudios de Futuros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aleiodes bakeri (Brues) species subgroup of the A. seriatus species group is defined based on two previously described species, A. bakeri and A. nigristemmaticum (Enderlein), and is greatly expanded in this paper with an identification key, descriptions, and illustrations of 18 new species from the Neotropical Region: A. andinus Shaw & Shimbori, sp. nov.; angustus Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; asenjoi Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; bahiensis Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; barrosi Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; brevicarina Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; coariensis Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; goiasensis Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; gonodontivorus Shaw & Shimbori, sp. nov.; hyalinus Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; inga Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; joaquimi Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; lidiae Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; mabelae Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; maculosus Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; ovatus Shimbori & Shaw, sp. nov.; santarosensis Shaw & Shimbori, sp. nov.; and taurus Shimbori & Penteado-Dias, sp. nov. It is hypothesized that the A. bakeri species subgroup is a monophyletic lineage within the larger and probably artificial A. seriatus species group (those Aleiodes with a comb of flat setae at the apex of the hind tibia), and can be distinguished from other members of the seriatus group by having the hind wing vein r present, although weakly indicated; the hind wing marginal cell suddenly widened at junction of veins RS and r; the subbasal cell of the fore wing mostly glabrous but often with two rows of short setae subapically; glabrous regions of the wings also commonly found in the first subdiscal, discal, and basal cells of the fore wing, and the basal cell of hind wing; ocelli quite large, with the width of a lateral ocellus being distinctly larger than the ocellarocular distance; and being relatively large Aleiodes species with body almost entirely brownish yellow or reddish brown. In addition, a new replacement name, Aleiodes buntikae Shimbori & Shaw, nom. nov., is proposed for the species formerly called Aleiodes (Hemigyroneuron) bakeri Butcher & Quicke, 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we describe a neonate exhibiting hypotonia, macrocephaly, renal cysts, and respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy and ventilator support. Genetic analysis via rapid genome sequencing (rGS) identified a loss on chromosome 4 encompassing polycystin-2 (PKD2) and a loss on chromosome 22 encompassing SH3 and Multiple Ankyrin Repeat Domains 3 (SHANK3), indicative of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Further analysis via traditional karyotyping, Optical Genome Mapping (OGM), and PacBio long-read sequencing revealed a more complex landscape of chromosomal rearrangements in this individual, including a balanced 3;12 translocation, and an unbalanced 17;22 translocation. The proband's phenotypic presentation is thought to be the result of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and represents an expansion of the described phenotypes to include significant respiratory failure. This study underscores the challenges and importance of comprehensive genetic testing in elucidating complex presentations and highlights the need for complementary testing methods to overcome limitations in resolution., (© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

How consumer diversity determines consumption efficiency is a central issue in ecology. In the context of predation and biological control, this relationship concerns predator diversity and predation efficiency. Reduced predation efficiency can result from different predator taxa eating each other in addition to their common prey (interference due to intraguild predation). By contrast, multiple predator taxa with overlapping but complementary feeding niches can generate increased predation efficiency on their common prey (enemy complementarity). When viewed strictly from an ecological perspective, intraguild predation and enemy complementarity are opposing forces. However, from an evolutionary ecology perspective, predators facing strong intraguild predation may evolve traits that reduce their predation risk, possibly leading to niche complementarity between enemies; thus, selection from intraguild predation may lead to enemy complementarity rather than opposing it. As specialized predators that live in or on their hosts, parasitoids are subjected to intraguild predation from generalist predators that consume the parasitoids' hosts. The degree to which parasitoid-predator interactions are ruled by interference versus enemy complementarity has been debated. Here, we address this issue with field experiments in a forest community consisting of multiple species of trees, herbivorous caterpillars, parasitoids, ants, and birds. Our experiments and analyses found no interference effects, but revealed clear evidence for complementarity between parasitoids and birds (not ants). Parasitism rates by hymenopterans and dipterans were negatively associated with bird predation risk, and the variation in the strength of this negative association suggests that this enemy complementarity was due to parasitoid avoidance of intraguild predation. We further argue that avoidance of intraguild predation by parasitoids and other arthropod predators may explain enigmatic patterns in vertebrate-arthropod-plant food webs in a variety of terrestrial ecosystems., (© 2025 The Ecological Society of America.)

