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The residential area of Rosengård in Malmö – Sweden, is one of the many areas included in the ‘million programme’, a program that in the 1960s focused on building a million new homes over ten years in Sweden, meant to provide cheap housing options for the rapidly growing population. Today, areas like Rosengård and the program are often associated with immigrant-dense segregated residential areas with high crime and socio-economic problems. It is also a scrutinized area where many investigations and studies have been conducted in different contexts. However, the focus usually lies on explanatory models examining topics about the area or the people. This research study builds upon a qualitative research method, semi-structured interviews, that shifts the focus on giving the group in question a platform, thus, listening to the residents' voices of Rosengård, their experiences, individual perceptions, and meaning-making. The research study aims to gain a broader understanding of Rosengård, the residents' involvement in social investment processes meant to solve the problems within the area, and the communication practices that different actors pursue. A combination of Hall’s (2013) work on representation, Spivak’s (1988) essay on the subaltern, and Said’s (1978) understanding of ‘othering’ will be used to analyze the themes of representation and its natural link to communication, while Tufte’s (2017) work on participatory communication will serve as the foundation for analyzing the (social) investment, - and communication practices in Rosengård. The thesis’ results show that the representation of Rosengård and its residents is primarily negative due to constructed and pre-existing stereotypes and frequent negative media coverage, contradicting the residents' perceptions of Rosengård. The results also show that the residents’ experiences of investments in the area are generally characterized by tokenistic participation and concerns about privatization and gentrification.

This thesis examines segregation and stigmatization in Rosengård, Malmö, and proposes adesign concept to change the area's image. Previous studies have shown disparities in living conditions and linked Malmö's housing segregation to socio-economic and ethnic factors.The city of Malmö is working to reduce segregation by combating prejudices and creatingattractive environments. This thesis explores the segregated and stigmatized exclusion in Rosengård and presents a design proposal to create an appealing and inviting neighborhood. The proposal includes four existing parks in Malmö Rosengård—Vänskapsparken, Rosengårdsfältet, Skulpturparken, and Vattenlekplatsen—integrated into a larger park and anattractive art museum. By utilizing theories and conducting interviews with the urban plannerand residents who have different relationships with Rosengård, this proposal aims to create an appealing and cohesive space. The method that has been used is based on a case study that uses inspired ethnographicmaterial, such as observations and interviews on site in the area. In addition, to complete thestudy, an analysis of people's movement patterns and gathering points was conducted. Also apark mapping, photographic mapping of the parks, questionnaire surveys at various locations,a Lynch analysis and use of the "research by design" method were carried out. Literaturestudies and articles were also used to build up the survey and the design proposal. The theoretical framework employed in the study supports the research. It draws on variousauthors, including Per-Markku Ristilammi (1999), Mikael Stigendal (1999), Tapio Salonen,Martin Grander, and Markus Rasmusson (2019), Lena Magnusson (2001), Susanne Urban(2018), and Anna Lisa Lindén (1989). Additionally, Rosengren & Striner's work (2011) shedslight on Rosengård and its historical background, taking a more positive standpoint. To shedlight on whether current efforts and integration measures were based on Malmö municipalit, Sammanfattning Studiens resultat visade att det finns behov av attraktiva och inkluderande utomhusmiljöer i Rosengård. Resultaten betonade vikten av grönområden, konst- och kulturverksamheter samt mötesplatser för social interaktion och integration. Trygghet och minskad segregation ärockså avgörande för att skapa en mer harmonisk och inkluderande stadsdel. Dessa resultat ger viktig insikt och fungerar som en vägledning för att utforma en effektiv designstrategi och vidta åtgärder som kommer att förbättra Rosengårds attraktivitet och skapaen integrerad gemenskap. Slutsatsen är att förändringarna av den byggda miljön i Rosengård skulle kunna leda till enstärkt integration med den omgivande staden. Stigmatisering och dåligt rykte är ettutmärkande problem för området som kan leda till segregation och isolering. Studien sammanställer och fördjupar kunskapen om området genom att bygga på tidigare forskning. Den erbjuder också förslag till lösningar för att främja integration, minska segregationen och bekämpa stigmatiseringen. Detta examensarbete undersöker segregation och stigmatisering i Rosengård i Malmö och föreslår ett eget designförslag för att förändra områdets image. Tidigare studier har visat skillnader i levnadsvillkor och kopplat Malmös bostadssegregation till socioekonomiska och etniska faktorer. Malmö stad arbetar för att minska segregationen genom att bekämpa fördomar och skapa attraktiva miljöer. Detta examensarbete undersöker det segregerade och stigmatiserade utanförskapet i Rosengård och presenterar ett designförslag för att skapa enattraktiv och lockande stadsdel. Förslaget innefattar fyra befintliga parker i Malmö Rosengård, Vänskapsparken, Rosengårdsfältet, Skulpturparken och Vattenlekplatsen som integreras till en större park och ett attraktivt konstmuseum. Genom användning av teorier och intervjuer med planarkitekten och invånare som har olika relationer till Rosengård bidragit till utvecklingen av detta förslag, vilket avser att skapa en attraktiv o

Urbanization and population growth have posed intricate challenges in urban planning. Two of the most impactful issues are social segregation and gentrification. This study aims to investigate the effects of densification strategies on these phenomena, with a focus on the Amiralsstaden-project in Rosengård, Malmö. Through qualitative methodology, the study explores how densification strategies can influence the housing market, population structure, and social relationships. The findings can contribute to guiding urban planning and strategic decisions regarding these challenges in the future. We have found that the proposals and strategies outlined in the policy document (Amiralsstaden - Mål & Värden) and the planning program (Planprogram, 6051) have the potential to lead to gentrification, but also that Malmö city's primary aspirations are to develop and enhance the area., Urbanisering och befolkningstillväxt har skapat komplexa utmaningar inom stadsplanering. Två av de mest påverkande problemen är social segregation och gentrifiering. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka effekterna av förtätningsstrategier på dessa fenomen, med fokus på Amiralsstaden-projektet i Rosengård, Malmö. Genom kvalitativ metodik utforskar studien hur förtätningsstrategier kan påverka bostadsmarknaden, befolkningsstrukturen och sociala relationer. Resultatet kan bidra till att vägleda stadsplanering och strategiska beslut kring dessa utmaningar i framtiden. Vi har funnit att de förslag och strategier som föreslås i styrdokumentet (Amiralsstaden - Mål & Värden) och planprogrammet (Planprogram, 6051) kan potentiellt leda till gentrifiering, men även att Malmö stads främsta förhoppningar är att utveckla och förbättra området.

Tiggeriförbud och visitationszoner är frågor som allt oftare debatteras i dagens samhälle. Samtidigt som kontrollen över våra offentliga rum blir allt strängare betonas vikten av en levande stadsmiljö. Vi har i denna uppsats undersökt hur två stationstorg i Malmö hanterar dessa motstridande tendenser, och kommit fram till att det resulterar i en design som är exkluderande för vissa grupper. Det är Malmö stad som, med hänsyn till både politiska ambitioner och ekonomiska intressen, fattar beslut kring hur vi ska utforma offentliga platser. För att förstå vad det är som övergripande styr gestaltningen av de offentliga utrymmena tar vi ett steg tillbaka och tittar på nyliberalismens framväxt i västvärlden i stort, samt hur den föranlett en maktförskjutning i styrningen av Sveriges städer. Idag är städernas vinst det huvudsakliga fokuset; därmed är huvudsyftet med dagens nyetablerade områden och förnyelseprojekt att locka till sig välbärgade invånare och nya investeringar. Maktförskjutningen som skett redogör vi för via Mouffes (2019) samt Tesfahuneys och Dahlstedts (2008) teori om postpolitik, som beskriver hur Malmö stad utvecklats sedan millennieskiftet - från att ha haft tydliga politiska mål gällande vem staden formades utefter, till att nu låta stadsplaneringen styras av breda och långsiktiga visioner som kräver tolkning av tjänstemän såsom landskapsarkitekter. Makten förskjuts därmed från politikerna; det är inte längre de som, i egenskap av representanter för medborgarna, bestämmer hur våra offentliga rum ska se ut. Eftersom det är allas demokratiska rätt att bruka de offentliga rummen är det folket som bör bestämma över deras utformning. Då sociala ojämlikheter alltjämt kommer existera i någon mån bör de offentliga utrymmena vara till största möjliga nytta för de som har det sämst ställt, dvs. de utan hem. Vår slutsats är tvärtemot att hemlösa idag exkluderas bort från Stadens offentliga rum, via fysiska element såsom bänkar man ej kan sova på. Ytterligare en sl, Begging bans and search zones are becoming increasingly active issues in the public debate. At the same time as the control of our public spaces becomes stricter, great emphasis is being placed on the living urban environment. We have in this essay examined how two station squares in Malmö are dealing with these conflicting trends in society, and have found that a consequence is the creation of a design that excludes certain groups. Both Malmö City's political ambitions and economic interests shape the public spaces of the city. To understand what greatly influences the design of public areas, we look back at the rise of neoliberalism in the Western world and how it has created a power shift in how Swedish cities are governed - now with a strong focus on profit. A focus that has made both the renewal of old areas and the development of new ones primarily aimed at attracting new investments and affluent people. The shifting power dynamics in urban planning is seen through the lens of post-politics, which describes how Malmö City has changed since the turn of the millennium - from having clear political goals regarding whom the city should be for, to being guided by broad long-term visions that officials, such as landscape architects, only can interpret freely. Power is thus shifted away from politicians; it is no longer them who, as representatives of the citizens, decide what our public spaces should look like. Since everyone has the democratic right to use public spaces, it is the people who should decide on their design. Considering how social inequality always will exist to some extent, the public space should be of the greatest possible benefit to the least well-off, i.e. those without a home. Our conclusion is, on the contrary, that the homeless today often are excluded from public places, e.g. via physical elements such as benches that cannot be slept on. Another reached conclusion is that our public spaces, the only places in the city that generally are free

The thesis focuses on both developing an architectural design as proposal for new premises for Malmö Konstmuseum as well as investigating specific topics in architecture. The project is a typological study of form, space and order with a focus on structuralism and deals with man’s relationship to its spatial environment. The project starts with a literature study serving as a basis. It continues by defining and describing concepts in architecture and design that serves as subjects and a framework to be translated and appropriated in its material design. The concepts are understood and developed in parallel disposition within, against and next to each other. The concepts are arranged in three groups of triads which deal with a topic. The first topic is ‘architecture’: 1.architecture (structuralism) 2. program (museum) 3. building (wood). The second, ‘spaces’: 1.space (vision and movement) 2. room (limits and frames) 3. encasement (functionalism) The third, ‘context’: 1. place (Rosengård) 2. macrostructure (Industrial and cultural implications) 3. ideosphere (incursions, surrealism). These establish orders in how architecture can be interpreted and in turn formalize to be systematized and contrasted. From this order an overall abstract architecture is created to intermediate the formalized ideas with the development of framework and methods for the design. The architecture is broken down into components and parts. The components are constructed by a set of parts that are used through out the structure as reoccurring separate entities and forms. Assembled components form new meanings in its variations of shape, position and scale as they materialize a structure and are inserted into it . The architecture form larger compositions, spatial and material relations that can be reviewed. The various structures are designed and investigated through various orders and systems as tool and as a way to control the design. The project builds structures in structures. The design pr