One may find it amusing that cannabis has been used traditionally in India since the Vedic period and texts of Ayurveda mention the use of cannabis. However, cannabis use has been linked with fundamental brain functioning and associated with anincreased risk of psychotic disorder. To assess the association between cannabis dependence syndrome and the prevalence of psychosis. The study was a cross-sectional hospital based study. The sample size comprised 260 individuals diagnosed with cannabis dependence syndrome, using purposive sampling techniques. Tools used were the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test. Study results show regular and high use of cannabis is associated with the prevalence of psychotic symptoms. The prevalence of psychosis among the selected individuals of cannabis users was highly prone than among the general population in India. Cannabis dependence syndrome is a particularly high risk group for psychotic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting carbon‐climate feedbacks relies on understanding the environmental factors regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics. Here, we employed a microbial ecological model (MEND), driven by downscaled output data from six Earth system models under two Shared Socio‐economic Pathways (SSP1‐2.6 and SSP5‐8.5) scenarios, to simulate long‐term soil biogeochemical processes. We aim to analyze the responses of soil microbial and carbon‐nitrogen (C‐N) processes to changes in environmental factors, including litter input (L), soil moisture (W) and temperature (T), and soil pH, in a broadleaf forest (BF) and a pine forest (PF). For the entire soil layer in both forests, we found that, compared to the baseline period of 2009–2020, the mean SOC during 2081–2100 increased by 40.9%–90.6% under the L or T change scenarios, versus 5.2%–31.0% under the W change scenario. However, soil moisture emerged as a key regulator of SOC, MBC and inorganic N dynamics in the topsoil of BF and PF. For example, W change led to SOC gain of 5.5%–37.2%, compared to the SOC loss of 15.5%–18.0% under L or T scenario. Additionally, a further reduction in soil pH by 0.2 units in the BF, representing the acid rain effect, significantly resulted in an additional SOC gain by 14.2%–21.3%, compared to the LTW (simultaneous changes in the three factors) scenario. These results indicate that the results derived solely from topsoil may not be extrapolated to the entire soil profile. Overall, this study significantly advances our comprehension of how different environmental factors impact the dynamics of SOC and the implications they have for climate change. Plain Language Summary: Accurately predicting carbon‐climate feedbacks relies on understanding the environmental factors regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics. We aim to analyze the responses of soil microbial and carbon‐nitrogen (C‐N) processes to changes in environmental factors, including litter input (L), soil moisture (W) and temperature (T), and soil pH, in a broadleaf forest (BF) and a pine forest (PF). We found that soil moisture change would be beneficial for SOC accumulation and serves as a key regulator of MBC and inorganic N in topsoil, whereas the change in litterfall or soil temperature are favorable for SOC accumulation in the entire soil profile. Additionally, a further reduction in soil pH by 0.2 units, representing the acid rain effect, significantly resulted in an additional SOC gain by 14.2%–21.3%, compared to the scenario with simultaneous changes in L, W, and T. These results indicate that findings solely from topsoil may not be extrapolated to the entire soil profile. Overall, this study significantly advances our comprehension of how different environmental factors impact the dynamics of SOC and the implications they have for climate change. Key Points: Soil C responses to climate change are depth dependent, therefore, results from just the topsoil may not apply to the entire soil profileSoil moisture change benefits topsoil SOC accumulation, whereas litterfall and soil temperature changes favor SOC accumulation in the entire soil profileWe need to pay more attention to the effects of soil moisture and pH rather than temperature and litter‐input on soil biogeochemical processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the characteristics of the low-voltage MIMO-PLC electric power line channel, which operates within the 2-100 MHz frequency range. The research involved measurements in four different Setups using 2.5 mm copper wires, including phase, neutral, and protective earth wires. These wires were transposed within a conduit, measured in pairs, with variations in the number and lengths of branches, assuming a deterministic modeling behavior of the electric power line. Throughout the experimentation process, essential parameters such as the magnitude of the S21 scattering parameters and VSWR identify frequency ranges suitable for efficient data transmission. The findings suggest remarkable prospects for enhancing PLC communication across MIMO channels. Depending on the combination of cable lines, over 70% of the bandwidth remains available. Additionally, the overall average impedance measured at 77.14 Ω is vital for impedance matching in PLC coupling circuit designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry are terms that are often misinterpreted and/or used interchangeably. There is lack of consensus in the scientific literature on the definition of these terms and insufficient guidelines on the proper classification, collection, and application of this data in the scientific community. However, defining groups for human populations is crucial for multiple healthcare applications and clinical research. Some examples impacted by population classification include HLA matching for stem-cell or solid organ transplant, identifying disease associations and/or adverse drug reactions, defining social determinants of health, understanding diverse representation in research studies, and identifying potential biases. This article describes aspects of race, ethnicity and ancestry information that impact the stem-cell or solid organ transplantation field with particular focus on HLA data collected from donors and recipients by donor registries or transplant centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepidoziaceae are the third‐largest family of liverworts, with about 860 species distributed on all continents. The evolutionary history of this family has not been satisfactorily resolved, with taxa such as Micropterygioideae yet to be included in phylogenetic analyses. We inferred a dated phylogeny of Lepidoziaceae using a data set consisting of 13 genetic markers, sampled from 147 species. Based on our phylogenetic estimate, we used statistical dispersal‐vicariance analysis to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the family. We inferred a crown age of 197 Ma (95% credible interval 157–240 Ma) for the family in the Australian region, with most major lineages also originating in the same region. Micropterygioideae are placed as the sister group to Lembidioideae, with these two lineages diverging from each other about 132 Ma in the South American–Australian region. With South America and Australia being connected through Antarctica at the time, our results suggest a circum‐Antarctic link between Micropterygioideae and the rest of the family. Crown Micropterygioideae were inferred to have arisen 45 Ma in South America before the continent separated from Antarctica. Extinction from southern temperate regions might explain the present‐day restriction of Micropterygioideae to the Neotropics. Our study reveals the influence of past geological events, such as continental drift, on the evolution and distribution of a widespread and diverse family of liverworts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landgrebe and Smith provide an argument for the impossibility of artificial general intelligence based on the limits of simulating complex systems. However, their argument presupposes a very contemporary vision of artificial intelligence as a model trained on data to produce an algorithm executable in a modern digital computing system. The present contribution explores what it means to be artificial. Current artificial intelligence approaches on modern computing systems are not the only conceivable way in which artificial intelligence technology might be created. If there are conceivable routes by which an artificial intelligence might be developed that are not constrained in the same way as the current generation of artificial neural networks, then these might be plausible routes towards the engineered generation of artificial general intelligence that are not precluded by the Landgrebe and Smith argument against the possibility of artificial general intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This update covers publications from the second half of 2022 to the middle of 2023. Advances in analytical techniques and their applications relevant to clinical and biological materials, foods and beverages are reviewed in the text, highlighting their key-features. Four tables complement the text, aiming to summarise technical details of interest for sample preparation based on extraction procedures, applications to clinical and biological materials, analysis of food and beverages and studies of food authenticity or origin. Techniques with multielement capabilities are more and more popular as they allow maximisation of the information that can be obtained from a single sample and the results are often analysed by sophisticated statistical techniques. However, the interest in single-element methods has not decreased and it is supported by the development of smart extraction and pre-concentration methods that make the most of nanomaterials. Beside more conventional applications of ICP-MS, most of the developments in the biological field are devoted to exploring the capabilities for single cell and single particle measurements. Much work is in progress, but standardization of these procedures will require more time and effort. A number of papers also reported the use of ICP-MS as a detector to support measurement of biological macromolecules. The use of LIBS, MS and X-ray for imaging, alongside other techniques, continues to attract attention, in particular for applications in support of cancer diagnosis and bioanalytical research. Applications to food and beverage samples have focused both on achieving lower limits of detection and on multiple measurement capabilities, in particular, following the interest in documenting the authenticity and origin of food products, several reviews have addressed specific aspects of the process of measuring chemical elements in biological matrices, food and beverages. Attention was also given to various techniques for micro-sampling biological fluids that would facilitate monitoring programmes with less invasive procedures. The issuing of regulations for the control of chemical elements as impurities in medicines has driven commitment to develop or improve suitable analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), as the core storage unit of magneto resistive random-access memory, plays important role in the cutting-edge spintronics. In the MTJ devices, there are multiple internal magnetic/nonmagnetic heterojunction structures. The heterojunction always consists of magnetic metals and magnetic insulators or nonmagnetic metals. The interface of the heterojunction has certain physical effects that can affect the performance of MTJ devices. In the review, combined with the existing research results, the physical mechanism of magnetic/non-magnetic heterojunction interface coupling is discussed. The influence of the interface effect of the heterojunction on the performance of MTJ devices is studied. The optimization method is proposed specifically. This work systematically summarizes the interface effect of magnetic/non-magnetic heterojunction, which could be the critical aspect for the device's yield and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic superwetting interfaces with controllable surface wettability are constantly applied to industrial engineering, exhibiting significant impact on chemical reactions involving gas in particular. However, low solubility and sluggish gas diffusion rates are the main defects of the conventional solid–liquid biphasic system, both of which have a detrimental effect on the reaction efficiency. According to studies, it is possible to create a gas–liquid–solid triphasic reaction system by building a suitable wettability reaction interface, which resolves the issue of poor reaction efficiency of conventional biphasic systems. The basic principle of establishing a triphasic system is summarized in this review. Gaseous reactants in a triphasic system will reach the reaction's active site quickly, and the gaseous products will quickly leave the catalyst surface, thus improving the mass transfer efficiency as well as reactivity and selectivity. The applications of triphasic systems in photocatalysis, electrochemistry, and bioelectronics are covered in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal fishing communities depend on marine resources for their protein and livelihood needs, making them vulnerable to natural hazards. We assessed the exposure and adaptive capacity of six fishing villages located in three municipalities (Cortes, Lianga, Lanuza) in Surigao del Sur, Philippines by determining their resilience to various climatic hazards. We held six focus groups with 10–15 participants from each fishing community (N = 80 participants). We also conducted stakeholder meetings (N = 100 participants) to validate our findings. We used 12 indicators, divided into three components of resilience scored using a Likert scale: preparedness, coping, and adaptive capacity. We identified the important roles of good communication between community and municipality leaders, seminars and training on natural hazard awareness, livelihood alternatives, the presence of marine protected areas, and infrastructure to mitigate the impact of natural hazards (e.g., regular typhoons) such as sea walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Very little is known about the circumstances under which hyperglycaemia aversion develops and is maintained. The present study aimed to identify psychological factors involved in the process of hyperglycaemia aversion and to understand how it affects people's self‐management of type 1 diabetes. Design: Qualitative, in‐depth interviews were used. Methods: A constructivist grounded theory study, using semi‐structured participant interviews, was undertaken to build a theoretical model of the process of hyperglycaemia aversion. Results: Eighteen participants were interviewed. Fifteen were considered hyperglycaemia averse and included in the analysis. A theoretical model was developed to describe and explain processes involved in hyperglycaemia aversion. Many participants held very high standards for themselves and often had a strong preference for control. While some participants described anxiety associated with higher blood glucose, the most proximal driver of their approach was self‐criticism and frustration associated with not meeting their own high standards for blood glucose. A number of attentional processes and beliefs, mostly related to hypoglycaemia, maintained and reinforced their blood glucose preference. Diabetes technology served as an enabler, raiser of standards, and additional critical judge of participants' hyperglycaemia aversion. Conclusions: The trans‐diagnostic concept of emotional over‐control is used to understand the proposed model of processes of hyperglycaemia aversion. The present study offers new insight which will aid clinicians in identifying and supporting those who may be at risk of psychological distress and harm associated with a preference for avoidance of higher blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower limb trauma often results in mangled extremities, and in some cases, complete amputation may be necessary. However, limiting the extent of amputation and preserving the major knee joint are crucial to enhance mobility and overall functionality. By providing painless soft tissue coverage on the stump, early prosthesis use and the initiation of physiotherapy become more feasible. Soft tissue transfers hold the potential to benefit patients in two essential aspects: first, resolving soft tissue deficiencies without causing bone shortening, and second, preparing the stump to enhance overall functionality. A retrospective study conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (2009–2016) focused on lower limb amputation patients who underwent soft tissue transfers at different time periods compared to those without stump reconstruction. Out of the 2391 cases of lower limb injuries treated operatively, 117 amputations were performed in 110 patients (44 above the knee and 73 below the knee). Among them, 12 patients received soft tissue transfers for limb salvage and soft tissue deficiency after amputations. It was observed that patients in this group were typically younger, predominantly female, had longer hospital stays, and underwent a greater number of surgical procedures (p < 0.05). Through the use of soft tissue transfers, successfully preserved tibial bone length and functional knee joint in selected patients was achieved. This approach effectively resolved soft tissue deficiencies following lower limb amputations, optimizing physiotherapy and facilitating functional rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normative future visioning (NFV) offers a critical approach that can respond to the challenges of transformative adaptation. In the context of climate crisis, an understanding of the diversity of desired end-states and pathways for good urban futures is fundamental to fostering cooperation and inspiring purposeful action that can challenge and transform unsustainable processes and behaviours, and researching these processes. This paper contributes to transformative adaptation