Rental housing tenants in Sweden and Europe are increasingly seeing their homes subsumed to market pressures. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into the processes by which market and financial practices and logics shape the housing sector, through a critical analysis of rental housing in Malmö, Sweden. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the role of rental housing within the context of municipal governance and, in turn, to explore how the relationship between rental housing and municipal governance affects residents. Empirically, the thesis focuses on developments in and around the area of Rosengård. The methods used include an interpretive analysis of official documents and secondary statistics, interviews, focus group meetings, participant observations, photos, and analysis of register data. The thesis comprises four papers and a comprehensive summary (the “kappa”). Inspired by the regulation approach to political economy, the thesis engages with theoretical literatures on trajectories of rental housing market change, the financialization of rental housing, and local-state restructuring. In demonstrating how tenants and residents are affected by municipalities’ governance of rental markets, the thesis offers fresh perspectives on the nature of contemporary Swedish municipal “statecraft”. The thesis finds that mounting market pressures from the 1980s initially resulted in a relocation of Malmö’s public housing stock to more attractive urban areas, and greater financial independence for the municipal housing company (MKB). In the process, the municipality used its ownership of public housing to support rebranding of the city following deindustrialization. However, more recently, the municipality has integrated management of MKB’s finances into the governance of municipal finances more broadly. The thesis argues that recent examples of public housing privatization and urban renewal have seen the municipal housing stock come to function as a q, Den här avhandlingen analyserar hyresmarknaden i Rosengård och Malmö. Den visar hur lägenhetsrenoveringar i Herrgården leder till högre hyror. Studien finner också att försäljning av kommunens bostäder och stadsutveckling i Törnrosen och Örtagården motiveras av att kommunen anser att ”marknaden” behöver vitaliseras där. Avhandlingen visar hur hyresgäster upplever oro och brist på information i samband med renovering, privatisering och stadsförnyelse. Sammantaget menar avhandlingen att marknadslogiker har försvagat Sveriges bostadssystem, vilket har lett till en ökad ojämlikhet., Qoraalkan qalin-jabinta ah ayaa lagu falanqeynayaa guryaha ku yaal Malmö, Sweden. Qoraalku wuxuu diiradda saarayaa horumarka Rosengård iyo nawaaxigeeda. Waxay muujineysaa sida dayactirka guryaha ee Herrgården uu u horseedayo kiro badan iyo sida iibinta guryaha degmada iyo horumarinta magaalooyinka ee Törnrosen iyo Örtagården ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in "suuqa" uu u baahan yahay in dib loo soo nooleeyo. Qoraalku waxa kale oo uu muujinayaa sida ay kiraystayaashu u dareemaan walaac iyo xog la'aan la xidhiidha dib-u-dayactirka, iibinta guryaha dawladda hoose iyo dib-u-cusboonaysiinta magaalada., Ev tez xaniyên kirê li Malmö, li Swêdê, analîz dike. Ew balê dikişîne ser geşedanên li nav Rosengård û derdora wê. Ew destnîşan dike ku çawa nûvekirina apartmanan li Herrgården ji hêla xwediyên taybet ve dibe sedema kirêyên bilind, û çawa firotina xaniyên şaredariyê û nûkirina bajarî li Törnrosen û Örtagården ji ber hewcedariya têgihîştinek ji bo zindîkirina bazarê tê motîve kirin. Tez her weha destnîşan dike ka kirêdar çawa di dema nûvekirina apartmanan, firotina xaniyên şaredariyê, û nûkirina bajarî de bi fikar û nebûna agahdarî re rû bi rû dimînin. Bi kurtî, tez encam dide ku pratîk û mantiqên bazar û darayî her ku diçe pergala xanî ya Swêdê xera dike û di heman demê de newekheviyê xurt dike., Bu tez İsveç’in Malmö kentindeki konut piyasasını ve durumunu inceliyor. Rosengård bölgesindeki ve çevresindeki gelişmelere odaklanmaktadır. Rosengård’in Herrgården mahallesindeki apartman tadilatlarının nasıl daha yüksek kiralara yol açtığını ve Törnrosen ve Örtagården'deki belediye konutları satışlarının ve kentsel yenilemenin, nasıl bir piyasa canlandırma fikri tarafından motive edildiğini gösteriyor. Tez ayrıca apartman tadilatları, belediye konutlarının satışı ve kentsel dönüşüm sırasında kiracıların nasıl endişe ve bilgi eksikliği yaşadığını göstermektedir.

KM II. An analysis of Malmö Art Museum’s satellite space as extra-institutional practice maps the activities of the hitherto unexplored satellite exhibition space KM II, including the 14 exhibitions that were shown in KM II’s two spaces in Malmö’s harbor and in the suburb Rosengård. The essay contributes new perspectives on extra-institutional exhibition practices by analyzing KM II as an actor on the then much discussed art scene of Malmö, during the years 1992 to 1994. The essay also describes trans-local artistic connections over the Baltic Sea, pri- marily between Malmö and Hamburg. I describe the extra-institutional practice of KM II through the model “The Public as Alternative” (Det offentliga som alternativ). The practice created favorable conditions for extensive and often paid artistic work in an unconventional exhibition space, which also made KM II meet the strained situation on the local art scene, partly caused by the financial crisis of 1992. Last, the essay examines the complex relationship between the exhibitions, the institution, the place, and the audience, that made the extra-institutional status of KM II dissolve at Rosengård, during a time that can be described as a transitional phase in museum education.

This research aims to explore the effects of negative media representation on the experiencesof university students residing in Rosengård, Malmö, Sweden. Drawing upon media and masscommunication theories such as Media Shadow theory, Agenda Setting theory, andincorporating elements of Social Identity theory, the study investigates the influence of mediaportrayals on community perception and individual experiences. Through qualitative semistructuredinterviews conducted with fifteen students living in Rosengård, their accounts weretranscribed and analyzed to gain a comprehensive understanding of their experiences. Thefindings indicate that media representation holds significant power in shaping communityperception and profoundly impacts the experiences of residents. This research underscores theimportance of balanced media representation in mitigating negative influences and emphasizesthe need to consider social identity dynamics when examining the impact of media portrayalson individuals' perceived reality and experiences within a specific community.

Bakgrunden till arbetet var att det fanns en önskan att tillgå en ökad förståelse kring områdesvärdarna Öster och deras uppsökande och trygghetsskapande arbete i Rosengård. Studien har ett tvådelat syfte, dels att undersöka lokala ungdomars upplevelser av områdesvärdarnas arbete för ett tryggare Rosengård, dels att åskådliggöra lokala aktörers erfarenheter av verksamheten. Urvalet i aktuell studie bestod av tolv intervjuer med ungdomar och åtta intervjuer med lokala aktörer som omfattades av personal från Rosengårdsbibliotek och polis. Det resultatet som framkom i studien var att det finns en övergripande positiv bild gentemot områdesvärdarna från både ungdomarna i Rosengård och de lokala aktörer som verkar i området. Upplevelserna från ungdomarna kan tolkas som att områdesvärdarnas arbete minskar deras oro att utsättas för brott, samt att de lokala aktörerna anser att områdesvärdarna fyller flera viktiga funktioner i Rosengård bland annat genom deras synlighet och tillgänglighet., The background of this study was the desire to increase the understanding of the community hosts in Malmö East and their work for a safer Rosengård. The aim of the study is split in two, the first refers to examine local youth’s experiences of the community hosts work to reduce fear of crime in Rosengård and the second refers to examine what experiences local stakeholders have towards the community hosts. The sample consists of twelve interviews with local youths and eight interviews with local stakeholders which includes employees of the local library and police working in the area. The result of the study indicates that there is a positive perception of the community hosts from both the local youth and from local stakeholders working in Rosengård. The experiences from the youths can be interpreted as that the community hosts and their work is reducing the fear of crime for youths in Rosengård. The local stakeholders claim that the community hosts are important for many functions in the area, this is possible through their visibility and presence.

In the last couple of years there has been an increase in camera surveillance in Malmö, Rosengård. The purpose of this study is to examine what effect the increase of camera surveillance has on the behaviour of the inhabitants of Rosengård. When talking about camera surveillance this includes every aspect of cameras. There are settled cameras as well as body cameras on police and lastly drones used to monitor. In an earlier study made by me, the aim was to interview police in Malmö to understand the underlying causes for the increase of camera surveillance and to understand in what way the cameras affect human behaviour. Unlike the previous study this one focuses on the inhabitants of Rosengård. The main focus is to see how these people perceive the increase in camera surveillance and to understand what effect they consider the camera surveillance has on mainly the criminal behaviour but also the residents daily behaviour. The reasoning and thoughts that the residents of Rosengård share with us about camera surveillance in their area will all be analyzed through Michel Foucault's based theories: governmentality and panopticism. These theories are essential since they both concern power relations and the government's effect on self-discipline. Besides these two theories the study will also be supported by Mark Andrejevics theory lateral surveillance as the third theory. The main focus of the third theory is to analyze whether the residents in Rosengård feel like they are obligated to report crime in their area and in what way they monitor their area. The presentation of the theories is followed by an analysis section where the theoretical starting points are applied to the informants' reasoning about the effect of camera surveillance. Finally, the analysis leads on to a conclusion where what is written in the analysis is summarized and reflected upon.

This study examines how one of the most influential Swedish newspapers, Aftonbladet,reports about the suburb Rosengård. Rosengård is located in Malmö and have become asymbol of Sweden’s suburbs and immigration policy. Both national and internationalmedia have reported about organized crime, shootings and different social problems inRosengård. The area is considered to be a particularly vulnerable area. At the sametime, many researchers believe that the media reporting regarding suburbs does notnecessarily correspond to the reality. The methods used in this study are a quantitativeand qualitative content analysis. The material studied are news articles concerningRosengård that were published in Aftonbladet in the last five years. The purpose was to,based on Goffman’s framing theory, investigate how Aftonbladet frames Rosengård andthe people who lives there. The purpose was also to investigate whether Aftonbladet,based on Hall’s and Said’s theories of representation and orientalism, creates an “us andthem”-perspective. The results show that Rosengård is portrayed as a criminal andproblematic area. As in previous research about media and suburbs, the results of thisstudy show that Rosengård is presented as a different and deviant area in comparison tothe “ordinary society”. It is rarely people living in the area who are quoted, referencedor described in the articles. Instead, it is often the police or government officials whogets to describe the situation in Rosengård. In cases where the residents in the area areallowed to speak, or are described, it is often based on their role as immigrants. The factthat these articles emphasize that the residents are immigrants but have made a careerand are against crime, we believe that Aftonbladet creates an us-and-them-perspective.This is based on that Aftonbladet portrays the residents as exceptional cases to “theordinary immigrant”. The consequences of Aftonbladet frames could be that the societygets an idea of the area that do

This paper uncovers the local state's complex intersections with the market and its multifaceted relations with the public through an in-depth qualitative case study of municipal housing privatization and urban renewal in one of the heartlands of the Swedish welfare state project, Rosengård in Malmö, Sweden. Drawing on the political-economic literature, I argue that housing privatization is entangled with complex interrelations among the (municipal) local state, the market, and the public and that an exploration of these relations reveals contemporary features of the local state. Hence, this investigation highlights the local state's motivation for privatization, the remaking of a market in a place where the market is believed to have failed, and the powers the local state retains. Additionally, the paper elucidates how the function of public assets changes due to privatization and considers tenants’ and residents’ worries, criticism, and concerns about municipal interventions. Subsequently, by grounding these findings in the historical function of municipalities in Sweden, the study contributes new knowledge on the local state in a deepened neoliberalized and financialized urban landscape.

Hur kan ett nytt konstmuseum i Amiralsstaden bli en generator för stadens framtida utveckling? Mitt intresse att angripa denna fråga har uppstått i ett debattklimat där inblandade aktörer argumenterar för sina respektive ståndpunkter i lokaliseringsfrågan, men där avsaknad av konkreta visioner gjort att diskussionen nått en återvändsgränd. Med detta examensarbete vill jag med hjälp de verktyg och arbetsprocesser jag utvecklat under min utbildning tillföra ett konkret och nyanserat inlägg i debatten om Malmö konstmuseums framtid. Arbetet ger läsaren den bakgrund som krävs för att förstå det samhällsklimat som diskussionen om Malmö konstmuseums framtid förs i. En dialog som utgick från konkreta lokalbehov har lett till en intensiv debatt om lokalisering, en utveckling som lyft frågan om museets framtid från en lokalfråga för museets verksamhet och samlingar till ett potentiellt identitets- och utvecklingsprojekt för hela staden. En översikt över museets typologiska utveckling genom historien leder till en diskussion om hur det sociala museet kan bidra till att forma framtidens hållbara städer. Examensarbetets gestaltningsförslag blir ett diskussionsunderlag för hur ett museum i Amiralsstaden, genom att ta till vara på platsens unika egenskaper, kan tillföra nya värden för staden och dess invånare. Förslaget är mitt bidrag till den debatt om konstmuseets framtid som pågått sedan 1980-talet. Med en genomtänkt lokalisering och en arkitektur som arkitektur som växer lokalt ur sin naturliga och kulturella kontext har den nya byggnaden stor potential att i framtiden bättre stödja museets verksamhet. Med Malmös nya konstmuseum kan malmöborna äntligen få tillgång till stadens unika samling i en vacker, väl anpassad museibyggnad. Vid sidan om att erbjuda adekvata lokaler för verksamheten kan museet även bli en viktigt generator i Amiralsstadens fortsatta utveckling. I symbios med de stadsbyggnadsprocesser som just nu drivs i området kan museet spela en central roll i staden. G, How can a new art museum in Amiralsstaden become a generator for city development? My interest in tackling this issue begun in a debate where stakeholders argue for their respective positions on the issue of location, but where the lack of concrete visions has led to the discussion reaching a dead end. In this thesis, I intend to utilize the tools and processes developed during my studies to make a concrete and nuanced contribution to the debate about Malmö Art Museum’s future. This thesis provides the reader with background needed to understand the social climate in which the discussion about Malmö Art Museum’s future is taking place. A dialogue based on the question of functional needs has now led to an intense debate about location, a development that raises the issue of the museum’s future from a local issue to a potential identity and development project for the entire city. An overview of the museum’s typological development throughout history leads to a discussion on how the social museum can contribute to shape the sustainable cities of the future. The design proposal in my thesis will form the basis for discussion on how a museum in Amiralsstaden, by taking advantage of the site’s unique features, can add new values to the city and its inhabitants. The proposal is my contribution to the debate about the art museum’s future that has been ongoing since the 1980s. With a well-thought-out location and an architecture that emerges locally from its natural and cultural context, the new building has great potential to better support the museum’s activities in the future. With Malmö’s new art museum, inhabitants of Malmö can finally get access to the city’s unique collection in a beautiful, well-adapted building. In addition to offering adequate facilities to suit the operation of the museum, a new art institution can also become an important generator in Amiralsstaden’s continuing development. In symbiosis with other urban planning processes that are currently und