and climate resilient development by conceptualising NFV as a critical pedagogy. This framing understands NFV as a collective learning experience that can lead to emancipation and transformative action. A novel Encounter–Change Framework is proposed as a general mechanism for evaluating NFV methods. The framework is tested through the Tomorrow's Cities project across its NFV deployment in nine cities: Quito, Istanbul, Nairobi, Kathmandu, Rapti, Nablus, Dar es Salaam, Cox's Bazar and Chattogram. General lessons highlight the importance for NFV evaluation of analysing both methodological detail and its positioning within wider policy and planning processes. Detailed empirical findings reveal key lessons and challenges that emerge from practice – related to time, ethics, co-production, diversity, consensus, equity and authorship. These inform both NFV and other participatory experiences that aim at transformation. Policy relevance: Transformative adaptation has proven difficult to implement in cities. It promises fundamental changes to socio-technological systems and in so doing raises concerns for future populations and generations, particularly those more vulnerable and equity-deprived. This paper puts forward a framework that offers one way beyond this impasse and supports practices that are future- and transformation-oriented: the Encounter–Change Framework. By drawing on key themes and insights from critical (urban) pedagogies (encounters, connections, emancipation and action and change), a way is proposed to evaluate practical NFV experiences. The Encounter–Change Framework is tested across nine cities. The results emphasise two lines of innovation for policy: a) unpacking the process of NFV from a perspective of power to increase its chances for impact and b) evaluating the positioning of NFV, both in relation to other future approaches and questions and as a part of wider adaptation policy and planning strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background For the small glabrous skin defect, Thenar and Hypothenar skin are useful donors and they have been used as a free flap. Because of similar skin characteristics, both flaps have same indications. We will conduct comparative study for the donor morbidity of the Free thenar flap and Hypothenar free flap. Methods From January 2011 to December 2021, demographic data, characteristics of each flap, and complications using retrospective chart review were obtained. Donor outcomes of the patient, who had been followed up for more than 6 months, were measured using photographic analysis and physical examination. General pain was assessed by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score, neuropathic pain was assessed by Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4) score, scar appearance was assessed by modified Vancouver Scar Scale (mVSS), and patient satisfaction was assessed on a 3-point scale. Statistical analysis was performed on the outcomes. Results Out of the 39 survey respondents, 17 patients received Free thenar flaps, and 22 patients received Hypothenar free flaps. Thenar group had higher NRS, DN4, and mVSS (p < 0.05). The average scores for the Thenar and Hypothenar groups were 1.35 and 0.27 for NRS, 2.41 and 0.55 for DN4, and 3.12 and 1.59 for mVSS, respectively. Despite the Hypothenar group showing greater satisfaction on the 3-point scale (1.82) compared with the Thenar group (1.47), the difference was not significant (p = 0.085). Linear regression analysis indicated that flap width did not have a notable impact on the outcome measures, and multiple linear regression analysis revealed no significant interaction between flap width and each of the outcome measures. Conclusion Despite the limited number of participants, higher donor morbidity in general pain, neuropathic pain, and scar formation was noted in the Thenar free flap compared with the Hypothenar free flap. However, no difference in overall patient satisfaction was found between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI is everywhere around us and affecting our lives in many ways, some of which we may not even be aware of. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of AI and its impact upon society. The authors, Peter, and Laura are both disabled which means that, inevitably, they view AI and the ethical issues which it brings, through the lens of disabled people. However, they try as much as they can to discuss the ethical issues around AI in an unbiased manner. This commentary starts by introducing the concept of AI, the authors and their disabilities, the meanings of ethics and goes on to discuss the ethical issues which Peter and Laura see in their day-to-day lives. They then draw from the literature on AI and ethics to broaden the discussion to take account of current published work by others on the topic. Finally, they return to their own perspectives and conclude that AI offers many advantages to society and our future. However, they also warn of the dangers and ethical challenges which AI raises. It is hoped that this commentary frames a contribution to the field of AI and ethics which readers will find interesting, useful and, perhaps, challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant zygote cells exhibit tip growth, producing a hemisphere-like tip. To understand how this hemisphere-like tip shape is formed, we revisited a viscoelastic-plastic deformationmodel that enabled us to simultaneously evaluate the shape, stress and strain of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) zygote cells undergoing tip growth. Altering the spatial distribution of cell wall extensibility revealed that cosine-type distribution and growth in a normal direction to the surface create a stable hemisphere-like tip shape. Assuming these as constraints for cell elongation, we determined the best-fitting parameters for turgor pressure and wall extensibility to computationally reconstruct an elongating zygote that retained its hemisphere-like shape