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become a leading model of urban planning worldwide that promises to meet a broad range of local and regional objectives: improving mobility, expanding ridership, attracting investment, reducing urban poverty, improving quality of life, making affordable housing and fostering urban integration. At the same time, the implementation of TOD in many cities has raised concerns about gentrification, displacement, re-segregation, and more polarization. This article aims to shed light on these issues by bringing together previously disparate literature that mentions these contradictions and discusses policymakers' hopes and critics' concern for the implementation of a newly started TOD project in a universal housing system in Rosengard-a segregated, low-income neighborhood in Malmo, Sweden. Although policy advocates view the project as a significant development strategy for a more sustainable Malmo, there are also real concerns about gentrification and the potential displacement of low-income residents. Furthermore, the mixed-methods study showes how integration might be achieved, but concerns have arisen about the possible exclusion of the current low-income residents, which brings up issues of inequality, representation of poverty, and marginalization.

Since the nineteenth century the railway stations have been a part of the Swedish transport network. Some of the stations have been closed since the car made it´s way into society. In recent years some stations have reopened and new once have been built. The view on traveling has changed quite a bit since the arrival of trains and what is important at a railway station has shifted. In this paper four stations have been examined through literature study of papers from the municipalities and Trafikverket (The Swedish Transport Government). Visits at the sites have been made for the purpose of discovering any differences between the stations from the nineteenth century and those built today, together with any new trends that might be visible at the drawings of the sites. This has been complemented with a literature study of the history of the Swedish railway, parks and squares. The results of the investigation shows that the ideas of today had been implemented on the sites of the older stations to some extent but significantly more so at the newly built stations. The largest changes where that the stations had become more of a central for travels with the possibility of exchange between different ways of transport; train, bus, car and bike, rather than merely train stations. But the trends have as well been changing towards the past with more vegetation and less parking spaces for cars, although more parking for bikes. The square as a meeting place is still there but it is more significant that there is a space for meeting rather than that it has to be an actual square. Finally, the investigation came to the conclusion of that there are multiple elements that is seen as self-spoken and important, but that this is slowly changing with the development of the society., Järnvägsstationerna i Sverige har funnits sedan mitten av 1800-talet och en del av de då aktiva stationerna har stängts ned då bilismen ökade. På senare år har dock flera stationer främst här i Skåne åter öppnats upp för persontrafik och nya stationer håller på att anläggas. Synen på resande var annorlunda när de första stationerna kom till jämfört med vad som är viktigt vid en station nu. I den här uppsatsen har fyra stationer undersökts genom litteraturstudie av information från kommunerna och Trafikverket samt genom platsbesök för att se om stationer som funnits och använts sedan 1800-talet skiljer sig från de som anläggs i dag och vilka nya trender som syns på ritningarna. Detta har kompletterats med litteraturstudie av historia om järnvägen i Sverige och parker och torg genom historien. Undersökningen kom fram till att dagens idéer hade implementerats på de äldre stationerna i viss mån men betydligt mer på de nyanlagda stationerna. De största förändringarna var att stationerna blivit en sorts resecentrum med möjligheter för byte mellan olika resesätt, tåg, buss, bil och cykel. Men även att trenderna har gått tillbaka något mot ursprunget med mer växtlighet och färre parkeringsplatser för bilar, dock i stället plats för cyklar. Torget som mötesplats finns kvar men att det är en plats för möte är viktigare än att det är ett faktiskt torg. Slutligen kom undersökningen fram till att det finns flertalet element på en station som ses som självklara och viktiga, men att detta så sakteliga förändras med utvecklingen av samhället.

Trots att levnadsförhållandena generellt sett ökar i hela världen växer skillnaderna i Sverige snabbare än i något annat OECD land. Världshälsoorganisationen WHO skriver i sin rapport Closing the gap in one generation att detta inte minst yttrar sig i ojämlikheten i hälsa. Hållbarhetsaspekterna har därför sedan länge kommit att inkludera sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska värden, där alla tre är förutsättningar för varandra. WHO menar att ett relevant mått på social hållbarhet är ojämlikheten i hälsa. För att minska denna krävs därför förändringar inom samhällets alla sektorer. Inom stadsplanering är arbetet med medborgardeltagande ett verktyg för att öka den sociala hållbarheten. Detta har Malmö stad arbetat med i projektet Fokus Rosengård och i synnerhet dess delprojekt Rosens röda matta som är en aktivitetsyta i Rosengård. Denna yta har utformats av 13 unga kvinnor i samarbete med landskapsarkitekten på gatukontoret. Anledningen till att endast unga kvinnor involverades var för att projektledarna tidigt lärde sig att spontanidrottsplatserna i Sverige till 80% domineras av killar. Dialogerna som hållits har inkluderat olika nivåer av delaktighet och makt. De allra första dialogerna och workshops som involverade många invånare fungerade konsulterande. När platsen designades var det dock högre nivåer av makt som identifierades hos de 13 unga kvinnorna eftersom de hade stort inflytande över den fysiska utformningen. Från intervjuer av de olika projektledarna för Fokus Rosengård framgår en nöjdhet över resultatet eftersom syftet att öka attraktiviteten uppnåtts då det genererat ökade investeringar i området. Den största framgångsfaktorn som lyfts i samtliga intervjuer är dock de 13 unga kvinnorna vars engagemang för påverkan fortsatt även efter projektets slut. Endast en av de intervjuade vet hur platsen används idag och i hur stor utsträckning, men nöjdheten över projektet och stoltheten över de unga kvinnorna är stor ändå. Av intervjuer med huvudansvariga för Fokus