using only cell contour data, leading to the formulation of non-dimensional growth parameters. Our computational results demonstrate the different morphologies in elongating zygotes through effective non-dimensional parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The dramatic fluctuations of climate conditions since the late Tertiary era have resulted in major species range shifts. These movements were conditioned by geographic barriers and species dispersal capacities. In land plants, gene flow occurs through the movement of male gametes (sperm cells, pollen grains), which carry nDNA, and diaspores (spores, seeds), which carry both cpDNA and nDNA, making them an ideal model to compare the imprints of past climate change on the spatial genetic structures of different genomic compartments. Based on a meta-analysis of cpDNA and nDNA sequence data in western Europe, we test the hypotheses that nDNA genetic structures are similar in bryophytes and spermatophytes due to the similar size of spores and pollen grains, whereas genetic structures derived from the analysis of cpDNA are significantly stronger in spermatophytes than in bryophytes due to the substantially larger size of seeds as compared to spores. Methods: Sequence data at 1-4 loci were retrieved for 11 bryophyte and 17 spermatophyte species across their entire European range. Genetic structures between and within southern and northern populations were analyzed through F and N statistics and Mantel tests. Results and discussion: Gst and Nst between southern and northern Europe derived from cpDNA were significantly higher, and the proportion of significant tests was higher in spermatophytes than in bryophytes. This suggests that in the latter, migrations across mountain ranges were sufficient to maintain a homogenous allelic structure across Europe, evidencing the minor role played by mountain ranges in bryophyte migrations. With nDNA, patterns of genetic structure did not significantly differ between bryophytes and spermatophytes, in line with the hypothesis that spores and pollen grains exhibit similar dispersal capacities due to their size similarity. Stronger levels of genetic differentiation between southern and northern Europe, and within southern Europe, in spermatophytes than in bryophytes, caused by higher long-distance dispersal capacities of spores as compared to seeds, may account for the strikingly higher levels of endemism in spermatophytes than in bryophytes in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite covering only 3 % of the planet's land surface, peatlands store 30 % of the planet's terrestrial carbon. The net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peatlands depend on many factors but primarily soil temperature, vegetation composition, water level and drainage, and land management. However, many peatland models rely on water levels to estimate CH 4 exchange, neglecting to consider the role of CH 4 transported to the atmosphere by vegetation. To assess the impact of vegetation on the GHG fluxes of peatlands, we have developed a new model, Peatland-VU-NUCOM (PVN). The PVN model is a site-specific peatland CH 4 and CO 2 emissions model, able to reproduce vegetation dynamics. To represent dynamic vegetation, we have introduced plant functional types and competition, adapted from the NUCOM-BOG model, into the framework of the Peatland-VU model, a peatland GHG emissions model. The new PVN model includes plant competition, CH 4 diffusion, ebullition, root, shoot, litter, exudate production, belowground decomposition, and aboveground moss development under changing water levels and climatic conditions. Here, we present the PVN model structure and explore the model's sensitivity to environmental input data and the introduction of the new vegetation competition schemes. We evaluate the model against observed chamber data collected at two peatland sites in the Netherlands to show that the model is able to reproduce realistic plant biomass fractions and daily CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes. We find that daily air temperature, water level, harvest frequency and height, and vegetation composition drive CH 4 and CO 2 emissions. We find that this process-based model is suitable to be used to simulate peatland vegetation dynamics and CH 4 and CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To remain competitive, organizations tend to change their established ways of working, their strategy, the core values, and the organizational structure. Such thorough changes are referred to as transformational change. Unfortunately, transformational change is often unsuccessful because organizational members do not always welcome the change. Although organizations often expect their supervisors to be successful role‐models and change‐agents during the transformational change process, we argue that initiating transformational change could increase supervisors' hindrance stress levels, which may result in abusive behaviors towards employees. More specifically, in a multi‐source survey and an experimental study, we find evidence that transformational change is associated with supervisors' experienced hindrance stress, which subsequently led to more abusive behaviors towards employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has impacted all areas of life, with lasting effects on physical, mental, and societal health. Specifically, COVID and related losses have exacerbated prolonged grief responses and mental disorders including depression and anxiety. These mental health concerns are associated with increased detrimental coping strategies including substance use. In this study, we analysed secondary data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results showed a positive association between serious psychological distress and marijuana use, while frequent religious service attendance acted as a moderator in this relationship. Individuals involved in communal religious activity were less likely to use marijuana. This study highlights the impact of religion and faith in bringing hope and purpose during periods of loss, coping with stress, grief, mental health challenges, and substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epiphyllous liverwort collection was continued after the Covid pandemic in 2023 at the low and medium elevations of Batanta Island in the tropical rainforest belt by the entomolo-gist Tibor Kovács and his colleagues, which were identified by Tamás Pócs. The collection resulted in 35 species of which 9 liverworts proved to be new to Batanta Island along the species already known from the previous collections: Cheilolejeunea trapezia, Cheilolejeunea vittata, Cololejeunea schmidtii, Cololejeunea tenella, Colura herzogi, Drepanolejeunea cyclops, Leptolejeunea maculata, Microlejeunea punctiformis, and Radula javanica. Further three taxa are new even to science: Cololejeunea tiberii, Cololejeunea touwii subsp. batantae subsp. nov. and Drepanolejeunea levicornua var. incurviloba var. nov., which were described and illustrated by macro and microphotos. One previous identification was corrected. The results of 7 years of collecting activity resulting in 48 epiphyllous liverwort taxa known from Batanta Island are summarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early diagnosis of plant diseases is needed to promote sustainable plant protection strategies. Applied predictive modeling over hyperspectral spectroscopy (HS) data can be an effective, fast, cost-effective approach for improving plant disease diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the potential of HS point-of-measurement (POM) data for in-situ, non-destructive diagnosis of tomato bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), and bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xeu), on leaves (cv. cherry). Bacterial artificial infection was performed on tomato plants at the same phenological stage. A sensing system composed by a hyperspectral spectrometer, a transmission optical fiber bundle with a slitted probe and a white light source were used for spectral data acquisition, allowing the assessment of 3478 spectral points. An applied predictive classification model was developed, consisting of a normalizing pre-processing strategy allied with a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for reducing data dimensionality and a supervised machine learning algorithm (Support Vector Machine - SVM) for the classification task. The predicted model achieved classification accuracies of 100% and 74% for Pst and Xeu test set assessments, respectively, before symptom appearance. Model predictions were coherent with host-pathogen interactions mentioned in the literature (e.g., changes in photosynthetic pigment levels, production of bacterial-specific molecules, and activation of plants' defense mechanisms). Furthermore, these results were coherent with visual phenotyping inspection and PCR results. The reported outcomes support the application of spectral point measurements acquired in-vivo for plant disease diagnosis, aiming for more precise and eco-friendly phytosanitary approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the origins of species richness patterns is a fundamental goal in ecology and evolutionary biology. Much research has focused on explaining two kinds of species richness patterns: (i) spatial species richness patterns (e.g. the latitudinal diversity gradient), and (ii) clade‐based species richness patterns (e.g. the predominance of angiosperm species among plants). Here, I highlight a third kind of richness pattern: trait‐based species richness (e.g. the number of species with each state of a character, such as diet or body size). Trait‐based richness patterns are relevant to many topics in ecology and evolution, from ecosystem function to adaptive radiation to the paradox of sex. Although many studies have described particular trait‐based richness patterns, the origins of these patterns remain far less understood, and trait‐based richness has not been emphasised as a general category of richness patterns. Here, I describe a conceptual framework for how trait‐based richness patterns arise compared to other richness patterns. A systematic review suggests that trait‐based richness patterns are most often explained by when each state originates within a group (i.e. older states generally have higher richness), and not by differences in transition rates among states or faster diversification of species with certain states. This latter result contrasts with the widespread emphasis on diversification rates in species‐richness research. I show that many recent studies of spatial richness patterns are actually studies of trait‐based richness patterns, potentially confounding the causes of these patterns. Finally, I describe a plethora of unanswered questions related to trait‐based richness patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predictive power of species distribution models (SDMs) varies substantially among species depending on their ecological and life‐history traits, but which of these traits are the most relevant and how they influence species 'predictability' remains an area of debate. Here, we address these questions in bryophytes. SDMs employing macroclimatic, topographic and edaphic predictors were calibrated for 411 species in Europe and externally evaluated using an independent dataset. Regression models were implemented to determine whether species characteristics, including life‐history traits, ecological preference and niche breadth, determine the accuracy of SDMs. Variation in SDM accuracy among species was significantly explained by species characteristics, supporting the hypothesis that the strength of species–environment correlations is affected by characteristics of the species themselves. The percent variance of SDM accuracy explained by species traits, however, substantially varied between 9 and 57% depending on the evaluation metrics used. The lower correlation