Islamist radicalization – A study of particular exposed areas Islamist radicalization has emerged in Sweden over the past decade, mainly because of the terrorist attacks in Stockholm in 2010 and 2017, but also because of a strife of individuals who have been radicalized in Sweden and joined various terror networks around the world. It is only in recent years that Swedish authorities have seriously addressed the problems that radicalization entails. Sweden has since then developed a national strategy with the aim of preventing and counteracting increasing radicalization, especially in vulnerable suburban areas. The authorities concerned have subsequently published a number of different writs with the aim of preventing and counteracting Islamist radicalization in exclusion areas. Since the phenomenon may be considered relatively new from a Swedish perspective, research in the area is limited. It is above all the Swedish National Defense College with its Center for Asymmetric Threats and Terrorism Studies that has driven Swedish research in the field. This study aims to investigate the radicalization that takes place in particularly exposed areas with a focus on structural factors and their impact, which contributes to the need that Swedish authorities and expertise in the field demanded. By conducting a qualitative analysis of previous theories in the field of Islamist radicalization, an analysis tool has been designed to indicate whether a specific area is at risk of suffering from islamist radicalization. This analysis tool consists of four structural factors and two criteria. The analysis tool has subsequently been applied through a multiple-case study on four districts in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The result of the multiple-case study confirms the importance of the structural factors for individuals in these areas to be more susceptible to the influence of radical elements. In this investigation, these elements are the criteria’s stated in t, Sammanfattning – Islamistisk radikalisering – En studie av särskilt utsatta områden Islamistisk radikalisering har aktualiserats i Sverige under det senaste decenniet, framförallt på grund av terrordåden i Stockholm 2010 och 2017, men också på grund av en strid ström av individer som radikaliserats i Sverige och anslutit sig till olika terrornätverk världen över. Det är först under de senaste åren som svenska myndigheter på allvar adresserat den problematik som radikaliseringen innebär. Sverige har sedan dess utvecklat en nationell strategi i syfte att förebygga och motverka en ökande radikalisering, framförallt i utsatta förortsområden. Berörda myndigheter har därefter utkommit med en rad olika skrivelser med målsättning att förebygga och motverka islamistisk radikalisering i utanförskapsområden. Då fenomenet får anses vara relativt nytt ur ett svenskt perspektiv är forskningen på området begränsad. Det är framförallt Försvarshögskolan med sitt Centrum för asymmetriska hot och terrorismstudier som drivit den svenska forskningen på området. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka den radikalisering som sker i särskilt utsatta områden med fokus på strukturella faktorer och deras inverkan, vilket bidrar till det behov som svenska myndigheter och expertis på området efterfrågat. Genom att genomföra en kvalitativ analys av tidigare teorier på området islamistisk radikalisering, har ett analysverktyg utformats för att indikera huruvida ett specifikt område löper risk att drabbas av islamistisk radikalisering. Detta analysverktyg består av fyra strukturella faktorer och två kriterier. Analysverktyget har därefter tillämpats genom en flerfallstudie på fyra stadsdelar i Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö. Resultatet av flerfallstudien bekräftar de strukturella faktorernas betydelse för att individer i dessa områden skall vara mer mottagliga för påverkan av radikala element. Dessa element utgörs i undersökningen av de kriterier som anges i analysverktyget. Det analysverktyg

Miljonprogramsområdet Rosengård i Malmö byggdes under åren 1967-1974. Det består av fem delområden; Törnrosen, Örtagården, Apelgården, Kryddgården och Herrgården.Amiralsgatan delar upp hyres- och bostadsrätterna i stadsdelen. Man flyttade till de stora ljusa lägenheterna, till den goda bostaden. Men när behovet av den goda bostaden var tillgodosedd, höjdes kritik mot bostadsmiljön och man diskutera om den illa planerade stadsdelen. Innan området var färdigbyggt kretsade debatten kring arkitekturen, som ansågs skapa dåliga förutsättningar för de boende. Uppsatsen är en jämförelse mellan att bo i bostadsrätt eller hyresrätt. Finns det likadana uppfattningar om området eller skiljer de sig åt beroende på var man bor i Rosengård? Undersökningen görs genom personliga intervjuer. Man pratar om att man inte ser någon bättre eller sämre för att de bor i hyres- eller bostadsrätt, men man gör skillnad på Rosengård genom att säga ”Södra Rosengård”, ”Norra Rosengård” och även att nämna att det är ”stökigare” på andra sidan Amiralsgatan. Det som man kan se skillnad i deras beskrivning mellan ”två olika delar” av Rosengård är hur man valt att lägga upp hyres- och bostadsrätter i stadsdelen.

BRÅ:s rapport: Relationen till rättsväsendet i socialt utsatta områden som publicerades under 2018 indikerar att det finns ett lågt förtroende för rättsväsendet i de särskilt utsatta områdena. Det låga förtroendet för rättsväsendet tycks även påverka förtroendet för socialarbetare negativt. Studier om hur förtroendet för det sociala arbetet i särskilt utsatta områden faktiskt ser ut är dock få, vilket ökar behovet och vår önskan att utforska detta vidare. Syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka förtroendet för socialarbetare i det särskilt utsatta området Rosengård i Malmö. Vi har undersökt på vilket sätt förbipasserande i Rosengård ger uttryck för förtroende för socialarbetare samt hur socialarbetare i Rosengård resonerar om medborgarnas förtroende för det sociala arbetet. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar har data samlats in genom två metoder. Insamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta socialarbetare samt genom 25 Vox Pop-intervjuer med förbipasserande i Rosengård. Materialet som insamlats har sedan färgkodats och analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning och följande teorier: föreställda gemenskaper, social alienation och stigmatisering.Resultaten i studien visar på ett allmänt lågt förtroende gentemot det sociala arbetet och socialarbetare. Både socialarbetare och förbipasserande nämner bemötande, skam, ryktesspridning, utrymme för att mötas, tillgång till tolk och omsättningen av personal som faktorer som konkret påverkar klientens förtroende för det sociala arbetet i negativ riktning. Studiens slutsats är att ett nytt arbetssätt som utvecklats inom socialtjänsten i Rosengård ska bidra till att ge klienterna mer tid och deltagande i handläggningsprocessen, vilket flera av informanterna tror kommer öka förtroendet., Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention report published 2018: Relation to the judiciary in particularly deprived areas. The rapport indicates that the people of the particularly deprived area of Rosengård has low trust in law and order. The low trust in the judiciary also reflects negative views on social workers. There are a few studies about the trust of social workers in the particularly deprived area of Rosengård, which increases the necessity and our desire to examine this subject further. The purpose of our study has been to examine the trust of social workers in the particularly deprived area of Rosengård in Malmö. We have examined how passing-by in Rosengård give expression of trust for social workers and how social workers in Rosengård reason about citizens trust for the social services.To answer the studies inquiry, data has been collected by two methods. Collection of data have been constructed with semi-structured interviews with eight social workers and 25 Vox Pop interviews with residents of Rosengård. The material that have been collected have then been color coded and analyzed by past science and the following theories: imagined communities, social alienation and stigmatization.In conclusion there are several factors that affect the trust in social services and social workers. Both social workers and bypassing residents mention treatment of shame, rumors, space to meet, access to interpreter and turnover of personnel are factors that affect clients trust for social services in negative direction. The conclusion of this study is through a new development of the working process in the social services in Rosengård shall the clients get more time and participation in the management process. The sources of this study believe those actions will increase the trust in social workers.

Rosengård was built in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the million program, in which one million new homes were built in ten years. But since then there have been no major changes besides minor cosmetic changes. These efforts have not been sufficient enough and have not given any significant improvement of the area and the problems remain until today. Malmö is today very a divided city, a segregated city, and integrating the eastern and western parts of the city is an important issue for the municipality government in Malmö. Today's urban form of Rosengård has major shortcomings and makes it more difficult for the inhabitants of the area to integrate into the city of Malmö. In the land use plan for Malmö city, Rosengård is pointed out as a prioritized area with a strong focus on urban development. The focus is on turning Amiralsgatan into an urban high street with a rich range of shops and life and movement on the sidewalks. An analysis of Rosengård is made from a perspective of density and mixed-use development. Based on the compact urban model, a development proposal has been constructed in which will be a vision for the future development of the area. The theoretical starting point "The Compact City" is a planning strategy that emphasizes the dense city, which guarantees good accessibility with integrated public transport. The compact city allows for a more pedestrian and bicycle friendly city and less car use. The mixed-use development is also a central pillar in the compact city and leads to better access to commercial and service. The goal is to achieve a denser urban form by applying the driving factors that characterize the compact urban model. The new Rosengård will be a continuation of Malmö's inner city and Amiralsgatan is the main central axis, which will undergo a major overhaul. The street's width is reduced from 120 meters to 40 meters and a new tram line goes in the center of the street. The shopping mall of today’s Rosengård center is being demolishe

This thesis aims to explore and compare the segregation and the stigmatisation of inhabitants living in so-called ‘disadvantaged neighbourhoods’ through an identity perspective in the two cities Malmö (Sweden) and Lyon (France). I demonstrate that in addition to income factor, identity participates in territorial stigmatisation and reinforces urban segregation, that is the progressive clustering of certain populations in specific neighbourhoods. Using identity strategies theory, I analyse how urban actors interact with each other regarding the disadvantaged neighbourhoods by comparing two districts, Rosengård in Malmö and Vaulx-en-Velin in Lyon. After analysing how these two neighbourhoods are depicted in official documents, mass-media outputs and by inhabitants themselves, I conclude that the media foster the segregation of disadvantaged neighbourhoods and their inhabitants by broadcasting stigmatising discourse. Nevertheless the stigmatised image on disadvantaged neighbourhoods can also be reinforced by inhabitants themselves through the identity strategies they adopt and through the narratives they identify to and display to the society. City authorities tend to emphasise more the segregation aspect rather than the ‘violence’ of disadvantaged neighbourhoods. I understand their discourse as a way to justify the implementation of urban renewal projects and attract middle-classes towards stigmatised neighbourhoods.

Postindustrial Malmö relies heavily on stories and images as engines for economic growth. Cities use place marketing strategies to attract capital, investments and affluent residents. The evident focus on economic growth has led to a significantly polarized city in which people with low-incomes, usually ethnic minorities, live in segregated areas such as Rosengård. Segregated and poor areas become undesirable for the city’s image. The following thesis analyzes the role of multiculturalism in Rosengård’s ongoing development in light of the desire to market the area as part of Malmö’s image and combat the undesirable perception of a polarized city. The aim is to discern how multiculturalism is treated in order to understand ‘who’ the development is planned for. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on two crucial planning documents which revealed that multiculturalism was referred to in terms of 1) being part of the city, 2) meeting places, and 3) investing in people and their abilities/cultures. Meeting places were chosen to be further analyzed in relation to the research question through theories of multiculturalism as well as modern and postmodern planning. The analysis gave rise to three different arguments; multiculturalism was controlled, exploited and claimed - hence revealing its role as a mere​ tool or process​ in Rosengård’s development. Ultimately, multiculturalism’s role allows us to understand that postindustrial Malmö markets and develops Rosengård for affluent residents such as the creative class, where the area’s diversity is used as a tool to attract these residents as well as achieve other goals that might not benefit the minorities. Since the development is still ongoing, future research is needed to discover the real impacts of the finished project.