observed between species traits and MaxKappa and the Boyce index than with area under the curve (AUC) and MaxTSS suggests that the former are less suitable than the latter for determining species 'predictability' based on their traits. SDM accuracy decreased from species restricted to pristine habitats to species thriving in eutrophic habitats with high levels of human disturbance. The widespread distribution of man‐made habitats in fact opens the door for the spread of now ubiquitous species, even in environments that would primarily not be suitable for them. Such species, likely to occur anywhere, reach very high to full occupancy rates, thereby decreasing the accuracy of models aiming at predicting their distributions. The fact that AUC and MaxTSS were higher for species from pristine habitats is important in a conservation context, as ubiquitous species from eutrophic, disturbed environments are precisely the ones of lower conservation relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasites exert a profound effect on biological processes. In animal communication, parasite effects on signalers are well-known drivers of the evolution of communication systems. Receiver behavior is also likely to be altered when they are parasitized or at risk of parasitism, but these effects have received much less attention. Here, we present a broad framework for understanding the consequences of parasitism on receivers for behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary processes. First, we outline the different kinds of effects parasites can have on receivers, including effects on signal processing from the many parasites that inhabit, occlude, or damage the sensory periphery and the central nervous system or that affect physiological processes that support these organs, and effects on receiver response strategies. We then demonstrate how understanding parasite effects on receivers could answer important questions about the mechanistic causes and functional consequences of variation in animal communication systems. Variation in parasitism levels is a likely source of among-individual differences in response to signals, which can affect receiver fitness and, through effects on signaler fitness, impact population levels of signal variability. The prevalence of parasitic effects on specific sensory organs may be an important selective force for the evolution of elaborate and multimodal signals. Finally, host–parasite coevolution across heterogeneous landscapes will generate geographic variation in communication systems, which could ultimately lead to evolutionary divergence. We discuss applications of experimental techniques to manipulate parasitism levels and point the way forward by calling for integrative research collaborations between parasitologists, neurobiologists, and behavioral and evolutionary ecologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa, conceptually, geographically, politically, economically, religiously and socially is in bondage. Zimbabwe faces the problem of officially registering the births of children born out of marriage and other vulnerable children. This study explored the socioeconomic barriers hindering the Zimbabwe government birth registration of children born out of marrriage in the Harare central district of Zimbabwe. The impediments encountered by parents and guardians of children born out of marrriage have also emerged as a global human rights issue, with over 237 million children under the age of 5 without birth registration as at 7th July 2021, following the UNICEF birth registration tracking. Using qualitative phenomenology design, the study investigated lived experiences of parents within the Harare Central district area. The participants were selected using the snowball sampling technique, while three key informants were purposively sampled by the researchers. The study findings indicated that there are a plethora of socio-economic challenges emanating from a deficient government registration system, more inclined to cater for the urban based population than the rural folk. Additionally, general poverty among the majority of the population played a significant role for the majority, who could not afford transport fees to travel to registration centre among many others. Moreover, religious and other patriarchal cultural practices hinder access to birth registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are common mental health problems among early childhood American youth that, if poorly managed, pose costly psychological and societal burdens. There is limited real world evidence on how parent management training (PMT) - the evidence-based treatment model of choice - implemented in common practice settings within the United States influences the behavioral progress of early childhood DBDs, and the risk factors associated with poor outcomes. This study used data from a measurement feedback system implemented within a U.S.-based private practice to study how behavioral outcomes change as a function of PMT treatment engagement and associated risk factors for 4-7 year-old children diagnosed with DBDs. Over 50% of patients reached optimal outcomes after 10 appointments. Attending 24-29 appointments provided maximum treatment effect - namely, 75% of patients reaching optimal outcomes by end of treatment. Outcomes attenuate after reaching the maximum effect. Patients also had higher odds of reaching optimal outcomes if they had consistent attendance throughout the treatment course. Notable risk factors associated with lower odds of reaching optimal outcomes included Medicaid insurance-type, greater clinical complexity, and having siblings concurrently in treatment. Increased implementation of systems that monitor and provide feedback on treatment outcomes in U.S.-based practice settings and similar investigations using its data can further enhance 'real world' management of early childhood DBDs among American youth., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)