The thesis investigates the recent visionary development of an urban renewal project in Rosengård, a centrally located neighbourhood in the city of Malmö. This project Culture Casbah comprises a construction of a tower and 200 housing units and is considered to be a socially oriented urban develop-ment with a purpose to transform Rosengård into an integrated part of the city. Given the increased interest in social sustainability within Swedish planning practice and the discussions of segregation challenges in Malmö, this thesis examines how issues of segregation are addressed in contemporary urban planning. By analysing how the argumentation of the project Culture Casbah is discursively constructed in relation to Malmö’s segregation challenge, the thesis explores and critically analyses how specific planning strategies are constructed and paired with contemporary planning ideals.The aim of the thesis is to problematize simplified reasoning in contemporary urban planning practice in order to highlight some underlying paradoxes in the work towards a less segregated city. Furthermore, the study examines possible consequences of ideal planning approaches in regard of power relations within planning practice and the social inequality of the city. The theoretical and methodological framework of the study is merely based on discourse theory. Combined with contemporary planning theories this theoretical angle highlights the relationship between urban planning and power, and the construction of meaning through contemporary planning norms and ideals. Perspectivism offers a meta-theoretical lens for the thesis and approaches urban planning as a phenomenon which can be seen from different angles. This theoretical triangulation is used to highlight the motives behind the arguments and to enhance an understanding of how power operates within planning practice. The study uses discourse analysis as method to unfold how the idea of Culture Casbah is discursively constructed; by fram

The aim of this study was to investigate if spatial planning is a opportunity for social sustainability in the district Rosengard in Malmo. Rosengard was included in the so called million-program, which was intended to solve the housing crisis. The results of this spatial planning made Rosengard, and many other areas included in this program, segregated areas with social problems. The questions that this study is based on is: What is the role of spatial planning regarding social sustainability in urban development? How are the social sustainability perspectives expressed in Rosengard, with respect to the planning and design of the city? How can urban development for social sustainability work with Rosengard in Malmo to become a more social sustainable neighborhood? This study is also based on two interviews with two specifically chosen people who have professional knowledge surrounding spatial and social planning. This due to lead to even more depth and help the study to answer the questions. These interviews are meant to supplement the documents used in the study. Together with theories of sustainable development, social development, "defensible space", social capital, and gentrification, the study could show that social capital plays a very large role in the spatial planning. With this, the theory of defensible space (which is about participation), determines the social capital. Despite this, none of this can be implemented if the sustainable development is not taken into account. The theory of gentrification is a possible solution to change the segregated area into a attractive district. Furthermore, this study reveals success stories which shows how a city can promote social sustainability in the context of spatial planning. Key words: Rosengard, social sustainability, social capital, sustainable development, spatial planning.

Representationen av förorten som ‘den andre’ är en studie av hur förorterna Rosengård och Holma framställs i två informationsfilmer producerade på uppdrag av Malmö kommunala bostadsbolag (MKB). I uppsatsen redogörs för hur den dominerande bilden av förorten ser ut i media och vidare hur förorter inte sällan framställs som annorlunda. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om och hur medieprodukterna reproducerar bilden av förorten som ’den andre’. De två filmernas olika framställningar ger en mångtydig bild av hur MKB ser på de två områdena, varför de analyseras med postkolonial teori med fokus på annorlundahetsskapande genom en kvalitativ textanalys. Vad som återfinns är att filmernas beskrivningar av områdena inte helt kan ta sig ifrån de dominerende beskrivningarna av förorten, utan tenderar delvis att reproducera dem.

Denna uppsats består av en utförlig projektbeskrivning. Det planerade forskningsprojektet tar sig an ett område, i detta fall Rosengård i Malmö, ur ett ankomstperspektiv där nyanlända individers ankomstprocesser och erfarenheter står i fokus. Syftet är att få en större förståelse för hur själva ankomsten faktiskt ser ut och på vilket sätt denna ankomstprocess är socialt och geografiskt förankrad. Studien är tänkt att ta en omfattande kvalitativ form, där ankomstprocessen hos ett antal primära respondenter undersöks med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer och en deltagandebaserad kartering av respondentens sociala nätverk i förhållande till för ankomsten viktiga händelser och inslag. Den förväntade samhällsnyttan ligger framförallt i de verktyg studien kan ge för att se mer komplexa processer som sker i dessa områden men som sällan fångas upp av statistik.

Rosengård, en av Malmös stadsdelar, har fått mycket negativ publicitet i medierna över åren. Detta påverkar invånarnas liv, då de möts av fördomar av omvärlden. Malmö Stad har givit i uppdrag, att göra en undersökning - ”Marknadsanalys Rosenkraft” - som har undersökt situationen och potentialen på Rosengård. Syftet med denna uppsats är att se på bilden mediarapporteringen givit oss av Rosengård och undersöka om det finns en annan diskurs än denna negativa och hur denna i så fall ser ut. Som metod används som utgångspunkt van Dijks kritiska diskursanalys och teorin baserar på Platsmarknadsföring. Som generellt resultat för denna undersökning, kan sägas att det finns en positiv diskurs om Rosengård som förs fram på olika sätt av Malmöborna som bor på Rosengård. Även Marknadsanalys Rosenkraft bidrar enligt min analys till den positiva diskursen. Det kan dock konstateras, att det är omöjligt att förändra diskursen och den allmänna bilden av en ort endast genom en slags platsmarknadsföring. Denna behöver nödvändigtvis kompletteras med bland annat fysiska insatser. Rosengårds invånare har ofrivilligt fått en identitet på grund av den negativa publicitet som funnits om Rosengård, som enligt rapporten Marknadsanalys Rosenkraft inte stämmer överens med den identitetsbild de har av sig själva som invånare på Rosengård.

This thesis reconnoiters the involvement of immigrants as owners, producers and organizers of multiethnic business ventures that appeal outside visitors, so called ethnic tourist-based entrepreneurship. The study is informed by the principles underlying an interpretive case study conducted in Rosengård, Malmö, and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews complemented by participant observation and serendipitous informal discussions. The findings show that ethnic communities in Rosengård lack the skills, knowledge, capital and wide outside network base required to exploit the opportunity structure for the ethnic tourist business. As a result, the tourist-based multiethnic ventures are formed with the involvement of enthusiastic native social and cultural entrepreneurs, who aspired to reorient the local economy. With their small and innovative ethnic businesses, both immigrant and mainstream entrepreneurs are carving their own niches in the market for cultural diversity. An inherent aspect of this entrepreneurial occurrence is the objectified commodification of ethnicity and its multiple manifestations, and their transformation into economic value. Using the mixed embeddedness conceptual framework, the study also found out that a myriad of social, economic and politico-institutional factors tremendously influence this emerging entrepreneurial phenomenon, and the overall economic manifestation of ethnic communities.